Internet of Things is made possible by low-power wide area LPWA technologies, among which narrowband

Internet of Things gets the most attention. So, let's start by talking about narrowband Internet of Things.

There are two basic knowledges about narrowband. First, NB is short for Narrowband, because NB IoT is a
narrowband based communication technology. Second, unlike other LPWA technologies such as Sigfox and
LoRa, Narrowband Internet of Things is a cellular network deployed for telecom carriers.

It was developed and standardized by 3GPP. How did Narrowband Internet of Things become what it is now?
Let's take a look at how it evolved. In 2014, Huawei and Vodafone jointly developed the NB M2M technology.

In May 2015, NB M2M was integrated with Qualcomm's NB OFDN. Then, NVC IoT came into being. In
September 2015, NVC IoT and Ericsson's NBLTE were integrated, forming what is now known as
Narrowband Internet of Things. In September 2015,

3GPP officially initiated standardization of Narrowband Internet of Things. The core Narrowband Internet of
Things standards were frozen in June 2016, making it the fastest frozen communications protocol in 3GPP's
history.

Now, most carriers around the world start with narrow band internet of things and evolve towards ciot in 2017,
Huawei built 29 narrow band internet of things, networks in 21 countries and regions, demonstrating how fast
narrow band internet of things is expanding worldwide. What is the overall architecture of the narrow band
internet of things? Network. Let's take a look at it. Like internet of things and narrow band internet of things.
Network solution has four layers, the narrow band internet of things terminal at the sensing layer collects data
and processes Information. It also connects to base stations, wireless, and sends data by the narrow band internet
of things, communications module. the narrow band internet of things, base station and epc core network at the
network layer are responsible for data access, transmission and forward.
The narrow band internet of things be a low cost site solution can be upgraded through software or by replacing
the baseband processing. The bbp based on the original two ggsm or four glte base station, in addition, be can
connect to more devices.
The narrow band internet of things, core network consists of four main ltenes enemy.
a key control node through which the LTE access is the network locates terminal devices in idle mode and
manages the paging process, including relay.
Simply put the mme is responsible for signaling processing. Hssa core database on the home network stores
users subscription Information. Sgw connects to the wireless network and forwards a users data packet to the
pgw
the pdn gateway, pgw and anchor of the data link on the user plane between a three gpp and a non three gpp
network, such as an internet and awn manages data routes between three gpp and non three GP networks,
executes policies and charges, fees.
The narrow band internet of things, core network provides functions such as secure access, connection
management, network authentication and network traffic scheduling. Billy, the internet of things platform at the
platform layer stores and manages data. It also adapts to the protocol stacks, manages terminal devices on the
application layer, develops API capabilities and analyzes big data.
The third party application at the application layer displays data and interacts with you eyes such as apps and
web pages.
After learning about the overall architecture of narrow band internet things, perhaps you're wondering why
narrow band internet of things is so popular. The next lesson will reveal its powerful technical background. Let
everyone understand its physical air deployment mode and key features from a technical perspective.
Tune into the next lesson to find out.

Narrow band internet of things has been a major topic of discussion for some time. Now. Why is this? What are
the technologies behind them? Let's take a look at some of its key concepts. starting with a physical layer, the
bottom line, the system bandwidth of narrow band internet of things is 180 kilohertz.
In the uplink, narrow band internet of things uses scfdm which is a frequency division multiple access scheme,
as well as a mainstream technology for lt generally, uplink transmission technologies include single tone and
multi tone transmission. In a single tone transmission mode, the terminal device transmits uplink data using one
sub carrier only. In multi tone transmission mode, the terminal device can transmit uplink data using multiple
sub carriers. When the transmit power is the same single tone transmission, provides higher power, spectral
density, psd then multi tone transmission, narrow band internet of things also supports single tone and multi
tone transmission in the up. Single tone transmission is mandatory for terminal devices while multi tone
transmission is optional.
In the downlink, narrow band internet of things uses ofdma which having evolved from ofdm is a combination
of ofdn and fdma it also uses ofdn to divide channels into several orthogonal sub carriers and loans, data to be
transmitted to some of these sub carriers. Narrow band internet of things uses ofdma to divide its 180 kilohertz
bandwidth. For 12 sub carriers, the bandwidth for each sub carrier is 15 kilohertz.
Compared with LTE narrow band internet of things has no unnecessary physical channels making
implementation easier. In the downlink, there were only three physical channels and two reference signals, and
only two physical channels and one reference signal in the upper through a smaller target rate, multiple
transmissions, and lower order modulation. Never been internet of things, physical channels achieve wider
coverage, lower costs, and lower power consumption.
Now that we take a look at the physical layer. Now let's turn to how to deploy a narrow band internet of things
network constructed on a cellular network. Narrow band internet of things supports smooth evolution from LTE
and flexible deployment of frequency bands based on carriers requirements. Three, deployment modes are
supported, namely, standalone guard band and in band. In the standalone deployment mode, a separate
frequency band can be used. This deployment can be used to reform GSM frequency vehicles. In the guard band
deployment mode, idle edge frequency bands in the LTE system can be used in the inbound deployment mode,
any resource blocks in LTE carriers can be used. The unique physical layer and flexible deployment modes help
narrow band internet of things to stand up.

Next, let's look at the key features of a narrowband Internet of Things. narrowband Internet of Things has four
key features, low cost, low power consumption, wide coverage and large numbers of connections. First, low
cost. Huawei single resolution can upgrade and reconstruct devices on an existing network, reducing network
construction and maintenance costs. The narrowband Internet of Things chip is specifically designed for Internet
of Things devices, and applies only to narrowband and low rate scenarios. Internet of Things requires that it
only support the single antenna half duplex mode. It also simplifies the signaling process and significantly
reduces the cost. Second, low power consumption Internet of Things devices have different communication
requirements on mobile phones. In most cases, and the Internet of Things device only sends uplink data packets
and has the final say on whether to send a data pack. It does not need to always remain on standby to wait for
calls from other devices. For Internet of Things services, where small packets are occasionally transmitted
narrowband Internet of Things uses the power saving mode, PSM and extended discontinuous reception TDRS.
Between them, PSM saves the most power. When PSM is enabled, the terminal sends data packets when it is in
the active state. Then the terminal enters the paging monitoring state and monitors whether messages are
delivered on the network. To reduce power consumption, the paging monitoring duration is extended and the
idle state is added to paging monitoring. After paging monitoring the terminal enters the hibernation state and
wakes up only when data reporting is required again. The hibernating terminal is still registered with the
network, but the signaling is unreachable. Therefore, when PSM is enabled downlink control signals delivered
from the service platform cannot reach the terminal in real time. The signaling is first buffered on the internet of
things planned. The terminal can hibernate for up to 99% of the total time achieving super low power
consumption. Now, let's take a look at EDRs and the RX or discontinuous reception in the orange paging
messages are not received continuously. Because decoding messages from the paging channel consumes a lot of
energy. Therefore, direct is important if wireless communication terminals are to save battery power EDR X
further extends the sleep period of terminals can idle state to reduce the unnecessary starting up of receiving
units compared with PSM EDR X greatly improves download rich Miller the narrowband Internet of Things
terminal can use PSM and E TRX. independently in different scenarios. For example, in smart water meter
scenarios, there have been Internet of Things water meters work in PSM. In other service scenarios such as
bicycle sharing and logistics tracking the narrowband Internet of Things terminal works in DDR exmo. And
narrowband Internet of Things terminal can use EDR x npsm. At the same time, when the PSM activated
duration is longer than the EDR X period. The terminal enters the EDR X period, minimizing power
consumption. Now that we've covered the low power consumption feature, and two power saving modes let's
take a look at the wide coverage feature. During Internet of Things deployment, existing access technologies
cannot achieve wide coverage. narrowband Internet of Things is specially designed for Internet of Things,
especially LP wa connections through repeat transmissions and higher PSD, narrowband Internet of Things
MCL is 20 DB greater than GSM and LTE MC. Here are some of the concepts and technologies behind why
coverage MCL which is short for Max coupling loss can be used to measure the covering range, the greater
MCL indicates a wider coverage range. Generally, the LTE MCL and GSM MCL are 142.7 DB and 144 DB
respect to the narrowband Internet of Things MCL is up to 164 This enables narrowband Internet of Things to
penetrate to more walls than GSM does. The increased 20 DB is going through higher PSD and repeat
transmission

unlike LTE and GSM narrowband Internet of Things uses kilohertz subcarrier to transmit data. Increasing the
MCL by 11 dB. The encoding scheme used for repeat transmission is introduced which enhances transmission
reliability. When channel conditions are extremely unfavorable, this improves the downlink and uplink FCL by
nine DB and 12 DB spectrum. With the wide coverage feature, fewer sites cover wider areas and with stronger
signal strength. Even basements can be reached. Devices in hard to reach areas can be covered, such as water
meters, head tracking, and other services that require broad coverage can

also be used. Finally, let's take a look at the connection features. narrowband Internet of Things base stations are
designed based on the Internet of Things traffic.

Unlike the mobile phone traffic model, the Internet of Things traffic model contains a large number of Germans,
but the packets sent by each terminal are small and insensitive to latency. More users can be accessed with the
Internet of Things traffic, which saves more user context and means about 100,000 terminals can be accessed
simultaneous in one set. narrowband Internet of Things has smaller sheduled granularities than in 2g, 3g and 4g
to scheduling an uplink service unit usually requires 15 killer when the same amounts of resources are available
for resource usage of narrowband Internet of Things is high. In addition, PSM and EDRs reduce the resources
occupied by each device. Physical channels and signals at the physical layer of narrowband Internet of Things
are simplified, reducing the signaling overhead of an air interface. In addition, a large number of terminals are in
the hibernation state and the context of these terminals are maintained by the base stations and core network.
Therefore, by optimizing the base station and the core network, the context camp buffer and independent
admission and congestion control can be performed. In this way, once data needs to be sent to terminals can
quickly enter the active state. We've now covered the physical layer, the deployment modes and the four key
features of narrowband internet. Do you still remember them? In the next lesson, we will introduce some
industrial internet of things applications and take a look at E LTE IoT and it's any