ENCHEM 30 –

CHEMISTRY
FOR
ENGINEERS
ENGR. RALPH T. CRUCILLO
 THE CHEMISTRY OF
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
LECTURE 4
MATERIAL SCIENCE
• Involves determining the relationship
between the structures and properties
of materials
• A material scientist tries to determine
the relationship of material properties to
the response of the material
• For example, what is the relationship
between the pressure and temperature
of a material?
MATERIALS ENGINEERING

• Study on the process of creating or designing a new

material based on an existing material with similar
properties
MATERIALS
ENGINEER

• Tries to create a new

material with the
desired properties
based on an existing
material with similar
properties
For example, car window glasses previously breaks into
splinters causing severe injury. To make the glass safer, the
glass is tempered by increasing its internal stress such that
when broken, will crumble into granular chunks
MICROCOSPIC vs MACROSCOPIC
• Microscopic structure – defined as the material structure
that can be seen with microscopes such as:
• Optical microscope
• Scanning microscope
• Atomic force microscope

• Macroscopic structure is defined as structures that can be

seen by unaided eye.
Structure of a Material

The structure of a material usually relates to the

arrangement of its internal components.

For example, materials are composed of atoms that

may have specific atomic configuration (e.g.
crystalline or noncrystalline)
Properties of a Material
• Defined as the characteristics of a material that differentiate
it from other materials. It is independent on its size and
shape.
• Material properties are grouped into six:
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Optical
• Magnetic
• Deteriorative
Mechanical Property
• The mechanical properties of a material are those properties
that involve a reaction to an applied load. Some important
mechanical properties are:
• Strength
• Hardness
• Ductility
• stiffness
Electrical Property
• Electrical properties are their ability to conduct electrical
current.
• Various electrical properties are:
• Resistivity
• Electrical conductivity
• Temperature coefficient of resistance
• Dielectric strength
• thermoelectricity
Thermal Property of Material

Thermal properties are associated

with a material-dependent The thermal properties of an
response when heat is supplied to engineering materials are:
a solid body, liquid or a gas.
• Specific heat
• Thermal conductivity
• Thermal expansion
• Melting point or heat resistance
• Thermal shock
Optical Property of Material
• Optical properties of a material define how it interacts with light.
• How a material interacts under an incident electromagnetic radiation.
Types of optical property of material:
Reflectivity
Absorptivity
Refractivity
Transparency
Translucent
Opaque
Magnetic Property of Material
• Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material
to the application of a magnetic field.
• It is the atomic or subatomic response a material to an
applied magnetic field wherein the electron spin and charge
create a dipole moment and a magnetic field.
Deteriorative Property of Material
• It is the property of the material to stand chemical
reactivity with the environment, corrosion and
resistance.
• Chemical reactivity of a material
Four Components of Materials
• The structure of a material depends on how it is made or
processed while the performance of the material depends on
its properties. The four components of a material are
interrelated:
For example, even though graphite and diamond are
made up of carbon atoms, they are processed
differently to produce a different material
Why Study
Materials?
 • Basic Classification
Classification of • Metals
Materials • Polymers
• Ceramics
 • Advanced Materials
Classification of • Composites
Materials • Semiconductors
• Biomaterials
 • Materials in this group are composed
of one or more metallic elements
• Includes Cu, Fe, Al, Zn

METALS
• Metallic alloys include small
amounts of nonmetallic materials
such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
• In terms of density, metals are
denser than ceramics and polymers
• Can be classified into: ferrous and
non ferrous metals
METALS
• Ferrous metals
• Are those metals that
contain iron as a
considerable constituent
in it whilst nonferrous
metals are free from iron
metal.
• Magnetic in nature
therefore these are used
in different applications
that involved the usage of
electro magnets
METALS
• NonFerrous metals
• Include a long list of
metals some of those
are copper, aluminum,
lead and etc.
CERAMICS
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements.
• They are most frequently oxides, nitrides and carbides.
• Example include:
• Porcelain
• Glass
• Tiles
• Alumina
• Silica
CERAMICS
The constituents are subjected by the
application of heat and consequent
cooling.
Relatively stiff, strong and hard
Insulator and more resistant to heat
Brittle and easy to fracture
POLYMERS
• any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of
very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples
of simpler chemical units called monomers.
• Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials
• Chemically based on carbon, hydrogen and other nonmetallic
elements like oxygen, nitrogen and silicon
• Examples are
• Polyethylene
• Nylon
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Polystyrene (styrofoam)
• Rubber
POLYMERS
• Polymers usually have low densities
• Not stiff nor as strong as ceramics and metals
• Ductile and pliable
• Inert and unreactive to most harsh environment
• One major drawback of polymers is its low melting
temperature
 • Three types of polymers:

POLYMERS • Thermoplastics
• Thermo-setting
• Fiber reinforced plastics (FRP)
KNOWLEDGE APPLICATION
• What are the advantage and disadvantage of using different
containers in most carbonated drinks?

• There are 3 kinds of containers used in most carbonated

drinks:
• Glass bottles (ceramics)
• Plastic bottles (Polymer)
• Aluminum can (Metal)
KNOWLEDGE APPLICATION
KNOWLEDGE APPLICATION
• Glass bottles have the following advantages:
• Can able to store the carbon dioxide in the beverage for longer
times
• Cheaper than Aluminum cans
• The disadvantage is it can easily breaks and heavier than the
other containers
KNOWLEDGE APPLICATION
• Aluminum cans are lighter and quickly cools. It can easily be
recycled and can paint the surface. However, it is more
expensive
• Plastic containers are relatively cheaper than aluminum
cans but can only store the carbon dioxide at shorter times
ADVANCED MATERIALS
COMPOSITES
• Composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come
from either metals, ceramics, and polymers
• Examples are:
• Fiberglass or Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
• Composed of glass fibers in epoxy or polyester
• Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
• Carbon fiber in epoxy or polyester . Better than fiberglass but more
expensive
COMPOSITES
SEMICONDUCTORS

• Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate

between the electrical conductors (metals and alloys) and
insulators (ceramics and polymers)
• The most common used semiconductor materials are silicon,
germanium, and gallium arsenide.
SEMICONDUCTORS
BIOMATERIALS

Primary requirement of these

These are any type of material
materials is that they must be
that can be used for
biocompatible with body tissue,
replacement of damaged or
and must not produce toxic
diseased human body parts.
substances.

All of the above materials – Typical applications: heart

metals, ceramics, polymers , valves, hip joints, dental
composites and semiconductors implants, intraocular lenses and
– may be used as biomaterials etc.
BIOMATERIALS
 END.
PREPARE FOR A SHORT QUIZ