10 Social em Class 10 PSR Digital Books Tlm4all

6th To 10th
STUDENT
SOCIAL STUDIES REFERENCE NOTES
10th Class (EM) (A.P.)
INDEX 2023 - 24
S.No. Details Page No.
1. INDEX 1
PART - I
2. 1 to 22 Chapters (sir )
2,4,8 Marks Question & Answers
(We prepared 2,4,8 Marks Question & Answers in the sequence
of the lesson)
Very short Question & Answers
(We prepared 1 Mark Question & Answers in
innovative method)
1 to 22 chapters details Next page 2
3. Chapter Heading QR scan 
chapters & Extra material pdf
download 
PART - II
4. Chapters 
Information Skills & 242 - 284
Mapping Skills 
PART - III
5. Important general items.
1) Abbreviations, years, slogans, mountains, Important years,
constitutional items, peaks, organisations 285 - 294
2) QR Scan Videos 
3) India & World Map practice Empty Maps 
(Videos also available in QR).
PART - IV
6. India Maps & 294
World Maps 
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
map map  320
Pencil 
SOCIALSTUDIES REFERENCE NOTES (1) 10th CLASS (EM) (AP) 2023 - 24
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CONTENTS
S.No. Content Page No.
Part - I : Resources Development and Equity

1. India : Relief Features 3 - 15
2. Ideas of Development 16 - 27
3. Production and Employment 28 - 39
4. Climate of lndia 40 - 51
5. Indian Rivers and Water Resources 52 - 64
6. The People 65 - 73
7. People and Settlement 74 - 81
8. People and Migration 82 - 90
9. Rampur : A Village Economy 91 - 98
10. Globalisation 99 - 109

11. Food Security 110 - 117
12. Sustainable Development with Equity 118 - 125
Part - II : Contemporary World and India

13. The World Between Wars 1900-1950 (Part - I) 126 - 135
14. The World Between Wars 1900-1950 (Part - II) 136 - 150
15. National Liberation Movements in Colonies 151 - 165
16. National Movement in India Partition & Independence 166 - 176
17. The Making of Independent India’s Constitution 177 - 187
18. Independent India (The First 30 Years - 1947-77) 188 - 197
19. Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 198 - 211
20. Post - War World and India 212 - 223
21. Social Movements in Our Times 224 - 233
22. Citizens and the Governments 234 - 241
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India :
1 Relief Features
Concept Mapping
QR scan   lesson

 
India-Relief Features
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2,4,8 MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWERS
We prepared 2,4,8 Marks Question and Answers in the sequence of the lesson
1. The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in
the west. But the clocks show the same time. How does this happen? (IMP)
A. 1. The Earth rotates from west to east. So the Sun rises in the east and sets in the
west.
2. The westernmost point of India is located in Gujarat. It’s longitude is 6807I E.
3. The easternmost point of India is located in Arunachal Pradesh. It’s longitude is 97025IE.
4. The difference between these longitudes is 30 degrees. It takes two hours for the
Sun’s position to move 30 degrees of longitude, as it takes 4 minutes to move 1
degree of longitude.
5. Local times of places on different longitudes are different. But the local time on 82030I
E longitude is taken as standard time to follow one timing for the entire country. Hence,
there will be difference between local time and standard time. The difference between
the local time of Gujarat and that of Arunachal Pradesh is two hours.
6. Hence, the Sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat
in the west. But the clocks show the same time.
2. If the Himalayas would have not been in its present position how would be the
climatic conditions of the Indian sub-continent? (IMP)
A. 1. The Himalayas act as barriers protecting the great plains of India from the cold winds
of central Asia during severe winter. If these would have not been there, the crops
would have been destroyed due to the cold winds.
2. The Himalayas act as defence barrier and have been protecting India from foreign
invasions since early times. If these would have not been there, India would have
faced more foreign invasions.
3. The Himalayas are reason for heavy rainfall as they obstruct the southwestern
monsoons. If these would have not been there, the southwestern monsoons would
have crossed India and India would have faced drought conditions.
4. The Himalayas are reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate in regions
that are beyond the western Ghats of India. In its absence, this region would have
remained drier.
5. The Himalayan Rivers have a perennial flow since these are fed by glaciers. In its
absence, these rivers would have not been there.
6. The Himalayan rivers bring a lot of silt, making these plains very fertile. If these would
not have been there, the soil in this region would not have been fertile.
3. Describe the Himalayas
A. 1. The Himalayan ranges run in the west-east direction in the form of an arch with a
distance of about 2400 kms.
2. The Himalayas comprise three parallel ranges. They are Great Himalayas or Himadri,
Lesser Himalayas and Shivaliks. These ranges are separated with deep valleys and
extensive plateaus.
3. The Greater Himalayas or Himadri is the most continuous consisting of the highest
peaks with an average elevation of about 6100 mts above mean sea level.
4. Greater Himalayas are composed of snow and ice cover. Glaciers are found here.
5. The portion of range found south of the Greater Himalayas is called “Lesser Himalayas”
which has the most rugged relief. These ranges are mainly composed of highly
compressed rocks.
6. The height of Lesser Himalayas ranges from 3,700 to 4,500 mts.
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7. The Pirpanjal and Mahabharata ranges form the important ranges of the Lesser
Himalayas.
8. The Lesser Himalaya ranges consist of the famous valley of Kashmir (Jammu &
Kashmir), the Kangra and Kulu (Himachal Pradesh)
9. This region is well known for many hill stations like Simla (Himachal Pradesh),
Mussoorie, Nainital, Ranikhet (Uttarakhand) etc., and covered by evergreen forests.
10. The southern most range of the Himalayas are the Shivaliks.
11. Shivaliks extend over a width of 10-50 kms, and have an altitude varying between 900
and 1100 mts. These parts consist of thick gravel and alluvium.
12. The valleys lying between the Lesser Himalayas and Shivalik ranges are called as
Duns - Dehradun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun are some of the prominent Duns.
4. How were the Himalayas formed?
A. 1. World landforms originated from two giant lands namely Angara land (Laurasia) and
Gondwana land. The Indian peninsula was part of Gondwana land.
2. Over 200 million (20 crores) years ago Gondwana land split into pieces and the
peninsular Indian plate moved towards North-East and collided the much larger
Eurasian Plate (Eurasian Plate was in Angara land).
3. Owing to the collision and immense compression force mountains evolved through a
folding process over millions of years. The present form of the Himalayas is a result
of this process.
5. What is the influence of the Himalayas on Indian agriculture? (IMP)
A. 1. Due to the perennial rivers in the Himalayas, water is available in abundance at all
times and contributes to agriculture.
2. The Himalayas obstruct the Bay of Bengal branch of the Southwest Monsoon. Due to
this, it is raining heavily in Northeast and North India.
3. The soils in the Indo-Gangetic plains are very fertile due to the alluvial soil brought by
the Himalayan rivers. Hence the crops here are high yielding.
4. These act as barriers protecting the great plains of India from the cold winds of central
Asia during severe winter. If these had not been there, the cool winds would have
come into India and crops would have been damaged due to the freezing weather.
5. Slopes in the Himalayas for example, the slopes in Assam are suitable for tea gardens.
In places like Jammu and Kashmir, a variety of fruit varieties such as apples and
grapes grow well.
6. Describe the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
A. 1. The interaction of the three Himalayan rivers, Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra and
their tributaries resulted in the formation of great northern plain.
2. In the beginning (about 20 million years ago) it was a shallow basin that was gradually
filled with varied alluvial soil that these rivers brought from the Himalayas.
3. The Indo-Gangetic Plains broadly consist of three divisions.
1. The Western Part 2. The Central Part 3. The Eastern Part
4. The western part:- (a) It was formed by the Indus and its tributaries, the Jhelum, the
Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej flowing from the Himalayas.
(b) Most of the Indus river basin is located in Pakistan leaving minor portion of Punjab
and Haryana plains in India.
(c) In this region the ‘Doab’ features dominate the fertile land between the two rivers.
5. The Central Part: - (a) The central part is known as the Ganga plain. It extends from
the rivers Ghaggar to Teesta.
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(b) This part is mainly spread in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and partly in xx
Haryana, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
(c) Here the river Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries Sone, Kosi etc drain.
6. The Eastern Part:- The Eastern part of the plain exists mostly in the Brahmaputra
valley of Assom and the river Brahmaputra is mainly responsible for its formation.
7. The landform called Bhabar is at the parallel to foothills of Shivaliks. This is porous in
nature. Small rivers and streams flow underground through Bhabar.
8. There is another landform called Terai is to the south of the Bhabar. The rivers, flow
underground through Bhabar, reappear in Terai. Hence, this region became a swampy
and marshy region.
7. Indo- Gangetic plains have high density of population. Find the reasons. (IMP)
A. 1. Alluvial soil: The alluvial soil is very fertile and supports cultivation of different types
of crops.
2. Natural vegetation: Forests in this region provide timber, fuel wood, medicinal plants
etc.
3. Water facility: Water is very important need for people. Water is always available in
this region. So many people reside in this region.
4. Cultures: Many prominent cultures developed on the bank of the rivers. So density of
population is high in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
5. Industries: More industries are established in this region. People migrate to this
region for employment.
6. Urban Area: More towns are developed in this region. People migrate to this region for
education, business and employment. So this region has high density of population.
7. Transportation: Transportation is well developed in the indo gangetic plains. The
roadways and railways are modes of cheap transport in the plain areas.
8. Describe the Peninsular Plateau.
A. 1. The Indian plateau is also known as the peninsular plateau as it is surrounded by the
sea on three sides.
2. It is mainly composed of the old crystalline, hard igneous and metamorphic rock.
3. Large amounts of metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources are found in the Indian
plateau.
4. It has broad and shallow valleys with rounded hills.
5. The topography of the plateau is slightly tilted towards the East.
6. The Indo-Gangetic plains and the Nilgiris form the northern and southern edges
respectively. The Western and Eastern Ghats form the western and eastern edges
respectively.
7. The southernmost tip of the plateau is Kanyakumari.
8. The peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions namely, (1) the central high
lands (Malwa plateau is the main plateau in the central high lands) and (2) the Deccan
Plateau.
9. Central highlands are adjunct to and south of the Gangetic plains and north of the
river Narmada.
10. The Central highlands include the Malwa Plateau to the west and the Chotanagpur
Plateau to the east.
11. In comparison to the Gangetic plains the plateau region is dry.
12. The rivers are not perennial. The irrigation for the second crop depends on deep tube
wells and tanks.
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9. Contrast the relief of the Himalayan Region with that of the Peninsular Plateau.
The Himalayan Region The Peninsular Plateau
1. The Himalayan ranges run in the 1. The peninsular plateau extends to the south
west-east direction in the form of an of the Gangetic Plains.
arch.
2. It consists of three ranges i.e., the 2. It consists of the Central High Lands and
Greater Himalayas, the Lesser Deccan Plateau.
Himalayas and the Shivalik ranges.
3. The Himalayas are young fold 3. The peninsular plateau is the oldest land
mountains. mass inIndia.
4. The Lesser Himalayas are mainly 4. The peninsular plateau is mainly composed
composed of highly compressed of the old crystalline, hard igneous and
rocks. The Shivaliks consist of metamorphic rock.
thick gravel and alluvium. The
purvanchal is mostly composed of
sedimentary sandstones.
5. The Himalayas contains deep and 5. The Peninsular plateau contains shallow
steep valleys. and broad valleys.
6. The Himalayan Rivers are perennial 6. The peninsular rivers are intermittent rivers
rivers. (non perennial)
7. Less amount of metals and minerals 7. Largeamount of metallic and nonmetallic
are found in the Himalayan region. mineral resources are found in the
peninsular plateau.
8. In this region soils are formed of 8. In this region soils are formed of black soil
alluvial soilbrought by the rivers. due to volcanic eruption.
10. Differentiate between Indo-Gangetic Plains and Peninsular Plateau.
Indo-Gangetic Plains The Peninsular Plateau
1. Indo-Gangetic plains extend to the 1. The peninsular plateau extends to the south
South of the Himalayas in the states of the Gangetic Plains.
of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and
Assom
2. It is divided into three parts. 2. It consists of the Central High Lands (Malwa
(a)The Western part (b) The Central Plateau) and Deccan Plateau.
part (C) The Eastern part
3. These plains are younger than the 3. The peninsula plateau is the oldest land
peninsular plateau. mass in India.
4. These plains are formed with alluvial 4. The peninsular plateau is mainly composed
soils. of the old crystalline, hard igneous and
metamorphic rock.
5. The Rivers flow in these plains are 5. The peninsular rivers are intermittent rivers
perennial rivers. (not perennial)
6. Less amount of metals and minerals 6. Large amount of metallic and nonmetallic
are found in the Indo-Gangetic mineral resources are found in the
Plains. peninsular plateau.
7. The Himalayas are located to the 7. The Eastern and Western Ghats are located
north of theInd-Gangetic Plains. on the edges of Deccan Plateau.
8. A large basin was formed when 8. This plateau was formed due to the volcanic
Peninsular Plateau collided the activity.
Eurasian plateau. This basin was
gradually filled with sediments
deposited by the rivers creating plains.
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11. Plateau regions in India do not support agriculture as much as the plain regions –
what are the reasons for this? (IMP)
A. 1. Water is available for agriculture in abundance as the perennial rivers flow in the Indo-
Gangetic plain. There is not enough water for crops during the summer season as
rainfed rivers flow in the Peninsular Plateau.
2. Soils in plains are formed by alluvial. They are fertile and suitable for agriculture. The
soils in the peninsular plateau are formed by volcanic activity. These are less useful
for agriculture compared to the plains.
3. Deltas are formed at river mouths in plain areas. These are very suitable for agriculture.
There are no deltas in the plateau region. So the plateau areas do not support
agriculture as much as the plain regions.
12. Differentiate between Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. (IMP)
A. Differences between Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats Western Ghats
1. The Eastern Ghats lie parallel to the 1. The Western Ghats lie parallel to the west
east coast. coast.
2. Eastern Ghats are not continuous. 2. Western Ghats are continuous
3. Eastern Ghats are lower than 3. Western Ghats are higher than Eastern
Western Ghats. Ghats.
4. Eastern Ghats are older than western 4. Western Ghats are younger than Eastern
Ghats. Ghats.
5. Aroya Konda is the highest peak in 5. Anaimudi is the highest peak in Western
Eastern Ghats. Ghats.
6. The famous hill station is Aruku in 6. The famous hill station is Ooty
Eastern Ghats. (Udagamandalam) in Western Ghats.
7. Nallamalas, Velikondas, Palakondas 7. Anaimalai, Palani, Cardamom hills are
and Seshachala are some of the hilly parts of the Western Ghats.
tracts of Eastern Ghats.
8. The Eastern Ghats are the birthplace 8. The Western Ghats are the birthplace of
of small and medium-sized rivers. large rivers like the Godavari and the Krishna.
Eg: - Nagavali, Vamsadhara
9. The Eastern Ghats extend from 9. The Western Ghats extend from Tapati River
Mahanadi valley in the north to Nilgiris in the north to Kanyakumari in the south.
in the south.
10. The southwest monsoons cross the 10. The southwest monsoons first touch
Western Ghats and then touch the the Western Ghats causing heavy rainfall.
Eastern Ghats, causing less rainfall.
13. Write about the Thar Desert. (IMP)
A. 1. The Thar Desert is located on the leeward side of Aravalis and receives very low
amount of rainfall
2. The amount of rainfall ranges from 100 to 150 mm per year.
3. The desert consists of an undulating sandy plain and rocky outcrops.
4. It occupies much of western Rajasthan.
5. It has an arid climate with very low vegetation cover.
6. Streams appear during rainyseason and disappear soon after.
7. ‘Luni’ is the only river in the Thar Desert. It originates in the Aravali Ranges and flows
through the desert and ends in the marshy lands of Rannoff Kutch in Gujarat.
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14. How are the Eastern coastal plains and western coastal plains similar or different?
(IMP)
A. Differences:
Eastern coastal Plains Western coastal Plains
1. Eastern Plains are located between 1. Western Plains are located between
Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal Western Ghats and Arabian Sea along the
along the sea shore. sea shore.
2. Eastern Plains stretch from Mahanadi 2. Western Plains stretch from Rann of
in Odisha to Cauvery delta in Tamil Nadu. Kutch in Gujarat to Kanyakumari in
Tamil Nadu.
3. Eastern Ghats are wider and flat. 3. Western Ghats are narrow and uneven.
4. Chilka, Kolleru and Pulicat lakes are 4. Backwaters are there in the coast of
in Eastern Plains. Kerala in Western Plains.
5. It has deltas, formed by the rivers 5. There are no deltas in Western Plains.
Mahanadi,Godavari and Krishna.
6. These plains are divided into Utkal 6. These plains are divided into Konkan
Coast, SircarCoast and Coromandal Coast, Canara Coast and Malabar Coast.
Coast.
7. These plains receive rainfall from 7. These plains receive rainfall from South-
South-west monsoons and North-east west monsoons.These plains receive more
monsoons. These plains receive less rainfall than the eastern plains.
rainfall than the western plains.
8. These plains are located at lower 8. These plains are located at highest
elevation than the western plains. elevation than the eastern plains.
SIMILARITIES:
Both plains are fertile because of alluvial soil brought by rivers.
1. Both plains are suitable for agriculture as they have irrigation facilities.
2. Plenty of fish are available in the sea coasts of both plains.
3. Both plains are bordered by Ghats.
4. Both plains have seaports. They are at Mumbai (Maharashtra), Kochi (Kerala) in
Western Plains and at Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) in
Eastern Plains.
5. Density of population is high in both plains as plains are most suitable for human
occupation.
15. Describe the Islands of India.
A. 1. There are two groups of Islands in India.
2. They are Andaman and Nicobar Islands stretched in the Bay of Bengal and
Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.
3. Andaman and Nicobar Islands is an elevated portion of submerged mountain parts
running from Arkan Yoma Mountains in Myanmar.
4. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Narkondam and Barren Islands are volcanic origin.
5. The southernmost tip of India is found in Nicobar Island and called as Indira point
which was submerged during the 2004 Tsunami.
6. Lakshadweep Islands are of coral origin.
7. Its total geographic area is 32 sq. kms.
8. This group of Islands is famous for great variety of flora and fauna.
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16. The Himalayas do not extend into which of the following States: [TQ3]
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Haryana, Punjab, Uttaranchal.
A. Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab.
17. Write a few lines about India’s location?
A. 1. As per latitude, India extends in the northern hemisphere.
2. India extends between 8°4' northern latitude and 37°6' northern latitude
3. As per longitudes, India extends in the eastern hemisphere
4. India extends, between 68°7' eastern longitude and 97°25' eastern longitude.
18. Why do we often use the term “Indian peninsula”?
A. 1. India has three sides water that is in East-Bay of Bengal, in West-Arabian sea, in
South-Indian ocean and one side covered with land.
2. So, India is often called as ‘Indian Peninsula'.
19. Imagine that India is located in the Arctic Circle. How your life would be different?
A. 1. 66 ½° north latitude is called Arctic Circle. The climate in this region is very cold and
snowfall occurs.
2. If our India is located in the Arctic Circle the climate of India changes into cold, snow
fall occurs and there will be no crops, only mosses and lichens grow.
20. Identify Indira point on the atlas. What is special about this?
A. 1. Indira point is Southern most tip of the India.
2. It is situated in the Nicobar Islands
21. List the Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers that helped the formation of
North Indian Plain.
A. 1. Himalayan rivers like Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra helped the formation of North-
ern Indian plains.
2. Chambal, Son, Betwa and Ken are the Peninsular rivers that helped the formation of
Northern plains.
22. Write the location of Andhra Pradesh?
A. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41N and 19°7N latitudes and 77° E and 84° 40E longi-
tudes.
23. Write the difference between Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar
Islands ?
A. Andaman & Nicobar Lakshadweep
1. These are located in Bay of Bengal. 1. These are located in Arabian Sea.
2. These are of volcanic origin. 2. These are of coral origin.
3. They are big in size. 3. These are small in size.
24. “The Himalayas are a boon to our country” support it ?
A. 1. The Himalayas are the main reason for summer and monsoon type of climate.
2. They are main reason for perennial rivers in North India.
3. They are the reason for formation of fertile lands in North India.
4. They are symbols of natural beauty and attract the tourists from all over the world.
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VERY SHORT QUESTION & ANSWERS
We prepared 1 Mark Question and Answers in innovative method

1. What is the latitudinal extent of India?
A. 804I N - 3706I N
2. What is the longitudinal extent of India?
A. 6807I E - 97025I E
3. Why India is called peninsular plateau? (IMP)
A. As India is surrounded by the sea on three sides.
4. What is the latitude of Indira Point?
A. 604I N
5. What is the southern most tip of India? (IMP)
A. Indira Point (It is in Nicobar Islands)
6. What is the southern most tip of India’s mainland?
A. Kanyakumari (It is in Tamil Nadu)
7. What is the length of coastal line of Andhra Pradesh?
A. 974 kms
8. What is the Indian Standard Meridian? (IMP)
A. 82030I E
9. Which city does the Indian Standard Meridian pass through?
A. Allahabad (It passes through the Mirzapur near Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh)
10. Expand IST (IMP)
A. Indian Standard Time
11. Which longitude is the basis of the Indian Standard Time?
A. 82030I E / 82.50 E / 82 ½ 0 E
12. Expand GMT (IMP)
A. Green wich Mean Time
13. How many hours is the Indian Standard Time ahead of Green wich Mean Time? (IMP)
A. 5 ½ hours
14. Where does the Sun rise first in Ahmedabad or Imphal?
A. Imphal
15. What is the reason for rising of the Sun first in Imphal among the Imphal and Ahmedabad?
A. Imphal is located in the east of India. Ahmedabad is located in the west of India. As the
earth rotates from west to east, the sun rises earlier in the east.
16. Complete the second pair based on the relationship between the two words in the first pair.
Ahmedabad : Gujarat : : Imphal : ?
A. Manipur
17. How many states does the Tropic of Cancer pass through? (IMP)
A. 8 States (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Tripura, Mizoram)
18. Which line divides India into about two equal halves? (IMP)
A. Tropic of Cancer ( 2305I N)
19. How many states does the Indian Standard Meridian or 82030I E pass through?
A. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
20. Which of the following states do both Tropic of Cancer and Indian Standard Meridian pass
through?
A. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat A. Madhya Pradesh (Both Tropic of
Cancer and Indian Standard Meridian pass through Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh)
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21. Which countries share land boundaries with India?
A. Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar.
22. Which country has the longest land boundary with India?
A. Bangladesh
23. The World land forms originated from two giant lands. 2. __________
A. Gondwana land
24. Of which giant land was the Indian peninsula?
A. Gondwana Land
25. Which plate did the Indian plate collide with?
A. Eurasian Plate
26. What kind of mountains are the Himalayas? (IMP)
A. Fold mountains Volcanic Mountains; Block Mountains; Residual mountains; Fold mountains
27. How many years ago were the Himalayas formed?
A. Around 50 – 55 million years ago
28. How many years ago did the early hunter-gathering human beings emerge on earth?
A. Around 0.2 million years ago
29. Width of Himalayas differs from 500 kms in western regions to _________ in central and
eastern regions.
A. 200 kms
30. There are three ranges in the Himalayas.
They are 1. Himadri. 2. Lesser Himalayas 3. ___________
A. Shivaliks
31. Which Himalayas are located south of Himadri?
A. Lesser Himalayas
32. Which Himalayan range consists of the Pirpanjal and Mahabharat ranges?
A. Lesser Himalayas
33. What are the famous valleys in the Lesser Himalayas? (IMP)
A. Kashmir Valley, Kangra Valley, Kulu Valley
34. What are the famous hill stations in the Lesser Himalayas? (IMP)
A. Simla, Mussorie, Nainital, Raniket
35. Which Himalayan range is famous for hill stations and evergreen forests?
A. Lesser Himalayas
36. Find out the odd one.
Simla; Mussori; Nainital; Ranikhet
A. Shimla
(Shimla is in Himachal Pradesh. remaining three are located in Uttarakhand)
37. Which is the southernmost Himalayan range?
A. Shivalik range
38. Complete the second pair based on the relationship between the two words in the first
pair.
Glaciers : Himadri : : Hill Stations : ?
A. Lesser Himalayas
39. What state is the Mawkdok Dympep valley in? (IMP)
A. Meghalaya
40. What is a dune? (IMP)
A. The valleys lying between the Lesser Himalayas and Shivalik ranges are called as Dunes
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41. What are the important dunes? (IMP)
A. Dehradun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun
42. Based on the relationship between the information in the first pair, complete the second
pair.
Arunachal Pradesh : Mishmi Hills : : Assam : ?
A. Cachar hills
43. Which state is Dihang Vally in?
A. Arunachal Pradesh
44. What is the Purvanchal?
A. In Arunachal Pradesh beyond the Dihang valley, the Himalayas take a hair pin bend to the
south and run through the Northeastern states. These divisions are known as ‘Purvanchal’
(Eastern Himalayas).
45. What are the Purvanchal called regionally?
A. Patkai hills, the Naga hills, Manipuri hills, Khasi and Mizo hills
46. Find out the odd one.
Patkai hills, Mishmi hills, Naga hills, Khasi hills.
A. Mishmi hills
(Mishmi hills are part of the Lesser Himalayas. remaining are the part of Purvanchal)
47. Find the odd one out.
Jammu Hills, Cachar hills, Mizo hills, Mishmi hills.
A. Mizo hills
(Mizo hills are part of the Purvanchal. remaining are the part of the Lesser Himalayas)
48. Complete the information
Naga hills - Nagaland Khasi hills - Meghalaya
Patkai hills - Arunachal Pradesh Jayantia hills - ?
A. Meghalaya
49. Which of the following states don’t the Himalayas extend?
Uttara Pradesh; Uttarakhand; Sikkim; Meghalaya
A. Uttara Pradesh
(The Himalayas are spread over the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh
and the states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and MeghalayA.
50. What are the tributaries of the river Sindhu?
A. Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej
51. Which country is most of the Indus River basin located in?
A. Pakistan
52. Which states of India is the Indus River basin located in?
A. Punjab and Haryana
53. What is Doab? (IMP)
A. The fertile land between the two rivers is called Doab.
54. The Ganga plain extends from the rivers Ghaggar to. (Iimp)
A. Teesta
55. The state in which the Ganga plain do not spread
Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand.
A. Uttarakhand
(Ganga plain is mainly spread in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and partly in Haryana,
Jharkhand and West Bengal.)
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56. What is Bhabar? (IMP)
A. The Himalayan rivers while flowing down deposit gravel and pebble sediments in a narrow
belt of 8 to 16 kms width found parallel to the foothills of Shivaliks. This feature is known
as ‘Bhabar’.
57. What is Terai? (IMP)
A. Small rivers and streams flow underground through Bhabar and reappear in lower areas
and form a swampy and marshy region called Terai.
58. Why are most of the forests in the Terai region cleared?
A. Owing to migrations at the time of India’s partition, most of the Terai zone has now been
cleared and used for agricultural operations
pair.
Duns : The Himalayas : : Doabs : ?
A. Indo-Gangetic Plain
60. Which direction does the Peninsular Plateau tilt?
A. towards East
61. What is the southernmost tip of the Peninsular Plateau?(IMP)
A. Kanyakumari
62. What are the two broad divisions of the Peninsular Plateau? (IMP)
A. 1) Central Highlands 2) Deccan Plateau
63. What are the main plateaus in the Central Highlands?
A. 1. Malwa Plateau 2. Chotanagapur plateau
64. What are the other plateaus in the Central Highlands?
A. Bundelkhand Plateau, Bhagelkhand Plateau
65. Where are the Central Highlands spread?
A. South of the Ganga Plains and north of the Narmada River
66. Which state is the Chotanagpur Plateau mainly located in?
A. Jharkhand
67. Which plateau is famous for mineral resources? (IMP)
A. Chotanagapur plateau
68. What is the triangular landmass lying to the south of the river Narmada called?
A. Deccan Plateau
69. What are the edges of Deccan Plateau? (IMP)
A. Satpura ranges in the north, Nilgiris in the south, Western Ghats in the west, Eastern
Ghats in the east form the edges of the Deccan Plateau.
70. Find the odd one.
Pirpanjal ranges; Mahadev ranges; Maikal ranges; Kaimur ranges
A. Pirpanjal ranges
(Pirpanjal ranges are part of the Himalayas. the remaining are part of the Peninsular
Plateau)
71. In which direction does the Deccan Plateau tilt?
A. Towards East
72. Where do the Nilgiris join the Western Ghats?(IMP)
A. Near Gudalur
73. What is the average height of the Nilgiris?
A. 2000 mts
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74. Which famous hill station is in the Nilgiris? (IMP)
A. Udagamandalam (Ooty)
75. What is the highest peak in the Nilgiris? (IMP)
A. Dodabetta (2637 mts.)
76. What is the highest peak in the Western Ghats? (IMP)
A. Annaimudi (2695 mts.)
77. What is the highest peak in the Southern India?
A. Annaimudi (Annaimudi is in the Annamalai hills of the Western Ghats)
pair.
Palani Hills : Tamil nadu : : Cardamom Hills : ?
A. Kerala
79. Where do the Eastern Ghats extend?
A. From Mahanadi Valley in the north to Nilgiris in the south
80. Which is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats?(IMP)
A. Aroya Konda (It is located at Chinthapalli in Andhra Pradesh)
81. What is the height of Aroya Konda? (IMP)
A. 1680 mts.
82. What is the average height of the Eastern Ghats?
A. 900 mts.
83. Find the odd one out
Nallamalas; Velikondas; Palakondas; Cardamom hills; Seshachala hils
A. Cardamom hills
(Cardamom hills are part of the Western Ghats, remaining are the part of Eastern Ghats)
84. Which type of soil is main in the peninsular plateau?
A. Black soils (These are formed due to the volcanic activity)
85. Find the odd one out.
Godavari; Yamuna; Krishna; Cauvery; Mahariver
A. Yamuna (Yamuna is the Himalayan river. Remaining are the Peninsular rivers.)
86. Fill the information :
Western Ghats - Anaimudi
Eastern Ghats - Aroyakonda
Nilagiris - ?
A. Dodabetta
87. What are the hills where the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats meet?
A. Nilgiris
88. What is located on the leeward side of Aravalis? (IMP)
A. Thar Desert
89. What is the average rainfall of the Thar Desert?
A. 100 to 150 mm per year
90. Which state is much of the Thar Desert located in?
A. Rajasthan
91. What river is in the Thar Desert? (IMP)
A. Luni river
92. Where does the Luni river originate?
A. Aravalis
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Climate of
4 India

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We prepared 2,4,8 Question and Answers in the sequence of the lesson

1. Defferentiate between Weather and Climate. (IMP)
A. Weather Climate
1. The state of atmospheric conditions 1. Climate refers to weather conditions over a
over an area at a particular time refers large area and follows a similar general
to weather pattern over thirty years or more. What have
been the general conditions, year after year,
gives us the climate.
2. Weather conditions fluctuate very 2. There are variations from year to year but a
often even in a short period. basic pattern remains the same.
3. Weather is not taken as criterion to 3. On the basis of these generalised
divide the year into seasons. conditions, the year is divided into seasons
4. Important elements of the weather 4. Important elements of the climate are
are temperature, atmospheric pressure, temperature and precipitation
wind, humidity,and precipitation.
2. Compare the climate of Delhi and Chennai. How are they different?
A. 1. As Chennai lies on the seashore, it has an equable climate. This means that there is
not much difference between day and night temperatures, as well as summer and
winter temperatures.
2. As Delhi lies far away from the sea, it has an extreme climate. This means that the
difference between day and night temperatures, as well as summer and winter
temperaturesare greater.
3. Chennai receives most of its rainfall during the months of October and November. This
rain is caused by the northeast monsoon.
4. The rainfall in Delhi is highest during the months of July, August and September. This
rain is caused by the southwest monsoon
3. Identify the wet months for Chennai. How is this different from Jaipur?
A. 1. The rainy months are October and November in Chennai. The rainy months are July
and August in Jaipur.
2. Rainfall in Chennai is due to the northeast monsoon (retreating southwest monsoons).
The rainfall in Jaipur is due to the southwest monsoon.
3. The coastal area of Chennai faces the northeast monsoon route. So, rainfall is high
here. Jaipur lies in the rain shadow area of southwest monsoons. So, rainfall is low
here.
4. How many temperature zones the earth can be divided into? What are they?(IMP)
A. 1. The earth can be divided into three temperature zones. They are 1. Tropical zone (Torrid
zone) 2. Temperate zone 3. Polar zone (Frigid zone)
2. The area lies between the equator and the Tropic of Cancer, and between the equator
and the Tropic of Capricorn is the Tropical zone.
3. The area lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the
Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle is the temperate zone.
4. The area lies between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole, and between the Antarctic
Circle and the South Pole is the Polar zone.
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5. What is the reason for the differences in the climatic conditions of Indonesia and
Japan?
A. 1. Indonesia is close to the equator. So the intensity of the temperature is high here.
2. Japan is far from the equator. So the intensity of the temperature is low here.
6. How do latitudes affect the climate of India?
A. 1. India extends between 804I north latitude and 3706I north latitude.
2. The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two equal parts.
3. The region south of the Tropic of Cancer is in the tropical zone. The northern region is
in the temperate zone. Hence, the average temperature in the southern region is higher
than in the northern region.
4. Kanyakumari is close to the equator. Bhopal is far from the equator. So there is a the
difference in the temperatures of these two regions.
7. How does the land-water relationship affect the climate of India?
A. 1. The amount of sunlight that is first absorbed and then radiated back or directly reflected
depends on the nature of the surface.
2. Darker areas, such as heavily vegetated regions, tend to be good absorbers; lighter
areas, such as snow and ice-covered regions, tend to be good reflectors.
3. The ocean absorbs and loses heat more slowly than land.
4. So, there is low pressure on the land and high pressure on the sea during the day time
and cold winds blow from the sea to the land. The opposite conditions to this happen
during the night, and winds blow from the land to the sea.
5. The difference between the temperature of day and night and that of summer and
winter is not much in the regions nearer to the sea. This is known as equable climate.
6. A large part of southern India, because of its long coastal line, comes under the
moderating influence of the sea.
8. Compare the temperatures of Mumbai and Nagpur.
A. 1. Mumbai is located on the coast of the Arabian sea. So, the average temperature here is
lower than Nagpur. There is not much difference between day and night temperatures,
as well as summer and winter temperatures. This is called temperate climate or equable
climate.
2. Nagpur is far from the sea. So, the average temperatures here are higher than in Mumbai.
The difference between day and night temperatures, as well as summer and winter
temperatures, is high. This is called an extreme climate.
9. How does the relief affect the climate of India?
A. 1. Temperature decreases at the rate of 6.40C for every 1000 mts. increase in altitude.
Hence, hills and mountains will have lower temperature than locations on the plain.
2. Therefore, relief or altitude of a region influences the climate of the area.
3. As the places like Shimla, Gulmarg, Nainital and Darjeeling in the Himalayan region
situated at high altitude, they have a cool climate even during the peak summer months.
4. Similarly Kodaikanal and Udagamandalam (Ooty) situated at high altitude in western
Ghats. So, they have cooler climate, compared to places near the coast.
10. What are trade winds? (IMP)
A. (1) In the northern hemisphere, sub tropical highpressure belt gives rise to permanent
winds. These winds blow toward the equatorial lowpressure belt by deflecting towards
the west and are called trade winds.
(2) The German word ‘trade’ means ‘track’ and stands for blowing steadily in the same
direction and in a constant course.
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11. How can it be said that India is in the belt of dry north-east trade winds?
A. 1. The winds blow from the north east from the sub tropical high pressure belt towards
the equatorial low pressure belt in the northern hemisphere. These are called north-
east trade winds.
2. Southern India is located in the tropical belt. As the northeast trade winds blow over the
land, they do not contain water vapour. It means these winds are dry. Hence, it can be
said that India is in the belt of dry northeast trade winds.
12. How does the upper atmospheric circulation affect the climate of India?
A. 1. The movement of upper air currents is known as ‘jet streams’. These are fast -flowing
air currents in a narrow belt in the upper atmosphere, above 12,000 m. The speed
varies from about 110 km per hour in summer to about 184 km per hour in winter.
2. An easterly jet stream develops at about 250N. A jet stream causes the neighboring
atmosphere to cool. This cooling effect of the easterly jet stream causes rain from
clouds already found over this latitude.
13. Describe India’s climate controls.(IMP)
A. The factors that affect climate are called climatic controls. These include:
1. Latitude 2. Land-water relationship 3. Relief 4. Upper air circulation
I. Latitude:
1. India is situated between 804I and 3706I North latitudes.
2. The country is divided into almost two equal parts by the Tropic of Cancer.
3. The part south of the Tropic of Cancer lies in the tropical zone. The part north of the the
Tropic of Cancer lies in the temperate zone. Therefore, the southern region has higher
average temperature than the northern part.
II. Land-water relationship:
1. The ocean absorbs and loses heat more slowly than land.
2. So there is low pressure on the land and high pressure on the sea during the daytime.
Hence cool sea breezes blow from the sea towards the land during the daytime. The
opposite conditions to this happen during the night time and winds blow from the land
towards the sea.
3. Therefore, the difference between the temperature of day and night and that of summer
and winter is not much. This is known as equable climate.
4. A large part of Southern India has moderate temperatures because it has long coastal
line.
III. Relief:
1. The temperature decreases at the rate of 6.40C for every 1000 meters increase in
altitude. Hence, hills and mountains will have lower temperature than locations on the
plain.
2. Hence, the altitude of the region also affects the climate of that region.
3. Several hill stations of the Himalayan region like Shimla, Gulmarg, Nainital and Darjeeling
have a cool climate even during the peak summer months. Similarly Kodaikanal and
Udagamandalam (Ooty) has cooler climate, compared to places near the coast.
IV. Upper atmospheric circulation:
1. The movement of upper air currents known as ‘jet streams’. These are fast flowing air
currents in a narrow belt in the upper atmosphere, above 12,000 m.
2. An easterly jet stream develops at about 250N. A jet stream causes the neighboring
atmosphere to cool. This cooling effect of the easterly jet stream causes rain from
clouds already found over this latitude.
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14. Write a short note on factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas and
deserts.(IMP)
A. The factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas
1. The temperature decreases at the rate of 6.40C for every 1000 meters increase in
altitude.
2. There are less amount of gases, dust, water vapour etc. in the atmosphere near hills.
So, less amount of terrestrial radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere. This means
most of the solar energy reached the surface of the earth goes back. Hence, it is cold
here.
3. There are many trees on hilly areas. They absorb carbon dioxide. So, there is less
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If the carbon dioxide is low, it will absorb less amount
of terrestrial radiation. Hence, the temperature is low here.
The factors influencing climatic variations in deserts
4. Usually, deserts are situated at lower elevation compared to hills.
5. There are high amount of gases, dust etc. in the atmosphere of deserts. So, the
atmosphere absorbs most of the terrestrial radiation. This means less amount of the
solar energy reached the surface of the earth goes back. Hence, temperature is higher
in the deserts.
6. Trees are scarce in desert areas. So, there is high amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. If the carbon dioxide is high, it will absorb high amount of terrestrial
radiation. Hence, the temperature is high here.
15. Write about the winter season in India.
A. 1. The temperature in the Indian land mass considerably reduces from mid- November
and this cold season continues till February.
2. January is usually the coldest month. Day temperature sometimes drops below 100C
in several parts of the country. However, the cold weather is more pronounced in northern
India.
3. South India, especially the coastal areas, enjoy a moderate climate as temperature
remains well above 200 C.
4. During winter, the weather is generally pleasant with clear sky, low humidity and cool
breeze.
5. Cyclone depressions coming from Mediterranean Sea called Western Disturbances
cause low to moderate rainfall over northern India. This rainfall is boon to wheat crop
which is generally cultivated in ‘Rabi’ season.
6. India lies in the trade wind belt of Northern Hemisphere – northeast trade winds blow
over India from land to sea and are therefore dry.
7. However, some amount of rainfall occurs on the Coromandel coast of Tamil Nadu from
these winds, as they pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal while crossing it.
16. What are the western disturbances? (IMP)
A. 1. Cyclone depressions coming from the Mediterranean Sea to northern India called
Western Disturbances.
2. These blow in the winter. These give low to moderate rainfall over northern India. This
rainfall is a boon to wheat crop which is generally cultivated in the ‘Rabi’ season.
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17. Write about the summer season in India.
A. 1. During the hot season, as we move from the southern to northern part of the country,
the average temperature increases.
2. Starting in April, the temperature rises and slowly the maximum day temperature exceeds
370 C in northern plains of India.
3. By mid-May, day temperature may touch 410 C to 420 C in many parts of the country,
especially in the northwest plains and central India. Even minimum temperature does
not go below 200 C.
4. The northern plain experiences dry and hot winds called ‘Loo’.
5. Towards the end of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers are common in the
Deccan Plateau. These help in the early ripening of mangoes and other plantation
crops in peninsular India. Hence they are locally known as mango showers in Andhra
Pradesh.
18. Write briefly about the southwestern monsoons.(IMP)
A. 1. By mid-May, day temperature may touch 410 C to 420 C in many parts of the country,
especially in the northwest plains and central India. Hence, low pressure is formed in
this region.
2. Together with this, the Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated and causes strong vertical
air currents and the formation of low-pressure over the plateau at above 9 kms altitude.
3. The south-east monsoon winds blow from the southern hemisphere towards the
equatorial low pressure zones. After crossing the equator, these winds deflect towards
the low pressure formed in the Indian sub continent. As they flow over the Indian Ocean,
they carry moisture.
4. As they blow form the southwest, they are called southwest monsoons. The Indian
Peninsula divides these winds into two branches. They are the Arabian Sea branch
and the Bay of Bengal branch.
5. The Arabian Sea branch arrives at the west coast of India and moves northward.
6. The Bay of Bengal branch strikes the Bengal coast and the southern face of the Shillong
plateau. Then it gets deflected and flows westward along the Gangetic valley.
7. Both branches reach India by the beginning of June, which is known as the “onset of
monsoon”. They gradually spread over the entire country in four to five weeks.
8. The bulk of the annual rainfall in India is received from south-west monsoon.
9. The amount of rainfall is very high along the west coast due to the Western Ghats, and
in northeast India due to the high peaked hills.
10. Tamil Nadu coast (Coromandel), however, remains mostly dry during this season as it
is in the rain shadow area of the Arabian Sea branch and is parallel to the Bay of
Bengal branch.
19. What are monsoons?(IMP)
A. 1. The regular periodic reversal of winds is called monsoons.
2. The sailors who came to India during olden days noticed the regular periodic reversal
of winds. They used these winds to sail towards the Indian coast. Arab traders named
this seasonal reversal of wind system ‘monsoon’.
20. What is meant by “October heat”?(IMP)
A. 1. The southwest monsoon brings widespread rainfall from June to September across
the country. Ponds and lakes are filled with water. All the soil is moist.
2. Sky is clear in October. Hence, insolation is higher and temperatures rise. Due to this
the water evaporates and reaches the atmosphere.
3. Therefore the month of October has high temperature and high humidity in the air. Due
to this the weather becomes rather oppressive. This is commonly known as “October
heat”.
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21. Write about the retreating monsoon or north-east monsoons.(IMP)
A. 1. October - November is a period of transition from hot wet condition to dry winter condition.
This is the period of retreating monsoons.
2. This period is marked by clear skies and arise in temperature. The land is still moist.
Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather
oppressive.
3. The lowpressure conditions will prevail at the center of the Bay of Bengal by early
November.
4. During this period cyclonic depressions are common which originate over the Andaman
area. These tropical cyclones are often very destructive.
5. These cyclones damage the thickly populated deltas of the Godavari, Krishna and
Cauveri. No year is ever found disaster free. Occasionally, these tropical cyclones visit
Sundarbans and Bangladesh too.
6. Bulk of the rainfall on the Coromandel Coast is derived from depressions and cyclones.
22. Write about the seasons of Indian tradition.(IMP)
A. In the Indian tradition, a year is divided into six two-monthly seasons. This cycle of seasons
that the people in north and central India follow is based on their practical experience and
age-old perception of weather phenomena. There is a slight variation in the timing of the
seasons between northern and southern India.
Traditional Indian Seasons
Seasons Months According to the Months According to the
Indian (lunar) calendar Western (solar) calendar
Vasantha Chaitra – Vaishakha March – April
Grishma Jyestha – Ashadha May – June
Varsha Sraavana – Bhadra July – August
Sharad Aswayuja – Karthika September – October
Hemanta Margashira – Pushya November – December
Shishira Magha – Phalguna January – February
23. What are the benefits of the atmosphere?
A. 1. The atmosphere provides us with oxygen that we breathe.
2. Ozone layer that protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun is in the
atmosphere.
3. The atmosphere provides plants with the nitrogen that they use to make proteins. Plants
give us proteins.
4. The atmosphere Keeps the earth warm. That is why living beings are able to live.
5. The atmosphere is the medium through which fresh water is circulated, i.e., water
cycle is formed.
24. What are the changes occurring in the climate caused by Anthropogenic Global
Warming?
A. The changes occurring in the climate caused by Anthropogenic Global Warming are
1. Different places on the earth absorb different amounts of heat. The heat thus absorbed
is redistributed by the atmosphere and ocean currents between different parts of the
earth.
2. For example, heat transfer is caused by the winds blowing from a high pressure area
to a low pressure area. Similarly, warm ocean currents and cold ocean currents cause
for heat transfer from one region to another. This redistribution system is being disrupted
by global warming.
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3. The disturbance in the redistribution system of heat itself is not so much problem. It is
the rapidity with which is happening.
4. When the redistribution system is disrupted, weather and climate patterns change.
Long-term changes (climatic changes) happen from accumulations of short-term
changes (weather changes).
25. What are disagreements between “developed and “developing countries about
AGW?(IMP)
A. 1. International efforts are underway to form an agreement where by all countries try to
reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases. As part of this, Inter Governmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed.
2. It has held many conferences to work out a treaty among the nations of the world to
reduce AGW and try to slow down the process of climate change. None of these have
been successful.
3. The latest attempt was made at the IPCC conference in Warsaw (Poland), in 2013.
This has also failed to achieve any agreement.
4. Developed countries want developing countries to cut down on burning coal and other
activities that add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
5. Developing countries argue that developed countries developed precisely by burning
fossil fuels in their development.
6. Developing countries say that their economic development will be seriously damaged
if they don’t burn fossil fuels (mainly coal).
7. Developing countries say that developed countries should do their fair share of work to
help find alternatives that can help developing countries to progress.
26. How are human activities contributing to global warming?(IMP)
A. 1. Earlier cycles of cooling and warming happened over very long periods of time. This
allowed much of the life on Earth the time to adapt to the changes.
2. The problem now is that the heating is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic
changes. Much of the warming that has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution
is because of human activities. Hence, the current global warming trend is called AGW
(Anthropogenic Global Warming; anthropogenic means caused by humans). The
human activities that contribute to global warming.
3. Combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum increases the amount of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
4. Carbon dioxide and methane are released into the atmosphere due to industrial effluents.
5. Trees and forests that absorb excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are declining
due to deforestation. So temperatures are rising.
6. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture releases nitrous oxide into
the atmosphere.
7. Increased use of air conditioners and refrigerators releases chlorofluorocarbons into
the atmosphere.
8. Thus, global warming is caused by carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
chlorofluorocarbons, etc. that reach the atmosphere in larger amounts.
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27. How do climate changes cause global warming? Suggest some measures to reduce
global warming.(IMP)
A. 1. Temperature is an aspect of climate. Global warming will occur as the temperature
rises.
2. Due to human activities, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, etc., are increasing beyond the level required in the atmosphere. As they absorb
more heat, the Earth heats up faster, disrupting the Earth’s heat redistribution system.
3. When the redistribution system is disrupted, weather and climate patterns change.
Long-term changes (climatic changes) happen from accumulations of short-term
changes (weather changes).
The measures to reduce global warming:
1. Trees should be planted. Deforestation must be stopped. Trees absorb excessive carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere and lower the temperature.
2. To reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, fossil fuel consumption
must be reduced. For this, the following human activities are needed.
3. Use of refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. should be minimized. Then the amount of
Chlorofluorocarbons decreases.
4. Renewable non-conventional fuels such as solar should be used.
5. Public transport should be used more instead of private vehicles. As a result,
consumption of petrol will be decreased.
6. The use of chemical fertilisers in agriculture is to be reduced and the use of organic
fertilisers is to be increased. Then, the amount of nitrous oxide will be decreased.
7. Power consumption should be minimized by the use of LED bulbs. Therefore, electricity
is saved and coal consumption is reduced.
8. Consumption of industrial products should be reduced. Therefore, the use of electricity
and petroleum will be reduced to some extent.
9. Vegetarian food should be taken instead of non-vegetarian food. Meat accounts for a
higher part of exports and imports of food products. Because of the decrease in meat
consumption, there is a decrease in transportation, which leads to a decrease in petrol
consumption.
10. The use of foreign goods should be reduced and the use of domestic goods should be
increased. Hence the transportation of foreign goods is reduced.
28. How does deforestation affect global warming?
A. 1. Deforestation is one of the human activities that has contributed to global warming.
2. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and make photosynthesis. Carbon
dioxide is being released in large quantities due to several reasons. Cutting down trees
increases the amount of carbon dioxide to that extent in the atmosphere. As a result, it
obstructs the terrestrial radiation. Therefore, the earth is warming quickly.
29. What is the impact of climate change on India?
A. 1. Though a rise of 20 C in average temperature may appear to be small, it would result in
a rise of one meter in sea levels by early next century.
2. This would affect large portions of our coastal areas and millions of people would have
to be shifted. They would lose their livelihood.
3. Nearly 200 families came to Kolkata in search of work, after the “Aila” super-cyclone
ravaged Sundarbans in 2009.
4. The other effect would be on rainfall. This is likely to be more erratic and lead to greater
imbalances: some places are likely to receive excess rainfall whereas others would
get less than normal. Hence droughts and floods are expected to increase. This would
greatly affect the agriculture pattern and people’s livelihood.
5. The faster melting of Himalayan glaciers would disturb the livelihood of fresh water
fisher folk as their natural habitat of fish is affected.
6. Climate change is something that happens at a global level. Therefore, it affects all of us.
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34. What is equable climate?
A. 1. The differences between the temperature of day and night as that of winter and sum-
mer is not much is called equable climate.
2. We can find this in coastal areas.
35. Why is the climate of Kanya Kumari entirely different from Bhopal (or) Delhi?
A. 1. Kanya Kumari is the extreme south of indian mainland.
2. It means it is closest part to the equator.
3. It is covered by water, it has an equable climate.
4. Whereas Bhopal (or) Delhi both are away from coast have continental climate.
36. What is known as “on set of monsoons”?
A. 1. Towards the end of the summer season monsoons of Arabian Sea branch arrives to
the west coast of India.
2. They move towards the South-West part of India.
3. Both Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal branches reach India by the beginning of June
which is known as “on set monsoon”.
37. What is called AGW?
A. 1. AGW means Anthropogenic Global Warming.
2. Anthropogenic means caused by humans.
3. Due to human activities global temperatures are increasing.
Eg : Using fossil fuel.

1. What is weather?(IMP)
A. The state of atmospheric conditions over an area at a particular time refers to weather
2. What is climate? (IMP)
A. Climate refers to weather conditions over a large area and follows a similar general pattern
over thirty years or more.
3. What is Climograph or Climatograph?(IMP)
A. A graph showing the average monthly values of maximum temperature, minimum
temperature, and rainfall for a given place is called a “climatograph ” or “climograph ”.
4. What are the elements of the atmosphere?(IMP)
A. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation
5. Arrange the following places south to north.
New Delhi; Leh; Jaipur; Chennai.
A. Chennai; Jaipur; New Delhi; Leh.
6. What is the reason for low rainfall in Leh?
A. Mountains are around the Leh. So, it is situated in the rain shadow area. Hence, rainfall is
low here.
7. Which monsoon brings heavy rainfall to Chennai?(IMP)
A. Northeast monsoons
8. What is called Climatic controls? (IMP)
A. The factors that affect climate are called Climatic controls
9. What are the climatic controls?(IMP)
1. Latitude; 2. Land-water relationship; 3. Relief; 4. Upper air circulation
10. Which type of areas are good absorbers of sunlight?
A. Darker areas, such as heavily vegetated regions, tend to be good absorbers of sunlight.
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11. Which type of areas are good reflectors of sunlight?
A. Lighter areas, such as snow and ice-covered regions, tend to be good reflectors.
12. What is equable climate?(IMP)
A. The climate in which the difference between the temperature of day and night and that of
summer and winter is not much is known as equable climate.
13. Which of the following place has no equable climate?
Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Visakhapatnam
A. New Delhi
14. What is the average loss of temperature for every 1 KM (1000 mts) of altitude gain? (IMP)
A. 6.40 C
15. The trade winds are of this type (IMP)
Seasonal winds; Planetary winds; Local winds; Chinook winds
A. Planetary winds
16. What is the meaning of the word Trade in Trade Winds? (IMP)
A. The German word ‘trade’ means ‘track’ and stands for blowing steadily in the same direction
and in a constant course.
17. What are jet streams? (IMP)
A. The movement of upper air currents are known as jet streams.
18. At what altitude the jet streams form?
A. Jet streams blow at the altitude of 12000 mts. (12 kms) in upper atmosphere
19. At which latitude in India does the Easterly jet stream develop? (IMP)
A. At 250 North Latitude
20. What is the effect of the easterly jet stream in India?
A. Easterly jet stream causes the neighbouring atmosphere to cool resulting in the rainfall in
that area.
21. Write the seasons of India in an order.(IMP)
1. Winter (Mid November to February);
2. Summer (March to May);
3. Advancing Monsoon (June to September);
4. Retreating the monsoon (October to November)
22. Which is the coldest month in India? (IMP)
A. January
23. What are western disturbances? (IMP)
A. Cyclone depressions coming from the Mediterranean Sea to northern India are called
Western Disturbances
24. Which crop is benefited by Western disturbances?(IMP)
A. Wheat crop
25. Which crop season does wheat crop belong to?
A. “Rabi” crop season
26. In which season did the western disturbances blow?
A. Winter
27. What are the hot and dry local winds blowing in northern plains during summer called? (IMP)
A. Loo winds
28. “Loo” winds belong to this type.(IMP)
Seasonal winds; Planetary winds; Hot local winds; Cold winds
A. Hot local winds
29. What is the rainfall called that occurred in the Deccan Plateau at the end of summer?
A. Pre-monsoon showers
30. What are pre-monsoon showers called in Andhra Pradesh?(IMP)
A. Mango showers
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31. What are monsoons? (IMP)
A. The regular periodic reversal of winds is called monsoons.
32. Which strongly influences the climate of India?
A. Monsoon winds
33. Who named the regular periodic reversal of winds as monsoons?
A. Arab traders
34. Where do monsoons form? (IMP)
A. In the tropical area approximately between 200 N and 200 S latitudes.
35. How many branches are South-west monsoons divided into?(IMP)
A. Two. 1 Arabian branch 2. Bay of Bengal branch
36. When do south-west monsoons reach india? (IMP)
A. In the beginning of June
37. Which state do south-west monsoons reach first? (IMP)
A. Kerala
38. What is the reason for not falling rainfall on coromandal coast due to south-west monsoons?
A. As the coromandal coast is in the rain shadow area of the Arabian branch and is parallel to
the Bay of Bengal branch
39. Which monsoons cause highest rainfall in India? (IMP)
A. Southwest monsoons
40. What is meant by the Greenhouse effect?
A. The atmosphere traps a lot of the solar energy that reaches Earth by preventing it from
totally escaping back into space. This is called the Greenhouse effect.
41. What are the important Green House Gases? (IMP)
A. Carbon dioxide, Methane
42. What is the layer that protects from ultraviolet rays? (IMP)
A. Ozone layer
43. What is the gas that was discovered in large quantity under the frozen tundra in Northern
Russia?
A. Methane
44. What is meant by Anthropogenic Global Warming?(IMP)
A. Much of the warming that has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution is because of
human activities. Hence, the current global warming trend is called AGW (Anthropogenic
Global Warming)
45. Expand A.G.W. (IMP)
A. Anthropogenic Global Warming
46. Expand I.P.C.C. (IMP)
A. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
47. Where was the conference of the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change held in
2013? (IMP)
A. Warsaw (Poland)
48. Why was the conference of Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change held in 2013?
A. To work out a treaty among the nations of the world to reduce AGW and try to slow down
the process of climate change.
49. How much will the sea level rise by the next century as the average temperature rises by
20 Celsius?
A. 1 meter
50. What was the cyclone that occurred and ravaged the Sundarbans in 2009?(IMP)
A. “Aila” Super cyclone
51. Define the word weather ?
A. The state of atmospheric condition of an area in a short period.
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Food
11 Security

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1. What are the important aspects of food security? (IMP)
A. 1) Production of food grains: - Food grains should be produced sufficiently for the
entire country.
2) Availability of food grains: - It is necessary to see if there is adequate availability of
food grains for the whole country. This means that, per person (or per capita)
availability of food grains in the country should be sufficient.
3) Access to Food: - Everyone in the country should be able to buy food grains for
consumption. The minimum required food should be accessible to everyone.
2. What are the possible ways of increasing production of crops from land?
A. 1. The area under cultivation has been roughly unchanging since the last few decades.
Yield then becomes a crucial variable.
2. In order to increase the per hectare yield of a crop, necessary inputs have to be
provided in a judicious manner. Irrigation has to be expanded.
3. Planting drought-resistant crops as per the local conditions, water-harvesting and
crop rotation are therefore used to raise production on the lands where irrigation is
not possible.
3. How is the availability of food grains calculated for a year? (IMP)
A. Availability of food grains for the year = Production of food grains during the year
(production – seed, feed and wastage) + net imports (imports – exports) - change in
stocks with the government (closing stock at the year end- opening stock at the beginning).
4. How is the availability of food grains per person per day calculated for a year?
(IMP)
A. 1. Availability of food grains per person per day = (Availability of food grains for the year
÷ population)/ 365
2. For example, availability of food grains for the year 1971 is 94.3 million tons, population
for the year is 551 millions.
Availability of food grains per person per day = (94.3 million tons ÷ 551 millions) / 365
= 469 grams
5. What are the ways to increase the availability of food grains?
A. 1. The availability of food grains can be increased by increasing production. For example,
to increase the availability of rice, the area under paddy has to be increased. Yielding
per hectare has to be increased. Then rice production will increase and rice availability
will increase.
2. The availability of food grains can be increased by increasing imports. For example,
if there is a shortage of rice, rice can be imported from other countries. Then the
availability of rice will increase.
3. The availability of food grains can be increased by selling government stocks. For
example, the government can increase its availability by selling rice to the people
from its stocks. Stocks with the government will fall, but the availability of rice will
increase for that year.
6. What are food grains? (IMP)
A. 1. Edible oil, cereals, and pulses together are called food grains.
2. There are two types of cereals. They are 1. Coarse Cereals and 2. Fine Cereals.
3. Jowar, ragi, bajra and other millets etc., are examples for coarse cereals.
4. Rice and wheat etc. are examples for fine cereals.
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7. Currently, the preference for coarse cereals is increasing. Why?
A. 1. Coarse cereals (Jowar, ragi, bajra and other millets etc.) are highly nutritious and
wholesome grains.
2. They are a staple diet of millions of people living in the dry land regions of the country.
3. Once, these were very familiar in Indian households.
4. the label ‘coarse’ cereals came with colonial rulers who preferred the white colour of
rice and wheat and looked down upon local food and cultural practices.
5. Today, people know about the nutritional values of coarse grains. That is why many
people are using these more. For example, “Ragi” is now widely used by people.
6. Coarse cereals are now called “Nutri-cereals”.
8. What is agricultural diversification? (IMP)
A. 1. Agricultural diversification is the use of agricultural land for different kinds of crops and
other activities such as dairy and aquaculture, instead of using it for a single crop.
2. In agricultural diversification, various food crops like paddy, wheat and pulses are
grown.
3. A variety of commercial crops such as cotton, sugarcane and potatoes are grown.
4. A variety of vegetables are grown.
5. Agricultural land is used for other purposes such as dairy industry and fish farming
9. What is the amount of other food items that should be taken according to
nutritionists’ suggestion? What is their current availability? (IMP)
A. Other food item Persons Period Required quantity Availability
Vegetables Per person Per one day 300 grams 180 grams
Fruits Per person Per one day 100 grams 58 grams
Eggs Per person Per one year 180 eggs 30 eggs
Meat Per person Per one year 11 kilograms 3.2 kilograms
Milk Per person Per one day 30 milliliters 210 milliliters
10. How does agricultural diversification affect food security? (IMP)
A. 1. Agricultural diversification is the use of agricultural land for different kinds of crops and
other activities such as dairy and aquaculture, instead of using it for a single crop.
2. Diverting agricultural land to non-food crops may reduce the production of food grains.
Thereby it disrupts food security.
3. Per capita availability of food grains is already low in our country. The per capita
availability of food grains in 2011 was 463 grams.
4. Poor people work hard and depend much more on food grains for energy. Production
of food grains as well as other food items should be increased to provide food
security.
5. Agricultural diversification is good but proper plans should be drawn up so that it
does not reduce the production of food grains. We need to ensure that food security
is available to all people.
11. Describe the relationship between increase in food production and food security.
A. 1. A standard of 2100 Kilocalories per day in urban areas and 2400 Kilocalories in rural
areas are the recommended food intake per day.
2. Everyone has access to at least adequate food grains, if food production is increased.
3. Where there is heavy rainfall or drought, crops are destroyed and food shortages
occur. In such cases, food grains are procured from areas where crops are grown
well and make them available to people in drought prone areas. This will only be
possible if food production increases.
4. Food shortages occur if food production does not increase. As a result prices will
rise. Then prices are not affordable for the poor.
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5. Food production must be increased to supply sufficient food grains to fair price
shops, Anganwadi centers, Midday Meal schemes.
6. The average availability of food grains in the country will increase if food production
increases.
7. The availability of food grains will increase as food production increases. All people
will have access to food grains. Food security can be achieved.
8. Food production must be increased in order to proper function of the public distribution
system.
9. In order to increase the nutritional status of poor people, food grains should be
accessed to them. For this, food production must be increased.
12. Describe the relationship between the Public Distribution System and food
security.
A. 1. The important aspect of food security is access to food. That means food should be
accessed even to poor people. The minimum quantity of food grains required per month
should be supplied to the poor at a low cost. Fair Price Shops play an important role in this.
2. 5 kg of food grains per month at subsidized rates are being provided to each person
in lowincome families. Among poor families, the poorest ones are given 35 kg per
month. Thus the public distribution system ensures food security for the poor.
3. A maximum of 75 per cent of people living in rural areas and 50 per cent of urban
population have the right to buy food grains from public distribution system.
4. The Public Distribution System provides daily necessities such as rice for the
programs, which include free cooked meals for pregnant women, lactating mothers,
children aged 1-6 attending anganwadis, and mid-day meals for children aged 6-14
in school.
5. The prices are kept under control even in the open market as the essentials are
supplied cheaply through the public distribution system. So poor people are able to
buy these even in the open market.
6. The government buys food grains from farmers at the minimum support price for
the public distribution system. It leads to increase in the production of food grains.
7. The government purchases wheat and rice from farmers in states where there is
surplus production and uses them in the areas where drought conditions occur.
Thus, the public distribution system ensures that there is no food shortage.
8. It is proved that the nutrition status of people is better in the states where the public
distribution system is working properly as they have access to food.
13. What is Minimum Support Price? How is it helpful for food security? (IMP)
A. 1. The farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops. This price is called Minimum
Support Price (MSP). The MSP is declared by a government agency every year.
2. The government purchases food grains such as paddy and wheat from farmers at
minimum support prices through Food Corporation of India and stores them.
3. Traders want to purchase food grains from farmers at lower prices. Therefore,
farmers are likely to incur losses. Farmers may stop cultivating these crops if they
do not get a good price. As a result, food grain production may decline and food
security may be threatened.
4. Farmers will benefit if the government buys food grains from farmers at the minimum
support price. Then, they grow these crops and contribute to food security.
14. Write down the defects that you have found in the public distribution system. (IMP)
A. As part of the public distribution system, ration shops (fair price shops) distribute
essentials such as rice, sugar and pulses to the poor at affordable prices. However
there are some defects in this.
1. Cheating occurs in the weighing of goods.
2. The quality of the distributed goods is low.
3. Some people do not consume these goods on their own and sell them in the market.
4. The ration shop is open only a few days a month.
5. A few real poor people do not have ration cards. But some rich people have ration cards.
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15. Specify the activities you suggest to improve the functioning of the public
distribution system. (IMP)
A. As part of the public distribution system, ration shops (fair price shops) distribute
essentials such as rice, sugar and pulses to the poor at affordable prices . The following
steps to be taken to improve the functioning of this system.
1. Ration cards should be issued only to those who are eligible i.e. only to the real poor.
Ration cards issued to those who do not eligible should be canceled.
2. Quality goods should be distributed.
3. Authorities should take steps to prevent fraud in the weighing of goods.
4. Action should be taken against those who sell goods, purchased in the ration shops,
on the open market.
5. Steps should be taken to ensure that goods are available in ration shops all days of
the month.
16. Write important aspects of the National Food Security Act-2013. (IMP)
A. 1. The Indian government (the Parliament) made the National Food Security Act-2013.
2. This act legalises peoples’ Right to Food.
3. It applies to approximately 2/3rd of the population of India.
4. As per this law, every person of low income families is entitled to 5 kilograms of food
grains per month at subsidised rates.
5. Among poor families, the poorest ones are entitled to 35 kilograms of food grains.
6. For a few years, the central government will supply rice, wheat and millets for Rs.3,
Rs.2 and Rs.1 respectively.
7. Under this law, if required, a maximum of 75 per cent of people living in rural areas
and 50 per cent of urban population have the right to buy food grains from public
distribution system.
8. If the government is not able to arrange food grains, it will give cash for the people to
buy food grains.
9. This law also envisages providing free cooked meals for pregnant women, lactating
mothers, children aged 1-6 coming to anganwadis and mid-day meals for children
aged 6-14 in schools.
17. While Indian Parliament enacts various laws such as National Food Security Act
and implements schemes such as Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS),
in recent times, the Indian judiciary also has become pro-active in ensuring food
security. Interpret.
A. 1. The Supreme Court directed all the state governments and central government to
provide mid-day meals to all the young children studying in schools.
2. The court also set up monitoring mechanisms for proper implementation of the
midday meal scheme.
3. The court provided suggestions for better implementation such as school mid-day
meals should be locally produced, hot and cooked, hygienic, nutritious (of a prescribed
minimum caloric level) and with varied menus for every day of the week.
4. In order to generate revenue for this scheme, the court directed the Indian government
to impose taxes.
5. The midday meal scheme is currently being implemented in schools as per the
court order. Children are consuming nutritious food. Thus, the Indian judiciary is
also playing an active role in ensuring food security.
18. Give suggestions to prevent food wastage at lunch at your school.
A. 1. Delicious food should be cooked in a clean environment. Then students will not
waste food.
2. Explain the importance of food to students.
3. Teachers should supervise children while they are having lunch.
4. Students should be served as much food as they can eat.
5. Menus should be varied every day.
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19. Why do we need food? Classify the food that we consume?
A. Food is required by the body for all its functions- for energy, growth and the capacity to
remain healthy and fight illness. The food that we consume is normally classified as:
Carbohydrates: that provide energy, through wheat, rice, ragi, jowar, oils, sugar, fats etc.
Proteins: that help growth and regeneration of body tissues, through beans, dals, meat,
eggs, rice, wheat etc.
Vitamins: that provide protection and ensure the working of many vital systems of the
body, through foods such as fruits, leafy vegetables, sprouts, unpolished rice etc.
Minerals : That are required in small quantities for many important functions such as
iron for blood formation. This is provided through green leafy vegetables, ragi etc.
20. Where is the 2National Institute of Nutrition? What does its report say about
underweight in children?
A. The National Institute of Nutrition is located in Hyderabad. Its report says that “The
overall prevalence of underweight was about 45% and it was significantly higher among
3-5 year, compared to 1-3 year children. The prevalence was more than 50% in the
States of Gujarat (58%), Madhya Pradesh (56.9%) and Uttar Pradesh (53.2%) and
observed lowest in Kerala (24%). ... “The overall prevalence of severe underweight was
about 16%. ...
21. What is Body Mass Index (BMI)? (IMP)
A. 1. Body Mass Index = Weight in kgs / height in meters squared.
2. The nutrition status among adult men and women is measured using Body Mass
Index(BMI)
22. What does the National Institute of Nutrition’s report say about BMI of adults?
A. According to NIN report the situation for adult men and women are as follows: “The
prevalence of chronic energy deficiency ( BMI<18.5) among men was about 35% , while
overweight/obesity (BMI >25) was 10%. ......... “About 35% of adult women had chronic
energy deficiency and14% were overweight/ obese. The prevalence of chronic energy
deficiency was highest in the States of Odisha, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh, followed by
33-38% in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal ....”

1. Complete the information:
A. Year : Per person availability of food grains per day
1971 : 469 grams
1991 : 510 grams
2011 : ? Ans: 463 grams
2. What are food grains? (IMP)
A. Edible oil, cereals, and pulses together are called food grains.
3. How many types are cereals divided into? What are they? (IMP)
A. Cereals are divided into two types. They are 1. Coarse Cereals and 2. Fine Cereals
4. Give examples for Coarse Cereals. (IMP)
A. Jowar, ragi, bajra and other millets
5. Give examples for Fine Cereals. (IMP)
A. Rice and wheat
6. Find the odd one among Jowar, ragi, Wheat, bajra
A. Wheat
7. Write the odd one Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Jowar, Ragi
A. Cotton (Cotton is commercial crop, remaining are food crops)
8. Complete the information
Country / Continent Availability of food grains per person
Europe 700 grams
America 850 grams India ?
A. 463 grams
9. How is energy measured?
A. In calories
10. Based on the relationship between the information in the first pair, complete the
second pair. (IMP) Urban people : 2100 calories : : Rural people : ?
A. 2400 Kilocalories
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11. How much percent of people in rural areas in India consume food that is below
the calorie standard?
A. 80%
12. What is the main reason for low calorie intake?
A. Lack of purchasing power of the people
13. What are important means for people to access food grains in India?
A. Ration shops
14. Expand P.D.S. (IMP)
A. Public Distribution System
15. In which states Public Distribution System is well?
A. Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
16. This aspect will be improved if Public Distribution System works well.
Per capita Income, Nutrition status, Education status, Employment opportunities.
A. Nutrition status
17. How many kilos of food grains are received per month by each family having an
Antyodaya Card?(IMP)
A. 35 kilos
18. Expand F.C.I. (IMP)
A. Food Corporation of India
19. What is buffer stock?
A. The government of India, through the Food Corporation of India, purchases and stores
food grains. These stocks are called buffer stocks.
20. Expand M.S.P. (IMP)
A. Minimum Support Price
21. What is Minimum Support Price? (IMP)
A. The Minimum Support Price is the price at which the government purchases food grains
from farmers.
22. When did the Indian Government (Parliament) make the National Food Security
Act?
A. In 2013
23. The scheme does not relate to National Food Security Act Mid Day Meal Scheme;
Integrated Child Development Scheme; Public Distribution System; Self Help
Groups
A. Self Help Groups
24. The National Food Security Act legalises this right Right to Vote; Right to work;
Right to employment; Right to food
A. Right to Food
25. Which state implemented the Mid Day Meal Scheme first? (IMP)
A. Tamil Nadu
26. The Indian judiciary has also become pro-active in ensuring food. What are the benefits
for children due to this?
A. Children receive nutritious food. Attendance of pupils improved. The education status of
children also increased
27. This is belongs to food security Ration Shops; Mid Day Meal Scheme; Anganwadi
centers; all the above.
A. All the above
28. Expand N.I.N. (IMP)
A. National Institute of Nutrition
29. Where is National Institute of Nutrition? (IMP)
A. Hyderabad
30. What was the percentage of overall prevalence of underweight in children?
A. about 45%
31. In which states the percentage of prevalence of underweight in children was
more than 50% ?
A. Gujarat (58%), Madhya Pradesh (56.9%) and Uttar Pradesh (53.2%)
32. What was the percentage of prevalence of underweight in children in Kerala?
A. 24%
33. What was the percentage of overall prevalence of severe underweight in
children?
A. about 16%
34. Expand B.M.I. (IMP)
A. Body Mass Index
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35. What is B.M.I.? (IMP)
A. Weight in kgs / height in meters squared.
36. Complete information (IMP)
BMI<18.5 : Underweight / Chronic energy deficiency
BMI from 18.5 to 25 : Normal range
BMI >25 : ? Ans:- Overweight / Obesity
37. Chronic energy deficiency ( BMI<18.5) among men was _____ 35%
38. Chronic energy deficiency ( BMI<18.5) among women was _____ 35%
39. Overweight / Obesity (BMI >25) among men was _________ 10%
40. Overweight / Obesity (BMI >25) among women was _________ 14%
41. Write about the Bengal famine?
A. The Bengal famine in 1943-45. It took away 3 to 5 million people’s lives in Bengal, Assam
and Odisha.
42. What is Food Security?
A. Food security means producing sufficient amount of food grains and make them
available to all people in the country.
43. In what ways the government ensures food security today?
A. Ration shops, Mid-day meals, Anganwadis.
44. How to calculate the availability of food grains for the year?
A. Availability of food grains for the year = Production of food grains during the year (produc-
tion – seed, feed and wastage) + net imports (imports – exports) - change in stocks with
the government (closing stock at the year end opening stock at the beginning)
45. How to calculate the availability of food grains per person per day?
A. Availability of food grains per person per day = (Availability of food grains for the year ÷
population)/ 365.
46. What are the standard calories of food intake per day?
A. A standard of 2100 kilo calories per day in urban areas and 2400 kilo calories in rural areas
is the recommended food intake per day.
47. How many kgs of food grains can get per month per family to Anthyodaya cardholders?
A. The Anthyodaya cardholders are entitled to get 35 kgs of food grains (rice and wheat) per
month per family.
48. What is Buffer stock?
A. Procuring and maintaining food grains by Food Corporation of India (FCI) is called buffer
stock.
49. Name the largest school feeding programme in the world?
A. Mid-day meal is the largest school feeding programme (14 crores) in the world.Supreme
court directed that all the states must implement
50. Where is NIN located ?
A. National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) is in Hyderabad.
51. Give two suggestions to eradicate malnutrition.
A. 1. Children should take fruits, vegetables, eggs and milk every day.
2. They should have medical facilities.
52. How to calculate BMI?
A. BMI = Weight in kgs/ Height in meters squared
53. Define the word ‘Nutrition’.
A. The process of providing the food which necessary for health.
54. How proteins are useful to us ?
A. They help growth and regeneration of body tissues.
55. Where is the National Institute of Nutrition located ?
A. At Hyderabad the National Institute of Nutrition located.
56. What is called as “Food Hunger” ?
A. A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat
is known as food hunger.
57. What is meant by Minimum Support Price?
A. Minimum Support Price is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to
insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices.
58. What is Agricultural diversification?
A. The crop rotation use of HYV seeds, dairying and poultry activities of a farmer is called
Agricultural diversification in India.
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Citizens
22 and
Governments

  
Right to information Act Legal Service Authority Act
Information Lok Adalat PIO

PIO Objectives of LSA SIO->SPIC
People and RTI Benefits of LSA CIO->CPIC
PIO : Public Information Officer

SIO : State Public Information Office - [Commissioner]
CIO : Central Information Office - [Commissioner]
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1. What is Information? (IMP)
A. 1. Every government department functions based on certain rules and regulations. In
each of department, there are rules to be followed, records to be kept, and descriptions
of decisions taken. These generate various written documents in the system.
2. It could be in different forms as described in the RTI as follows: “material in any
form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advice press
releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models,
data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body
which can be assessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being
in force.”
2. How is information generated in Government Departments? Would it include
oral communication between senior and junior officers?
A. 1. Every government department functions based on certain rules and regulations. In
each of department, there are rules to be followed, records to be kept, and descriptions
of decisions taken. These generate various written documents in the system.
2. Oral communication between senior and junior officers are not recorded in any form.
So, the information does not include oral communication. In other words, oral
communication is not treated as information.
3. “Right to Information Act resembles the true spirit of Democracy”. Explain.(IMP)
A. 1. The welfare of the people is important in a democracy. Public welfare is possible
only if government funds are used properly. Public funds will be utilised properly due
to the Right to Information Act.
2. There should be no partisanship in a democracy. The Right to Information Act does
not allow officials or leaders to be biased. (Partisanship)
3. The success of democracy depends on the active participation of its citizens. Citizens
know all things due to the Right to Informaion Act. So citizens actively participate.
4. Transparent information is provided. So that people can respond in the right way.
5. Corruption can be prevented due to the Right to Information Act. Corruption-free
governance is essential for a successful democracy.
6. In a democracy, the government must be accountable to the citizens. The Right to
Information Act increases the government’s accountability.
7. Prior to the enactment of the Right to Information Act, government departments
responded only to elected public representatives. But now, government officials are
also responding to the common man. It is a victory for the spirit of democracy.
8. Due to the Right to Information Act, the authorities are afraid to act against the rules.
No citizen will be wronged if the authorities act according to the rules and regulations.
The Right to Information Act contributes to fair governance in a democracy. (No
citizen will be wronged)
4. What steps have been taken to ensure that any citizen can access information
from the different government departments in the country?
A. 1. The public authorities should maintain all information in a computerised format. They
should publish all detailed information pertaining to the organisation.
2. Public Information Officers (PIO) are there in every department to provide information.
3. An appellate authority is also there in every department. If any citizen is not satisfied
with the information given by Public Information Officer or information is not provided
within the speified time, they can approach the appellate authority.
4. All PIOs of all departments and the appellate authority are answerable to the State
Public Information Commissioner (SPIC) or Central Public Information Commissioner
(CPIC)
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5. SPIC or CPIC can impose fines on the Public Information Officers, if they refuse to
give information to citizens.
6. Citizens need not give an explanation that why they require the information.
7. The person can send his request through a handwritten letter or electronic mail.
8. Suppose an individual is not able to write the application, he or she can also access
the information by orally dictating it at the SPIO or with PIOs.
9. Individual who is collecting the information can remain anonymous, but will have to
provide a postal address so that records could be sent to him/her.
10. If the person who is collecting the information belongs to below poverty line the fee is
exempted.
5. RTI would help in improving and monitoring the work of the governments. Do
you agree with this. Support your answer. (IMP)
A. RTI would help in improving and monitoring the work of the governments. I agree with
this. Because
1. Government funds will be utilised due to the Right to Information Act. Funds will be
monitored so that they can be used in a better manner.
2. The Right to Information Act does not allow officials or leaders to be biased. That
means their performance will be improved.
3. Citizens will know all things due to the Right to Information Act. As a result, citizens
can actively participate.
This means that government programs will be supervised more.
4. Transparent information will be provided. Therefore the administration will be effective.
5. Corruption will be prevented due to the Right to Information Act. Corruption-free
governance will be better governance.
6. The Right to Information Act increases the governmen’s accountability. So the officers
work properly.
7. Prior to the enactment of the Right to Information Act, government departments
responded only to elected public representatives. But now government officials will
also respond to the common man. That means governance will be improved.
8. Due to the Right to Information Act, the authorities are afraid to act against the rules.
This act will help to make the officers work according to the rules and regulations.
6. Why is autonomy given to the State and Central Public Information Offices? (IMP)
A. 1. The Right to Information Act was enacted to make the government responsible and
accountable to the people
2. Government officials must provide accurate information to their citizens at the
appropriate time, when they ask. If they do not do so, they will be appropriately
punished. State and Central Public Information Commissioners should have
autonomy to punish such officials.
3. State and Central Public Information Commissioners can not make decisions
independently if they are under the control of the government. The commissioners
are hesitant to punish government officials who fail to provide accurate information
in a timely manner.Then the purpose of the Right to Information Act will not be fulfilled.
4. Citizens should be given proper information when they ask. Authorities should be
afraid that they will be punished if they do not provide timely information to citizens.Then
only they act according to the rules without committing any corruption or showing
partiality.
5. State and Central Public Information Offices, if they have autonomy, make decisions
independently without being influenced by anyone. They will be able to enforce the
Right to Information Act strictly.
7. Discuss what could be the reason information would not include oral instruction
of a headmaster to a teacher.
A. 1. Every government department functions on the basis of certain rules and regulations.
In each of department, there are rules to be followed, records to be kept, and
descriptions of decisions taken. These generate various written documents in the
system.
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2. If the teacher is instructed in writing by the headmaster, it becomes information under
the Right to Information Act. Here, the headmaster gave the teacher oral instruction,
which would not be recorded. So it will not be information according to RTI.
8. Which public authorities have to follow the RTI Act ?
A. 1. The Right to Information Act identifies public authorities who are expected to follow
the act as follows
a) Institutions created under the Constitution;
b) made under the laws of Parliament or State Legislatures;
c) created through a notification or order of the appropriate governments.
2. It may include any body owned, controlled, or substantially financed or Non
Governmental organisations substantially funded by governments either directly or
indirectly through the funds.
3. The public authorities are obliged to
(a) maintain all information in a computerised format;
(b) publish all detailed information pertaining to the organisation.
9. What information is not required to be disclosed by the government under the
Right to Information Act? (IMP)
A. The Right to Information Act permits governments not to disclose certain information.
Some of these include issues such as:
1. Information that could affect the sovereignty and integrity of India, matters that
could be of strategic economic or scientific interest to the state in the context of
foreign powers.
2. Information that could breach the privilege of Parliament or State Legislature. (breach)
3. Information received in confidence from foreign Government
4. Information that could endanger the life or physical safety of a person
5. Cabinet papers or records of Council of Ministers and Secretaries (before the final
decision is taken)
6. Most of our armed forces and security agencies are outside the purview of the
Information Commission.
Because information about this could affect the sovereignty and integrity of India.
Hence, this information should not be provided.
7. To protect the economic and scientific interests of our country, to protect the dignity
of Parliament and the State Legislature, to establish friendly relations with foreign
countries, and to prevent harm to individuals, information about them should not be
given.
10. What are the conditions laid in RTI for collecting information by people? (OR) –
(IMP)
Discuss the role of people in the context of RTI.
A. 1. Any citizen today can approach any department of the government and ask for any
information that could be in the form of a record.
2. It is not necessary that she or he gives an explanation as to why the information
is required.
3. This request can be sent through a handwritten letter or electronic mail.
4. Information will be provided in the official language of the State or in English or
Hindi.
5. Suppose an individual is not able to write the application, he or she can also access
the information by orally dictating it at the SPIO or with PIOs.
6. Individual who is collecting the information can remain anonymous, but will have to
provide a postal address so that records could be sent to him/her. (can remain
anonymous)
7. There are different fees that the citizen has to pay to the department in the form of
nominal fees of 5 or 10 rupees at different levels.
8. If the person who is collecting the information belongs to below the poverty line
the a fee is exempted.
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11. What are the objectives of the Legal Services Authority Act? (IMP)
A. 1. The LSA Act was made to constitute “legal services authority” for providing free
and competent legal services to the weaker sections of society.
2. To ensure that opportunities for securing justice were not denied to any citizen by
reason of economic or other disabilities.
3. To organise Lok Adalats to ensure that the operation of the legal system promoted
justice on a basis of equal opportunity.
4. To develop an effective, alternative, innovative dispute resolution mechanism
outside the courts.
12. How do you think the Legal Services Authority would help people in seeking
legal aid?
A. 1. Legal Services Authorities at different levels are constituted to provide free and
competent legal services to the weaker sections of society.
2. This is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice were not denied to any citizen
by reason of economic or other disabilities.
3. Legal aid will be provided to the citizens who are qualified under the Legal Services
Authority Act.
4. Some persons may not approach courts due to their poverty, illiteracy or other
reasons. In such cases, they will not get justice. Hence, this act was made to provide
legal aid to the people.
5. Lok Adalats are constituted to promote justice on a basis of equal opportunity.
6. In this way, Legal Services Authority would help people in seeking legal aid.
13. Write about the Organisation of Legal Services.
A. 1. At the national level there is a National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)
2. At the state level there is a State Legal Services Authority. Chief Justice of the
State High Court is the Patron-in- Chief of the State Legal Services Authority. A serving
or retired Judge of the High Court is nominated as its Executive Chairman.
3. At the district level there is a District Legal Services Authority. The District Judge
of the district is its Ex-Officio Chairman and the members are nominated by State
Government.
4. Taluk Legal Services Committees are also constituted for each of the Taluk or
Mandal or for a group of Taluk or Mandals. Every Taluk Legal Services Committee
is headed by a senior Civil Judge operating within the jurisdiction of the Committee
who is its ex-officio Chairman.
14. What is NALSA?
A. 1. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) is constituted as per the Legal Services
Authority Act.
2. It is constituted to lay down policies and principles for making legal services available
under the provisions of the Act and to the frame most effective and economical
schemes for legal services.
3. It also disburses funds and grants to State Legal Services Authorities and NGOs for
implementing legal aid schemes and programmes.
15. Why is State Legal Services Authority established?
A. 1. In every State a State Legal Services Authority is constituted.
2. It implements the policies and directions of the NALSA.
3. It provides legal services to the people and conducts Lok Adalats in the State.
4. It is headed by the Chief Justice of the State High Court who is its Patron- in-Chief.
5. A serving or retired Judge of the High Court is nominated as its Executive Chairman.
16. What are the functions of the Legal Service Authority? (IMP)
A. The legal Service Authority shall perform the following functions at various levels:
1. Give legal services to persons who satisfy the criteria laid down under this Act.
2. Conduct Lok Adalats.
3. Undertake preventive and strategic legal aid programmes.
4. Perform such other functions as the legal service authority fixes by regulations.
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17. What legal aid facilities are available under Legal Service Authority?
A. 1. The Legal Service Authority through Lok Adalats settles long pending court cases in
short time and without any expenses.
2. Matrimonial disputes, maintenance cases, harassment cases by husband and in-
laws, domestic violence cases, all types of civil cases, land disputes, compoundable
criminal cases etc. (compoundable)
3. This can be settled amicably and permanently by Lok Adalats without any fees and
expenses.
4. In cases pending before the courts, both parties or one of the parties has to make an
application to the court for referring the case to Lok Adalat for settlement. If the court
is prima facie satisfied that there are chances of such a settlement, then those
cases will be referred to Lok Adalat by the concerned courts.
5. Parties may also approach the concerned District Legal Services Authority or State
Level Services Authority for settlement of cases at pre-litigation state i.e., cases that
have not yet gone to the courts.
18. Who is entitled to get benefit under Legal Service Authority?
A. Following are the persons entitled to get free legal support:
1. A member of a Schedule Caste or Schedule Tribe.
2. A victim of trafficking in human beings or beggars.
3. Women and children.
4. A mentally ill or otherwise disabled person.
5. Persons who are victims of mass disaster, ethnic violence, caste atrocity, flood,
drought, earthquake, industrial disaster.
6. Industrial workers.
7. Persons with an annual income of not more than Rs. 1 lakh.
8. Persons in custody, including custody in a protective home within the meaning of
clause (g) of section 2 of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, or in a juvenile
home within the meaning of clause (j) of section 2 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986,
or in a psychiatric hospital or psychiatric nursing home within the meaning of the
clause (g) of section 2 of the Mental health Act, 1987.
Persons who satisfy any of the criteria specified above shall be entitled to receive
legal services provided that the concerned authority is satisfied that such a person
has a prima facie case to prosecute or defend.
19. What do you think on the eligibility criteria for free legal services and the nature
of cases under this Act?
A. 1. People belong to Schedule Castes or Schedule Tribes, beggars, women and children,
disabled persons, victims of disaster, etc., are eligible for free legal services.
2. They will not be able to go to court for justice. Any person will not be denied justice
on any ground.
3. All persons should get justice.
4. So, the eligibility criteria for free legal services and the nature of cases under this Act
is well and good.
20. What are the benefits of Lok Adalat? (IMP)
A. 1. There is no court fee and if the court fee is already paid the amount will be refunded
if the dispute is settled at Lok Adalat according to the rules.
2. The basic features of Lok Adalat are procedural flexibility and speedy trial of
disputes. There is no strict application of procedural laws like Civil Procedure Code
and the Evidence Act while assessing the claim by Lok Adalat.
3. The parties to the dispute can directly interact with the judge through their counsel
(lower) which is not possible in regular courts of law.
4. The award by the Lok Adalat is binding on the parties and it has the status of a
decree of a civil court and it is non-appreciable (not allowed to appeal in higher
courts), which does not cause a delay in the settlement of disputes finally.
5. Provide free legal advice from the advocates, appointing advocates to argue the
cases in the courts, bear the court expenses pertaining to the case to the persons
entitled to free legal services and support, providing photocopies of the judgments
on free of cost.
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21. What is the purpose of Lok Adalat? (IMP)
A. Lok Adalats are constituted under the Legal Services Authority Act
a) to settle disputes/cases in an amicable atmosphere by mutual consent.
b) to settle long pending court cases in short time
c) to settle cases without any expenses
d) to promote justice on a basis of equal opportunity.
22. Compare and contrast the procedures of conflict / cases resolution by the Village
community elders and by courts. Which do you prefer and why?
A. Village Community Elders Courts
1. It is an old system. 1. It is the modern legal system
2. They follow moral values and traditions 2. The courts follow the procedures
etc., to settle disputes. laid in the laws to settle disputes
3. Sometimes they may show partiality in 3. The courts don’t show any partiality.
delivering judgments.
4. The cases will be dissolved in 4. The courts will take a long period.
short period.
5. It is inexpensive 5. It is expensive.
I prefer the procedure of conflict / case resolution by the Village community
elders. Because, the village elders will be well known of the facts of the cases. The
cases will be resolved in an amicable manner. The cases will be resolved in short
period without any expenses.
Hence, the government constituted lok adalats on the basis of this concept of
resolving cases by village elders.
VERY SHORT QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. Expand R.T.I. (IMP)
A. Right to Information
2. When was the Right to Information Act passed? (IMP)
A. In 2005
3. Expand P.W.D.
A. Public Works Department
4. Who is the Public Information Officer for Government Schools? (IMP)
A. Headmaster
5. Who enacted the Right to Information Act?
A. Parliament
6. Who has the power to amend the Right to Information Act? (IMP)
A. Parliament
7. What is the limitation to the power of Parliament to amend the Right to Information Act?
A. Parliament can not amend the Right to Information Act in violation of the Fundamental
Right to Information itself, as understood and defined in the Constitution.
8. Who among those seeking information is exempted from paying fees? (IMP)
A. The person belongs to below the poverty line
9. How much should those above the poverty line pay if they want information? (IMP)
A. Between 5 - 10 rupees
10. To whom should a complaint be made if the Public Information Officer does not provide
information? (IMP)
A. To Appellate Authority
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11. The Headmaster of the Government School is the Public Information Officer. Who will
be the Appellate Authority?
A. Mandal Educational Officer for Primary and Upper Primary Schools, Deputy Educational
Officer for High Schools.
12. Expand the P.I.O. (IMP)
A. Public Information Officer
13. Extend the S.P.I.C.
A. State Public Information Commissioner
14. Expand C.P.I.C.
A. Central Public Information Commissioner
15. Expand S.I.O.
A. State Public Information Office
16. Expand C.I.O.
A. Central Public Information Office
17. To whom are the Public Information Officers and Appellate Authorities of the State
Government Departments responsible?
A. To the State Public Information Office
18. To whom are the Public Information Officers and Appellate Authorities of the Central
Government Departments responsible?
A. To the Central Public Information Office
19. Who should be contacted if both the Public Information Officer and the Appellate Authority
of the State Government Department do not provide information?
A. State Public Information Commissioner
20. Who should be contacted if both the Public Information Officer and the Appellate Authority
of the Central Government Department do not provide information?
A. Central Public Information Commissioner
21. Find the odd one
Central Public Information Commissioner; Chief Election Commissioner;
Chief Secretary to Government; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
A. Chief Secretary to Government
(The Chief Secretary to the Government is not an autonomus. The rest are autonomus.)
22. What is the aim of the Right to Information Act? (IMP)
A. To make the government responsible and accountable to the people.
23. When was the Legal Services Authority Act passed for the first time? (IMP)
A. 1987
24. When was the Legal Services Authority Act amended? (IMP)
A. In 1994 and in 2002
25. Under which Act is Lok Adalats constituted? (IMP)
A. Legal Services Authority Act, 1987
26. Expand NALSA. (IMP)
A. National Legal Services Authority
27. Expand SLSA.
A. State Legal Services Authority
28. Who is the Patron-in-Chief of the State Legal Services Authority? (IMP)
A. Chief Justice of the State High Court
29. Who is the Executive Chairman of the State Legal Services Authority? (IMP)
A. A serving or retired Judge of the High Court
30. Expand DLSA.
A. District Legal Services Authority
31. Who is the Ex-Officio Chairman of the District Legal Services Authority?
A. District Judge of the district
32. When was Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act made? (IMP)
A. 1956
33. When was the Juvenile Justice Act made? (IMP)
A. 1986
34. When was the Mental health Act made? (IMP)
A. 1987
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QR scan  Information
Skills & Mapping skills 

 
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1. INDIA - RELIEF FEATURES
1. Read the following map and answer 1. What is the latitudinal extent of India?
the questions: A. India is extended between 8°4’ and 37°6’
North Latitudes.
2. What is the longitudinal extent of India?
A. India is extended between 68°7’ and 97°25’
East longitudes.
3. What are the island groups of India?
A. Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian sea
and Andaman & Nicobar Islands in the Bay
of Bengal are the island groups in India.
1. What are the horizontal lines drawn on
the map? 4. Write the neighboring countries of
A. The horizontal lines drawn on the map are India?
latitudes. A. The neighboring countries of India – Af-
2. What are the vertical lines drawn on the
ghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China,
map?
A. The vertical lines drawn on the map are Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
longitudes. 5. Which latitude passes through centre
3. How many continents are there? What of the country India?
are they? A. Tropic of Cancer, i.e.23½° North latitude
A. There are 7 continents. They are Asia, Af-
passes through centre of the country.
rica, North America, South America, Eu-
rope, Antarctica and Australia. 6. Write the east-west distance of India?
4. In which continent does India lies? A. The east-west distance of India is 2,933
A. India lies in the continent of Asia. kms.
5. In which hemisphere does India lies?
7. What is the north-south distance of
A. India lies completely in the northern hemi-
sphere. India?
2. Observe the following map and A. The north-south distance of India is 3,214
answer the questions: kms.
8. What is the standard meridian of India?
A. The standard meridian of India is 82½° East
longitude.
3. Which of these data are rising and
setting times for the Sun at
Ahmedabad and Imphal. Explain
your reason.
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A. 1. The longitudinal distance of India is 30°. 7. Observe the picture and comment on
2. Due to this the Sun rises and sets ear- it.
lier in Eastern states than in Western
states.
3. Imphal is the capital of Manipur, a east-
ern state. And Ahmedabad is the capi-
tal of Gujarat, a western state.
4. So, the sunrise time 5.39 and sunset
time 16.37 are related to Imphal. And A. There are many valleys in the Himalayas.
the sunrise time 7.20 and sunset time This is Mawkdok Dympep valley which is
18.05 are related to Ahmedabad. in Meghalaya state.
4. What does the picture tells about? 8. Observe the map and comment on this.
A. The picture shows the terrace farming

A. This picture shows the view of the usually practiced in hilly and mountainous
Himalayas from the Tibetan plateau. We areas.
can notice that there are no trees. 9. Observe the map and answer the
5. What does the picture tells about? questions.
A. This is the satellite picture of the

Himalayas, Northern plains and the Thar
desert.
6. Observe the picture and write
different levels of vegetation in
Himalayas.
1. What are the hills found on the map?

A. The hill ranges found in the map – Aravalli
A. There are 5 levels of vegetation in range, Satpura range, Vindhya Range,
Himalayas. Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
They are –
Level I : There is no vegetation 2. Where are the Aravallis located?
Level II : There is only grass.
A. The Aravallis are located in the states of
Level III : There is only conifers trees.
Level IV : This is covered with broad leaf Rajastan, Gujarat and Haryana.
trees.
Level V : This is the terai region with tree cover.
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4. CLIMATE OF INDIA
1. Observe the following climograph and 2. What is the maximum range of
answer the questions. temperature in Leh?
A. The maximum range of temperature in Leh
is 30° - 35°C.
3. What is the minimum range of
temperature in Leh?
A. The minimum range of temperature in Leh
1. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal is 0° to - 10°C.
location of New Delhi? 4. Name the wettest month and the rainfall
A. Latitude : 28.6° N for that month?
Longitude : 77.2° E A. The wettest month in Leh is September
2. What is the maximum range of and the rainfall for that month is 8.5 cms.
temperature during the year? 5. Name the driest months and the rainfall
A. The maximum range of temperature in for those months?
New Delhi is 35°- 40° C. A. The driest months in Leh are October and
3. What is the minimum range of November. The rainfall in those months is
temperature during the year in New 0 cms.
Delhi? 3. Observe the climograph and answer
A. The minimum range of temperature in New the questions.
Delhi is 5° - 10° C.
4. Name the wettest month and the rainfall
for that month?
A. The wettest month in New Delhi is August
and the rainfall for that month is 200 cms.
5. Name the driest month and the rainfall 1. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal
for that month? location of Jaipur?
A. The driest month in New Delhi is Novem- A. Latitude : 26.9°N and
ber and the rainfall for that month is 5 cms. Longitude : 75.8°E
2. Observe the climograph and answer 2. What is the maximum range of
the questions. temperature in Jaipur?
A. The maximum range of temperature in
Jaipur is 35° - 40°C.
3. What is the minimum range of
temperature in Jaipur?
A. The minimum range of temperature in
Jaipur is 5° to - 10°C.
4. Name the wettest months and the
1. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal rainfall for those months?
location of Leh?
A. The wettest months in Jaipur are July and
A. Latitude : 34.1°N and August. About 215 cms of rainfall is re-
Longitude : 77.6°E corded in those months.
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5. Name the driest month and the rainfall 2. What is tropical zone?
for that month? A. The regions between equator and the tropics.
A. The driest month in Jaipur in December 3. What is the temperate zone?
and the rainfall in that month is 0 cms. A. Temperate zone is the part of earth’s sur-
4. Observe the climograph and answer face between the tropics and the Polar
Regions.
the questions.
4. What is insolation?
A. The amount of solar energy received in a
given area.
5. How do temperature change by
latitude?
A. The temperatures decrease as the latitude
increases.
6. Why the climate of Kanyakumari is
1. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal completely different from Bhopal or
location of Chennai? Delhi?
A. Latitude : 13.1°N and A. The climate of Kanyakumari is completely
Longitude : 80.3°E different from Bhopal or Delhi because it
2. What is the maximum range of is situated in the southern part of the coun-
temperature in Chennai? try and receives the highest average tem-
A. The maximum range of temperature in peratures.
Chennai is 35° - 40°C. 7. What is the latitudinal extent of India?
3. What is the minimum range of A. India is situated between 8° and 37° N lati-
tudes.
temperature in Chennai?
8. Which latitude divides India into two
A. The minimum range of temperature in
equal parts?
Chennai is 20° to - 25°C.
A. The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two
4. Name the wettest month and the rainfall equal parts.
for that month?
6. Observe the following figure and
A. The wettest month Chennai is November answer the questions.
and the rainfall in that month is 350 cms.
5. Name the driest month and the rainfall
for that month?
A. The driest month in Chennai is February /
March and the rainfall recorded is 15 cms.
5. Observe the picture and answer the
questions. 7. Observe the map and answ er the
questions.
1. How many climatic zones are there?

What are they?
A. There are three climatic zones. They are
– tropical zone, temperate zone and polar
zone.
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11. FOOD SECURITY
1. Read the following graph and answer 2. Observe the graph and answer the
the questions. questions.
1. What factors have contributed to the

high growth of paddy and wheat yields
over the long period?
A. Factors contributed to the growth of paddy
and wheat yields – use of fertilizers, use
1. What are the food crops? Give of high-yielding variety seeds, improved
examples. water management systems.
A. The crops which are primarily grown for 2. Why should attention be given to
food are known as food crops. Ex: Paddy, increase the yield of Jowar?
A. Jowar is one of the important coarse ce-
Wheat.
reals and stable diets of millions of people
2. What is an important food crop in living below the poverty line. It is also more
India? nutritious food. So, attention is needed to
A. Paddy is an important food crop grown in increase the yield of Jowar.
India. 3. What are oil seeds?
3. How much is the increase in the A. Oil seeds include – sunflower, soya been,
production of paddy? sesame, ground nut, rapeseed, etc.
3. As shown for 1971, calculate per person
A. Between 1970-71 to 2010-11, the produc-
availability of food grains for 1991 and
tion of paddy increased from 40 million 2011.
tons to 96 million tons.
4. Are the food grain production is
sufficient in the country?
A. The production of food grains is not suffi-
cient for the growing population in the
country.
5. What are rain-fed crops in the table?
A. Jowar and oil seeds are rain-fed crops.
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21. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN OUR TIMES
1. Observe the photo and write few 3. Observe the picture and answer the
sentences about it. questions.
1. What does the picture show?

A. The picture shows about the Bhopal gas
tragedy.
A. There was racial segregation in schools 2. When did the Bhopal gas tragedy
between blacks and whites in the USA. happen?
This is a photograph of a black girl who A. Bhopal gas tragedy happened in 1984.
was entering in a school of whites. 3. What happened in the company?
2. Observe the picture and write a few A. A poisonous gas leaked out in the Union
lines about it? Carbide factory due to which thousands
of people died.
4. Observe the picture and write about it.
1. What movement is shown in the

picture?
A. Meira Phaibi movement is shown in the pic-
ture.
2. What is Meira Phaibi movement?
A. This is Dr.Martin Luther King Jr. He fought A. This is the movement led by women
against the racial segregation that followed against the violation of human rights with
between Whites and Blacks in USA. He the massive deployment of armed forces
worked along the lines of Gandhi. He in Manipur state.
dreamt a nation where his children will not 3. What is the meaning of Meira Phaibi?
be judged by the colour of their skin but by A. Meira Phaibi means – torch bearers.
the content of their character.
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IMPORTANT GENERAL ITEMS
IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL ARTICLE
IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL PARTS
IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
ORGANISATIONS, PARTIES - FOUNDERS
ORGANISATIONS - HEADQUARTERS
BOOKS - AUTHORS
QUOTATIONS - PERSONS
ABBREVIATIONS
IMPORTANT YEARS
HIGHEST PEAKS
MOUNTAINS - STATE / COUNTRY
SLOGANS
ABBREVIATIONS
PICTURES & FIGURES
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IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL ARTICLE
17th Article - Abolishment of untouchability
19th Article - Six Freedoms
21st Article - Right to life
21A Article - Right to Education
29th Article - Protection of minorities’ language, Culture
30th Article - Establishment of Minority Educational Institutions
40th Article - Establishment of Grama Panchayats
51A Article - Fundamental duties
326 Article - Right to Vote (Adult Franchise)
343 Article - Hindi as National language
350A - Teaching in Mother Language
356 - Presidential rule ( State Emergency )
IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL PARTS
Part 3 - Fundamental Rights
Part 4 - Directive principles of State policy
Part 4A - Fundamental Duties
IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
42nd (1976) - Fundamental duties added to Constitution
Secular, Socialist words added to Constitution
44th (1978) - Right to property deleted from Fundamental Rights
73rd (1992-93) - Establishment of local self-government in Rural
74th (1992-93) - Establishment of local self-government in Urban
ORGANISATIONS, PARTIES - FOUNDERS
Narmada BachavoAndolan - Medha Patkar
Center for Science and Environment - Anil Agarwal
Meira Paibi Movement - Erom Sharmila
Anti-Arrack movement - Dubagunta Rossamma
Civil Rights movement - Dr.Martin Luther King
Salient Valley Movement - KSSP ( Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parishath )
Jewish movement - Jewish People
Communist Policy - Russia
Capitalism - America
Non- Alignment Movement - Jawaharlal Nehru
Palestine Liberation Front - Yasser Arafat
Awami League - Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
MukthiBahani Movement - Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
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ABBREVIATIONS
IST – Indian Standard Time
GMT – Greenwich Mean Time
HDI – Human Development Index
HDR – Human Development Report
UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
GNP – Gross National Product
AGW – Anthropogenic Global Warming
IPCC – Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change
PDS – Public Distribution System
IMR – Infant Mortality Rate
CCT – Continuous Contour Trench
DDA – Delhi Development Authority
PHC – Primary Health Centre
MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging
UAE – United Arab Emirates
UK – United Kingdom
BMC – Berhampur Municipal Corporation
IFC – International Financial Corporation
NRI – Non Resident Indian
MGNREGA – Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guaranty Act
MNC – Multi National Company
USA – United States of America
E.mail – Electronic Mail
IT – Information Technology
WTO – World Trade Organization
SEZ – Special Economic Zone
IDA – International Development Association
MSP – Minimum Support Price
ICDS – Integrated Child Development Scheme
BMI – Body Mass Index
DDT – Dichloro Diphenyl Tri chlorothene
NBA – Narmada BachavoAndolan
WB – World Bank
IMF – International Monitory Fund
FCI – Food Corporation of India
NIN – National Institution of Nutrition
HYV – High yield Varieties
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas
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IMPORTANT YEARS
1872 – The first census was taken in India
1881 – The first complete census was taken in India
1943-45 – The Bengal famine
1962 – Rachel Carson ‘’ Silent Spring ‘’
1983 – The Emigration Act
1991 – Economic liberalisation
2002 – AP WALTA act
2004 – Tsunami
2009 – Right to Education Act
2009 – Aila cyclone
2011 – Recent census taken
2013 – National food security Act
2013 – IPCC conference at Warsaw
2015 – Sikkim shift completely to Organic farming
HIGHEST PEAKS
World – Mt.Evarest
India – K2
South India – Annaimudi( 2695 met.)
Western Ghats – Annaimudi
Eastern Gats – Aroya Konda ( 1680 Met.)
Nilagiri hills – Dodabetta( 2637 Met. )
Aravali – Guru shikhar (1722)
MOUNTAINS - State / Country

Mishmi Hills - Arunachal Pradesh
Khasi - Meghalaya
Jaintia hills - Meghalaya
Patkai - Meghalaya
Cachar hills - Assam
Annamalai hills - Tamil Nadu
Palani hills - Tamil Nadu
Cardimam Hills - Kerala
Nilagiri hills - Tamil Nadu
Aroyakonda - Andhra Pradesh
ArkanYoma - Myanmar
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QR scan India Map
Pointing 
MAP POINTING
1. INDIA
2. WORLD
QR scan World Map

Pointing 
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INDIA MAP
India - States and Union Territories India - States and Union Territories
Practice map
  

  
  
SOCIAL STUDIES REFERENCE NOTES 296 10th CLASS (EM) (AP) 2023-24
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PRACTICE INDIA MAP-1
(1) The coast of Andhra Pradesh (2)Mizoram (3)Nainital (4)The river which originatesat Amarkantak
(5) The mountain ranges which caused for the formation of Thar Desert.(6)The southern boundary of
the Deccan Plateau(7)The Islands which are volcanic origin (8)The Malwa Plateau(9)The State
which has Chandigh scapital and shares boundary with Pakistan (10) The city of
Uttar Pradesh near which Indian Standard Meridian passes
Not to scale Not to scale

N N
9. Punjab
3. Nainital
5. Aravali
ranges
10. Allahabad
8. Malwa
Plateau
4. Narmada
2. Mizoram
1. Sircar Coast
6. Nilgiri Hills
7. Andaman
and Nicobar
Islands
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(1)The famous hill station located in Nilgiris (2) The plateau which is rich in minerals (3) The river
which flows in the Thar desert (4) The city in which Supreme Court located (5) The Indian Islands
which are famous for great variety of flora and fauna(6) Kashmir(7) The youngest folded mountains
(8)The river originates at Multai and flows towards westward (9) The sea coast of Karnataka
(10)The extreme southern point of India

N N
7. The Himalayas
6. Kashmir
4. Delhi
3. Luni River
8. Tapathi
2. Chota Nagapur
Plateau
9. Canara
Coast
5. Lakshadweep 1. Ooty
(Udagamandala
m)
10. Indira Point
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(1)The Prime Meridian of India (2) The Tropic of Cancer (3) The strait that separates Sri Lanka
from India (4) The mountains lie along west coast of India (5) The Indian desert mainly located in
Rajasthan (6) The state in which Schooling Revolution occurred (7) The tributary of Krishna and
flows in the Karnataka and flows along the border of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (8) Highest
peak in India (9) Saltwater lake in Andhra Pradesh (10) The union territory located in Bay of Bengal.
N N
8. K2
6. Himachal Pradesh
5. Thar
desert desert
2. Tropic of Cancer
1. 82 ½ 0 East Longitude
7. Tunga
4. Western Ghats bhadra
9. Pulicat Lake
10. Pondicherry
3. Palk Strait
SOCIAL STUDIES
S REFERENCE NOTES 300 10th CLASS (EM) (AP) 2023-24
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(1)Indus (2) Jhelum (3) Chenab (4)Ravi (5) Bias (6)Sutlej (7) Ganga (8) Yamuna (9)Chambal
(10)Sindh (11) Betwa (12) Ken (13) Thamsa (14) Son (15) Ghaghara (16) Gandak (17) Kosi
(18 )Teesta (19 ) Brahmaputra (20 ) Hoogly (21 ) Damodar (22 ) Perumatti (23 ) Kolleru
(24)Narkondam (25) Barren (26) Kasargod (27) Nasik (28) Mahabaleswar (29) Jaheerabad
N Not to scale N Not to scale

2. Jhelum 1. Indus
3. Chenab
6. Sutlej
4. Ravi 17. Kosi

7. Ganga
18. Teesta 19. Brahmaputra
5. Bias 15.Ghaghara
8. Yamuna
16.
Gand
9. Chambal ak
10. Sindh Jamuna

13 Tamsa
Meghana
11. Betwa 12. Ken
14.Son
27. Nasik 20. Hoogly
21. Damodar
28. Maha 29. Jaheerabad Padma
baleswar
23.Kolleru
26. Kasargod 24. Narkondam
25. Barren
22. Perumatti
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(1) The northernmost latitude in degrees (2) The southernmost latitude of the Indian mainland in
degrees (3) The easternmost longitude in degrees (4) The westernmost longitude in degrees (5) K2peak
(6) Kanchenjunga (7) Anaimudi (8) Dodabetta (9) Malwa Plateau (10 ) Bundelkhand Plateau
(11)BhagelkhandPlateau (12) ChotaNagapurPlateau (13) Utkal coast (14) Sircar coast (15) Coramandal
coast (16) Konkan coast (17) Canara coast (18) Malabar coast (19) Nicobal Islands (20) Chilka Lake
(21)Dehradun (22) Mussorie(23) Raniketh (24) Nainital (25) NangaParbat (26) Deccan Plateau
N 5. K2 (1) 370 6I Not to scale N Not to scale
25. Nanga 21. Dehradun

Parbat 23. Raniketh
(4) 680 7I 22.Mussorie

6. Kanchenjunga
Indiara 24. Naninital
Gandhi
Canal 11. Bhagelkhand
9. Malwa Plateau
10. Bundelkhand
(3) 970 25I
12. Chotanagapur
Plateau
16.
Konkan
coast 20. Chilka Lake
17. 13. Utkal Coast

Canara
coast
26. Deccan
14. Sircar Coast
Plateau
15. Coramandal Coast

18. Malabar
coast 8. Dodabetta
7. Anaimudi 19. Nicobar Islands

(2) 80 4I
K1 SOCIAL STUDIES REFERENCE NOTES 306 10th CLASS (EM) (AP) 2023-24
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WORLD MAP-1
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WORLD MAP-3
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WORLD MAP-5
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WORLD MAP-10
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320
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6th To 10th

Mapping Skills 

SOCIALSTUDIES REFERENCE NOTES (1) 10th CLASS (EM) (AP) 2023 - 24

Part - I : Resources Development and Equity

3. Production and Employment 28 - 39

5. Indian Rivers and Water Resources 52 - 64

7. People and Settlement 74 - 81

8. People and Migration 82 - 90

9. Rampur : A Village Economy 91 - 98

10. Globalisation 99 - 109

12. Sustainable Development with Equity 118 - 125

Part - II : Contemporary World and India

15. National Liberation Movements in Colonies 151 - 165

16. National Movement in India Partition & Independence 166 - 176

17. The Making of Independent India’s Constitution 177 - 187

18. Independent India (The First 30 Years - 1947-77) 188 - 197

19. Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 198 - 211

20. Post - War World and India 212 - 223

21. Social Movements in Our Times 224 - 233

22. Citizens and the Governments 234 - 241

SOCIALSTUDIES REFERENCE NOTES (2) 10th CLASS (EM) (AP) 2023 - 24

SOCIALSTUDIES REFERENCE NOTES (3) 10th CLASS (EM) (AP) 2023 - 24

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