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Notes 7 240320 095214
Notes 7 240320 095214
Notes 7 240320 095214
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Coalbed methane (or coal mine gas) is a form of natural gas and has a
worldwide resource estimated at more than 8100 tcf or 229 trillion m3
CBM resources, along with shale gas and tight gas, are considered important
unconventional natural gas sources. In recent years, CBM has accounted for
about 7% of the annual natural gas production in USA about 10% in Australia
and about 3% in China
CBM is a clean fuel because its combustion releases no toxins, produces no ash
and emits less carbon dioxide per unit of energy than the combustion of coal.
Extraction of CBM, in addition to providing economic value, also reduces the
hazard of gas explosions in coal mines.
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Origin of CBM
CBM can be either biogenic, thermogenic or mixed. Biogenic coal bed gas is
generated by the breakdown of coal organic matter by methanogenic
microorganisms at low temperature (~50C)
Low-rank coals are the starting material for microbial generation, previously
overlooked coal basins having low-rank coal have now become important targets
for CBM exploration.
There has been a lot of progress in understanding the microbial generation
pathways that transform the coal components into methane in steps.
Thermogenic gas is produced from the organic matter in coal by chemical
degradation and thermal cracking, at temperatures higher than 100C
Thermogenic gas generation commences at the high volatile bituminous rank,
where coal has vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) between (0.8 - 1.2)%
Chemistry of CBM
Above Ro of 3.0 %, the organic hydrogen in coal is severely depleted and the
remaining organic carbon is largely present in condensed aromatic structures.
Therefore, higher rank coal is expected to generate more thermogenic CBM than
relatively lower rank coal.
Some research also shows that gas can be generated at lower temperatures and
without microbial involvement as a result of mineral-mediated catalytic reactions.
The capacity to store methane increases with depth. Thus, within a given coal
rank, deep coal seams tend to have a higher methane content than shallow ones.
Basins with coal seams hosting mixed (i.e. thermogenic and biogenic) CBM
require complex exploration and production strategies.
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Gob Wells
In some very low permeability
coal seams, vertical wells may
not be a cost-effective
technology due to limited
methane flow.
Gob wells are drilled from the
surface to a point 10 to 50 feet
above the target seam prior to
mining.
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Vertical Well
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Horizontal Boreholes
Horizontal boreholes (200 - 300 ft) are drilled inside the mine and they drain
methane from the unmined areas of the coal seam.
Several hundred boreholes may be drilled within a single mine and connected to
an in-mine vacuum piping system, which transports the methane out of the
mine and to the surface.
Longhole horizontal boreholes (~1000 ft) are drilled using directional
techniques in unmined seams in advance of mining.
This technique is most effective for low permeability coal seams that require
long diffusion periods.
Cross-measure boreholes are drilled at an angle through the rock strata to
degasify the overlying and underlying rock strata surrounding the coal seam
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Examples
CNX Gas, at their southern Virginia mining operations, has drilled thirteen
in-seam long holes, the longest of which is 1,569 m (5,148 ft).
These holes were directionally drilled into virgin coal sections that were
already being drained by hydraulically fractured vertical wells.
The boreholes were drilled accurately to avoid the main fracture zones
around the vertical wells.
The total drilled distance, including sidetracks, was 22,960 m, and the
boreholes produced 31 MMcm (1.1 Bcf) of methane with no negative
impact on the vertical well production volumes.
Source: [CNX, 2007]
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Water disposal
As discussed pre-mining drainage of CMM usually involves the drainage of
water from the coal seam to lower reservoir pressure, so that methane will
desorb from the coal and flow via the wellbore to the surface.
The volumes of water involved vary among coal basins around the world,
depending primarily on reservoir thickness, porosity, permeability, well spacing,
pump rates, proximity to aquiferous sandstones etc.
In the U.S., average daily water production rates from CBM wells vary from 2-5
m3 (17-42 bbl) per day to over 60 m3 (500 bbls) per day
In some regions, the water is of good enough quality to be used for irrigation,
drinking water, or industrial use.
In poor quality water areas the water contains high concentrations of salt (up to
5 times that of seawater) and must be intensively treated before use, or disposed
of by reinjection into a suitable aquifer.
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Resource potential
The largest CBM resources are located in Russia, United States of America, China,
Canada, Australia, Indonesia, Poland, Germany and France
Production growth
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Costs
The major variables in determining the cost of drilling and completing a
vertical well are the
• drilling depth,
• the method of completion,
• the number of coal seams completed,
• the size and type of any hydraulic fracturing process used
• and the cost of building the well site infrastructure.
Do a cost calculation for methane transportation through CNG / LNG, identify the Capex, Opex and pay back time.
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