SKIN AND EYES with your brain processing what your eyes see into

a form your brain can use and understand.

Human skin is an important part of the innate
immune system. In addition to serving a wide range What are the parts of the eyes?
of other functions, the skin serves as an important
barrier to microbial invasion. Not only is it a
physical barrier to penetration of deeper tissues by
potential pathogens, but it also provides an
inhospitable environment for the growth of many
pathogens. As the body’s largest organ, skin
protects against germs, regulates body
temperature and enables touch (tactile) sensations.
The skin’s main layers include the epidermis,
dermis and hypodermis and is prone to many
problems, including skin cancer, acne, wrinkles and
rashes.
What are the layers of the skin?

 Epidermis, the top layer

 Dermis, the middle layer
 Hypodermis, the bottom or fatty
Layer
Eyes are the sensory organs that allow you to see.
Your eyes capture visible light from the world
around you and turn it into a form your brain uses
to create your sense of vision. Your brain doesn’t
have sensory abilities of its own. It needs your eyes
(and other senses, like hearing and touch) to gather
information about the world around you. It’s also
important to remember that sight and vision aren’t
necessarily the same thing, even though many
people — including eye care specialists and
healthcare professionals — use those terms
interchangeably. Sight is what your eyes do. Vision
is the entire process that starts with sight and ends
Sclera. The white visible portion of the eyeball. The
muscles that move the eyeball are attached to the
sclera.
Iris. The colored part of the eye. The iris is partly
responsible for regulating the amount of light
permitted to enter the eye.
Cornea. The clear, dome-shaped surface that
covers
the front of the eye.
Pupil. The opening in the middle of the iris through
which light passes to the back of the eye.
Lens (also called crystalline lens). The transparent
structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto
the retina.
Ciliary body. The part of the eye that produces
aqueous humor.
Conjunctiva. A thin, clear membrane that protects
your eye. It covers the inside of your eyelid and the
white of your eye (the sclera).
Retina. The light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the
inside of the back of the eye. The retina senses light
and creates impulses that are sent through the
optic nerve to the brain.
Optic nerve. A bundle of nerve fibers that connect
the retina with the brain. The optic nerve carries
signals of light, dark, and colors to a part of the
brain called the visual cortex, which assembles the
signals into images and produces vision.
Macula. The central portion of the retina that
allows us to see fine details.
Retinal blood vessels. A retinal hemorrhage is the
medical term for bleeding in your retina.
Vitreous body. A clear, jelly-like substance that fills
the back part of the eye.
Patients with blepharitis typically describe itching,
NORMAL MICROBIOTA OF THE SKIN burning, and crusting of the eyelids. They may
experience tearing, blurred vision and foreign body
The skin is home to a wide variety of normal
sensation. In general, symptoms tend to be worse
microbiota, consisting of commensal organisms
in the morning with crusting of the lashes being
that derive nutrition from skin cells and secretions
most prominent upon waking.
such as sweat and sebum. The normal microbiota
of skin tends to inhibit transient-microbe B. Global or National Distribution
colonization by producing antimicrobial substances
Blepharitis represents one of the most common
and outcompeting other microbes that land on the
anterior segment disorders encountered in
surface of the skin. This helps to protect the skin
ophthalmology. Data from the National Disease
from pathogenic infection.
and Therapeutics Index reported 590 000 patient
MICROBIAL DISEASES IN SKIN AND EYES visits in 1982 due to blepharitis. More recent
studies have shown that ophthalmologists and
 Bacterial
optometrists observe blepharitis in 37–47% of their
 Viral
patients. Indeed, epidemiologic data from one
 Fungal
study in Britain indicated that blepharitis and
 Parasitic
conjunctivitis account for 71% of ocular cases of
BACTERIAL EYE DISEASES inflammation that presented to the emergency
room. Despite the prevalence of blepharitis in both
BLEPHARITIS presentation and contribution to ocular conditions,
the etiology of blepharitis remains largely
unknown. Available evidence suggests that the
etiology is most likely multifactorial and this has led
to a fair amount of variation in classification of the
disease.
C. Transmission
Blepharitis is often a chronic condition that's
difficult to treat. It is an eye condition that causes
The disease is due to an allergic reaction to the inflammation of the eyelids. Blepharitis can be
mite which resides in the eyelash or the eyebrow. uncomfortable and unsightly. But it usually doesn't
Most often, there is concomitant seborrhea of the cause permanent damage to your eyesight, and it's
eyebrows, scalp, lateral nares, posterior auricular not contagious.
area, and hirsute portions of the chest. There is
scaling of the epidermis, usually with bacterial
invasion of the hair follicles. Abscesses may form in
and around the follicles, destroying the follicles,
with the loss of lashes and the formation of ulcers.
Hordeola and chalazia may follow.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Demodex folliculorum (a mite), followed by
bacterial infection with S. aureus or S. epidermidis.
DRUG OF CHOICE
D. Risk Factors
There are also two primary classes of oral
antibiotics are used in blepharitis treatment: You're at higher risk for blepharitis if you
tetracyclines and macrolides. have:
• Tetracyclines include antibiotics tetracycline,  Dandruff — flaky patches of skin on your
doxycycline, and minocycline.
scalp or face.
• Macrolides include antibiotics erythromycin
andazithromycin.  Rosacea — a skin condition that causes

VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE redness and bumps, usually on your

A. Clinical Presentation face.

  Oily skin.
 Allergies that affect your eyelashes.
E. Control and Management
Antibiotics applied to the eyelid have been shown
to provide relief of symptoms and resolve bacterial
infection of the eyelids. These are available in
several forms, including eyedrops, creams and
ointments. If you don't respond to topical
antibiotics, your doctor might suggest an oral
antibiotic.
TRACHOMA
Trachoma is a bacterial infection that affects your
eyes. Trachoma spreads through contact with
discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected
person. Hands, clothing, towels and insects can all
be routes for transmission. In developing countries,
eye-seeking flies also are a means of transmission.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Chlamydia trachomatis
DRUG OF CHOICE
Antibiotics are effective:
 Azithromycin (single dose by mouth)
 Tetracycline (ointment applied to the eye
over several weeks)
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
Chlamydia trachomatis can infect the eye, usually
in children who live in lesser- developed, hot, dry
countries. Eye redness, watering, irritation, and if
severe, scarring and loss of vision may develop.
Antibiotics are effective, but re- infection is
common.
B. Global or National Distribution In 2020, an
estimated 128.5 million new infections with
Chlamydia trachomatis occurred worldwide among
adults aged 15 to 49 years. The global prevalence
among people aged 15–49 years was estimated to
be 4.0% for women and 2.5% for men in 2020.
Chlamydial infection is more common in young
people.
C. Transmission
Chlamydia spreads through vaginal, anal, or oral
sex with someone with the infection. Semen does
not have to be present to get or spread the
infection. Pregnant people can give chlamydia to
their baby during childbirth. This can cause
ophthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis) or
pneumonia in some infants.
D. Risk Factors
Factors that increase your risk of contracting
trachoma include:
 Crowded living conditions.
 Poor sanitation.
 Age.
 Sex.
 Flies.
E. Control and Management
Chlamydial conjunctivitis can be treated topically
with erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and
fluoroquinolones. Owing to the high prevalence of
concomitant genital tract infection, systemic
antibiotic therapy is strongly recommended when
chlamydial conjunctivitis was diagnosed.
STYE
A stye (hordeolum) is a tender red bump on the
edge of the eyelid. It is an infection of a gland of
the eyelid. The infection is most often caused by
bacteria called staph Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcal bacteria are the usual culprits.
These bacteria normally live harmlessly on the skin,
but they can cause infection if the skin is damaged.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcal bacteria are the usual culprits.
These bacteria normally live harmlessly on the skin,
but they can cause infection if the skin is damaged.
DRUG OF CHOICE
Erythromycin is the most commonly prescribed
topical antibiotic for styes. If the bacterial infection
spreads to other parts of the eye or is persistent
even after using the antibiotic cream, a doctor may
prescribe oral antibiotics. Common ones prescribed
for styes include: Doxycycline Tetracycline
Cephalosporin Amoxicillin
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
The stye generally appears as a pustule with mild
erythema of the lid margin. Pustular exudate may
be present. Patients with internal hordeolum
present with more diffuse tenderness and
erythema of the lid given the relatively larger
meibomian gland.
B. Global or National Distribution
While hordeola are very common, the exact
incidence is unknown. Every age and demographic
is affected although there is a slight increase in
incidence in patients ages 30 to 50. There are no
known differences in prevalence among
populations worldwide. Patients with chronic
conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis, diabetes,
and high serum lipids may also be at increased risk.
C. Transmission
Styes generally aren't contagious. However, small
amounts of bacteria can be spread from your or
your child's stye. This is why it's important to
always wash your hands before and after touching
a stye and wash pillowcases often to help prevent
the bacteria from spreading.
D. Risk Factors
 Touch your eyes with unwashed hands
 Insert your contact lenses without
thoroughly disinfecting them or
washing your hands first
 Leave on eye makeup overnight
 Use old or expired cosmetics
 Have blepharitis, a chronic inflammation
along the edge of the eyelid
 Have rosacea, a skin condition characterized
by facial redness
E. Control and Management
A stye is usually a self-limiting condition with
resolution occurring spontaneously within a
week. Both internal and external hordeola are
treated similarly. To hasten recovery and
prevent the spread of infection, warm
compresses and erythromycin ophthalmic
ointment applied twice a day are usually
sufficient treatment.
IMPETIGO
Impetigo is a common and highly contagious
skin infection that mainly affects infants and
young children. It usually appears as reddish
sores on the face, especially around the nose
and mouth and on the hands and feet. Over
about a week, the sores burst and develop
honey-colored crusts.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Impetigo (also called pyoderma) is a superficial
bacterial skin infection that is highly contagious.
Impetigo can be caused by Streptococcus
pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.
Two bacteria can cause impetigo
Impetigo is a skin infection caused by one or
both of the following bacteria: group A
Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus S.
pyogenes are gram-positive cocci that grow in
chains. They exhibit β-hemolysis (complete
hemolysis) when grown on blood agar plates.
They belong to group A in the Lancefield
classification system for β-hemolytic
Streptococcus, and thus are also called group A
streptococci.
Streptococcus pyogenes

Staphylococcus aureus
DRUG OF CHOICE
Mupirocin, retapamulin, and fusidic acid are the
treatments of choice. Systemic antibiotics should
be prescribed for all cases of bullous impetigo and
cases of non-bullous impetigo with more than five
lesions, deep tissue involvement, systemic signs of
infection, lymphadenopathy or lesions in the oral
cavity.
A. Clinical Presentation
Impetigo starts as a red, itchy sore. As it heals, a
crusty, yellow or “honey- colored” scab forms over
the sore. Symptoms include red, itchy sores that
break open and leak a clear fluid or pus for a few
days. Next, a crusty yellow or “honey-colored” scab
forms over the sore, which then heals without
leaving a scar.
B. Global or National Distribution
In the United States, impetigo is more common in
the summer.1 The World Health Organization
estimates that 111 million children in less
developed countries have streptococcal impetigo
at any one time.4 Higher rates of impetigo are
found in crowded and impoverished settings, in
warm and humid conditions, and among
populations with poor hygiene.
C. Transmission
Streptococcal impetigo is most commonly spread
through direct contact with other people with
impetigo, including through contact with drainage
from impetigo lesions. Lesions can be spread (by
fingers and clothing) to other parts of the body.
People with impetigo are much more likely to
transmit the bacteria than asymptomatic carriers.
Crowding, such as found in schools and daycare
centers, increases the risk of disease spread from
person to person. Humans are the primary
reservoir for group A strep. There is no evidence to
indicate that pets can transmit the bacteria to
humans.
D. Risk Factors
Impetigo can occur in people of all ages, but it is
most common among children 2 through 5 years of
age. Scabies infections and activities that result in
cutaneous cuts or abrasions increase the risk of
impetigo.
E. Control and Management
The spread of impetigo can be prevented by
covering lesions, treating with antibiotics, and
practicing good face, body, and hand hygiene.
Clothing, linens, and towels used by an infected
person should be washed every day and not shared
with others in the household.
ERYSIPELAS
Erysipelas is a bacterial skin infection that usually
affects the top most layer of the skin. It is very rare,
but requires immediate treatment. It is often
associated with other skin infection known as
cellulitis, which affects the lower layers of the skin.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Erysipelas is most often caused by group A (or
rarely group C or G) beta-hemolytic streptococci
and occurs most frequently on the legs and face.
Other causes include Staphylococcus aureus
(including methicillin-resistant S.
DRUG OF CHOICE
Treat erysipelas with oral antibiotics that target
streptococci, including penicillin, amoxicillin,
cephalexin, or cefadroxil; in severe cases, use
parenteral antibiotics such as penicillin; and in
penicillin-allergic patients, use ceftriaxone or
cefazolin
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
It has been well described that erysipelas presents
as an area of skin erythema that is sharply
demarcated with raised edges. Often patients will
complain of burning, tenderness, and itchiness at
the site. More severe disease can present with
vesicles, bullae, and even frank necrosis.
B. Global or National Distribution
Erysipelas is a global health burden. The reported
incidence of erysipelas ranges from 19–24 per
10,000 inhabitants in European countries to 24.6
cases per 1,000 patient years depending on the
study population analyzed.
C. Transmission
Anyone can get erysipelas, but it most commonly
affects infants and adults over the age of 60.
Erysipelas is not hereditary or contagious.
D. Risk Factors
Immunocompromised status, being overweight or
obese, venous insufficiency, lymphedema, having
multiple deep skin lesions or ulcers, and disruptions
to the cutaneous barrier.
E. Control and Management
Antibiotics against streptococci should be initiated
when erysipelas is suspected. Penicillin as
monotherapy remains the first- line antibiotic used
for the treatment of erysipelas.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), also
known as Ritter disease is a serious skin infection.
The infection causes peeling skin over large parts of
the body. It looks like the skin has been scalded or
burned by hot liquid. It’s more common in the
summer and fall.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome is caused by
the epidermolytic exotoxin that is produced by
some strains of Staphylococcus. There are at least
two toxins that cause Staphylococcal Scalded Skin
Syndrome. However, testing for the specific phage-
type is not helpful or available. The disease usually
follows a localized infection from the upper
respiratory tract, ears, conjunctiva, or umbilical
stump. In adults, it may result from an abscess,
arteriovenous fistula infection, or septic arthritis,
among others. Often a source cannot be identified.
DRUG OF CHOICE
Prompt treatment with parenteral anti-
staphylococcal antibiotics is essential. Most
staphylococcal infections implicated in
staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome have
penicillinases and are resistant to penicillin.
Penicillinase- resistant synthetic penicillins such as
Nafcillin or Oxacillin should be started promptly.
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
Redness or tender of the face, trunk intertriginous
zones Short lived flaccid bullae and slough of
superficial epidermis Crusted areas develop around
the mouth Distinguish features: young age group
(infants), more superficial, no oral lesions, shorter
course Associated with Staph exofoliative toxin ‘
B. Global or National Distribution
It can occur at any age, but children under 5 years
of age are at highest risk. Other risk factors include:
Weak immune system. Long-term (chronic) kidney
disease or kidney failure.
C. Transmission
Scalded skin syndrome is spread the same way
staphylococcal aureus bacteria is spread. Epidemics
may break out in nurseries when caregivers have
been exposed to an infected baby or have the
bacteria on their skin. Staphylococcus aureus
infections are normally spread from skin-to-skin
contact.
D. Risk Factors
It can occur at any age, but children under 5 years
of age are at highest risk. Other risk factors include:
 Weak immune system.
 Long-term (chronic) kidney disease or
kidney failure.
E. Control and Management
 Isolation and identification based on
catalase test, coagulase test, serology, Dna
fingerprints, and phage typing
 Antibiotic therapy
 Personal hygiene, food handling, and
aseptic
management of lesion
VIRAL EYE DISEASES
UVEITIS
Uveitis is a form of eye inflammation. It affects the
middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). Uveitis
(u-vee-I-tis) warning signs often come on suddenly
and get worse quickly. They include eye redness,
pain and blurred vision. The condition can affect
one or both eyes, and it can affect people of all
ages, even children.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
The etiology of uveitis varies between populations
and is often idiopathic; however, genetic,
traumatic, or infectious mechanisms are known to
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a highly
promote or trigger uveitis.
contagious form of viral conjunctivitis. The
DRUG OF CHOICE development of corneal inflammation (keratitis),
distinguishes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis from
DOC: Oral corticosteroids like prednisone
other forms of conjunctivitis and usually arises
Vaccine: Intravitreal Steroid Injections after the fourth day after the initial onset of
symptoms.
The use of intravitreal steroids is effective in the
treatment of of uveitis and uveitic macular edema ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE Haemophilus aegyptius
A. Clinical Presentation
Acute – Pain, redness, photophobia, excessive
tearing, and decreased vision
B. Global or National Distribution
Population-based studies in the developed world
have suggested that uveitis occurs with an overall
incidence of approximately 17 and 52 per 100,000
in the population per year, resulting in a prevalence
of about 38 to 714 cases per 100,000 in the
population.
C. Transmission Moraxella lacunata
The mode of transmission is by direct person-to-
person contact and the virus is shed predominantly
in urine, saliva, and semen.
D. Risk Factors
People with changes in certain genes may be more
likely to develop uveitis. Cigarette smoking has
been associated with more difficult to control
uveitis.
E. Control and Management
Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment in
uveitis
DRUG OF CHOICE
EPIDEMIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
The topical steroids dexamethasone,
fluorometholone, prednisolone ophthalmic, and
rimexolone 1% are used in the treatment of
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
EKC initially manifests as a flu-like syndrome
consisting of fever, malaise, and myalgias followed
by the appearance of ocular signs and symptoms,
including a red eye, eyelid edema, excessive
tearing, irritation, foreign body sensation, and
photophobia.
B. Global or National Distribution
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a highly
contagious infectious disease, which is caused by
adenoviruses Conjunctivitis is among the most
common outpatient conditions and causes
significant ocular morbidity worldwide. The most
severe and common form of viral conjunctivitis is
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), caused by
certain strains of adenovirus (Ad). However, the
geographic distribution of other Ad genotypes and
the role of the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) in
EKC have not been established. We investigated
the worldwide distribution of Ad genotypes and the
OSM associated with keratoconjunctivitis (KC).
C. Transmission
People get epidemic keratoconjunctivitis by coming
into contact with tears or discharge from the eyes
of an infected person and then touching their own
eyes. This can happen by touching the hands of
someone with the infection, or by touching
contaminated surfaces or objects.
D. Risk Factors
 Allergic conjunctivitis
 Infectious conjunctivitis
 Chemical conjunctivitis.
E. Control and Management
With so many causes, there is no one preventive
measure. Early diagnosis and treatment will help
prevent the condition from becoming worse.
Avoiding allergy triggers as much as possible also
helps. Frequent hand washing and keeping hands
when no problems are present.
CHICKENPOX
Chickenpox, a ubiquitous and extremely contagious
infection, is usually a benign illness of childhood
characterized by an exanthematous vesicular rash.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
It is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is
a DNA virus that is a member of the herpesvirus
group.
DRUG OF CHOICE
Acyclovir (zovirax, sitavig)
Vaccine Preventable disease: Zostavax vaccine
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
The rash may first show up on the chest, back, and
face, and then spread over the entire body,
including inside the mouth, eyelids, or genital area.
B. Global or National Distribution
Varicella occurs worldwide. In temperate climates,
varicella tends to be a childhood disease, with peak
incidence among preschool and school-aged
children; <5% of adults are susceptible to varicella.
Disease typically occurs during late winter and
early spring.
C. Transmission
Chickenpox is transmitted from person to person
by directly touching the blisters, saliva or mucus of
an infected person.
D. Risk Factors
Exposure to the virus if you have not had
chickenpox nor received the vaccine. Being under
10 years of age Time of year: late winter and early
spring is the most common time that the virus is
spread.
E. Control and Management
The best way to prevent chickenpox is to get the
chickenpox vaccine.
RUBELLA
Rubella is a contagious viral infection best known
by its distinctive red rash. It's also called German
measles or three-day measles. This infection may
cause mild or no symptoms in most people.
However, it can cause serious problems for unborn
babies whose mothers become infected during
pregnancy.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
The rubella virus (a togavirus), contains RNA and an WARTS
envelope. It replicates in the cytoplasm.
DRUG OF CHOICE
There is no specific medicine to treat rubella or
make the disease go away faster. In many cases,
symptoms are mild. For others, mild symptoms can
be managed with bed rest and medicines for fever,
such as acetaminophen.
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
Most adults who get rubella usually have a mild
illness, with low-grade fever, sore throat, and a
rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest
of the body. Some adults may also have a
headache, pink eye, and general discomfort before
the rash appears.
B. Global or National Distribution
Rubella is an acute, contagious viral infection. Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions
While rubella virus infection usually causes a mild caused by human papillomavirus infection. They
fever and rash in children and adults, infection can appear
during pregnancy, especially during the first
anywhere on the body in a variety of morphologies.
trimester, can result in miscarriage, fetal death,
Diagnosis is by examination. There are more than
stillbirth, or infants with congenital malformations,
100 types of HPV that are responsible for the many
known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The
different types of warts, which include common
rubella virus is transmitted by airborne droplets
warts, plantar warts, flat warts and genital warts.
C. Transmission
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Rubella is transmitted primarily through direct or
Salicylic acid is often a first-line agent for the
droplet contact from nasopharyngeal
common wart. It requires no prescription and can
secretions.climates, infections usually occur during
be used by the patient at home. It has cure rates of
late winter and early spring. The average
50% to 70%.
incubation period of rubella virus is 17 days, with a
range of 12 to 23 days. Rubella spreads when an DOC
infected person coughs or sneezes. Also, if a
Warts are benign lesions that occur in the mucosa
woman is infected with rubella while she is
and skin. Warts are caused by the human
pregnant, she can pass it to her developing baby
papillomavirus (HPV), with over 100 types of HPV
and cause serious harm.
identified. HPV may occur at any site.
D. Risk Factors
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
Rubella is caused by a virus that's passed from
A. Clinical Presentation
person to person. It can spread when an infected
person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by Common warts, they appear as hyperkeratotic
direct contact with infected mucus from the nose papules with a rough, irregular surface. They range
and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant from smaller than 1 mm to larger than 1 cm. They
women to their unborn children through the can occur on any part of the body but are seen
bloodstream. most commonly on the hands and knees.
E. Control and Management Flat warts are smooth, small noncancerous
(benign) bumps on your skin. They're flatter and
Getting vaccinated is the best way to protect
smaller than other warts — each one is about the
yourself against rubella. Rubella vaccine is routinely
size of a pinhead. They may be yellowish-brown,
given to children in the United States. The vaccine
pink or skin- colored. Flat warts usually appear in
is given in two doses: children usually get the first
groups.
dose when they are 12 to 15 months old and the
second dose when they are 4 to 6 years old. B. Global or National Distribution
FUNGAL SKIN DISEASES
Gardasil and Cervarix are the two approved
vaccines against HPV infection, which
demonstrated effective prevention against
infection with a number of HPV types, especially
the most aggressive and oncogenic types of HPV.
C. Transmission
Warts can spread very easily when people pick at
them or when they are on the hands, feet or face.
Small warts that are not bothersome don't require
treatment. They're harmless and will eventually go
away.
D. Risk Factors
People at higher risk of developing common warts
include: Children and young adults, because their
bodies may not have built up immunity to the virus
E. Control and Management
When treating a wart, dermatologists recommend
that you:
1.Cover your wart. This helps prevent the virus
from spreading to other parts of the body, and to
other people.
2.Wash your hands immediately after touching the
wart. This also helps to prevent spreading the virus
to other parts of the body and to other people.
CANDIDIASIS
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast
called Candida (type of a fungus). Candida, they are
normally lives on skin and inside of the body such
as mouth, throat, got, and vagina without causing
problems.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
 Candida albicans- the fungus that most
often causes cutaneous candidiasis
 Candida glabcata- present in the GI tract,
mouth, and genital area
 Candida tropicalis- fungal esophagitis
 Candida parapsilosis- wound
 Candida krusei
DOC
 Miconazole, Clotrimazole, and Oxiconazol-
used for topical
 Echinocandin- (caspofungin, micafungin,
anidulafungin)- for IV
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
it varies depending on the area of the body that is
infected, for example among cutaneous
candidiasis, the infection usually affects
intertriginous and interdigital areas and it’s typhical
clinical presentation is characterized by dry,
erosive, erythematous, or scaly skin; flaking
collarette: or pustules.
B. Global or National Distribution
only five species account for 92% of cases of
candidemia (C. albicans, C. glabarata, C.tropicalis,
C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei), however their
distribution varies in population-based studies
conducted in different geographical areas.
C. Transmission
Candidiasis on the skin usually isn’t contagious.
However, people with weakened immune system
may develop the condition after touching the skin
of infected person.
D. Risk Factors
The risk factors that may increase the chances of
developing a yeast infection include antibiotic
usage, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, hormonal
birth control, and immunocompromised condition
such as HIV, chemotherapy, or some medication.
E. Control and Management
Good general health and hygiene are very
important for treating candida infections on the
skin.
ACNE
Propionibacterium acnes Infection
P. acnes is a gram-positive commensal bacterium
that causes acne on the skin. P. acnes releases
lipase that produces fatty acids by digesting sebum,
creating inflammation of the skin.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Acne develops from the following four factors:
(1) follicular epidermal hyperproliferation with
subsequent plugging of the follicle
(2) excess sebum production
(3) the presence and activity of the commensal
bacteria Cutibacterium acnes (formerly
Propionibacterium acnes)
(4) inflammation
DOC
Drugs that contain retinoic acids or tretinoin are
often useful for moderate acne.
These come as creams, gels and lotions. Examples
include tretinoin (Avita, Retin-A, others), adapalene
(Differin) and tazarotene (Tazorac, Avage, others)
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
Clinical presentation of PJI by this low-virulent
microorganism is usually insidious and infections
generally occur late after implantation.
B. Global or National Distribution
Acne is estimated to affect 9.4% of the global Keratitis is the inflammation of the cornea and is
population, making it the eighth most prevalent characterized by corneal edema, infiltration of
disease worldwide. Epidemiological studies have inflammatory cells, and ciliary congestion. It is
demonstrated that acne is most common in associated with both infectious and non-infectious
postpubescent teens, with boys most frequently diseases, which may be systemic or localized to the
affected, particularly with more severe forms of the ocular surface.
disease. ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
C. Transmission Both gram positive and gram-negative organisms
Acne is not contagious are implicated as causative agents. About 80 % of
bacterial keratitis is caused by Staphylococcus,
D. Risk Factors Streptococcus and Pseudomonas species, though
 Age. People of all ages can get acne, but it’s prevalence can depend on geographical regions.
most common in teenagers. DOC
 Hormonal changes. Such changes are
common during Fortified cefazolin 5% or vancomycin and
fluoroquinolones or tobramycin or gentamicin give
puberty or pregnancy. complete coverage against both gram-positive and
gram-negative fortified antibiotics, tobramycin (14
 Family history. Genetics plays a role in acne.
mg/mL) 1 drop every hour alternating with fortified
 Greasy or oily substances.
cefazolin (50 mg/mL) or vancomycin (50mg/mL) 1
 Friction or pressure on your skin.
drop every hour.
E. Control and Management
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
Resist touching, picking, and popping your acne
A. Clinical Presentation
Popping a pimple often worsens acne. Spread acne
medication on all acne-prone skin, not just your The first sign and symptoms of keratitis is usually
blemishes. Applying a thin layer on your acne- eye pain, redness, and blurred vision. Your eye may
prone skin helps treat existing acne and prevent burn or feel irritated, or it may feel like you have
new breakouts. Enlist a dermatologist’s help. something in it. Signs and symptoms of keratitis
include: Eye pain.
KERATITIS
B. Global or National Distribution
Microbial keratitis may be epidemic in parts of the
world—particularly within South, South-East, and
East Asia—and may exceed 2 million cases per year
worldwide.
C. Transmission
Through contact lens use, cuts, or skin wounds or
by being inhaled into the lungs. Most people will be
exposed to keratitis during their lifetime, but very
few will become sick from this exposure. Keratitis is
a common condition that can be treated. However,
outside of the U.S. and other developed countries,
infectious keratitis is a significant cause of
blindness. Some of the infections that cause
keratitis can be transferred from person to person
by touching contaminated items, coughs or
sneezes.
D. Risk Factors
The most common risk factor for bacterial keratitis
is contact lens wear. Contact lens wear has been
associated with 19%-42% of cases of culture
proven corneal infections. Overnight wear and
inadequate lens disinfection have been associated
with increased risk of infection.
Anyone can develop keratitis. However, one major
risk factor for keratitis is wearing contact lenses.
These are related to:
 Wearing them longer than you’re supposed
to wear them. This can cause damage to
your eye and possibly allow infection to
enter.
 Not cleaning / disinfecting them properly.
Wearing them while you’re in pools, hot tubs or
outdoor water sources.
 Other risk factors include:
 Using corticosteroids over a long period of
time.
 Having a weakened immune system.
 Having dry eyes.
 Having an injury to your eyes, including
surgery.
E. Control and Management
If you have a mild case of keratitis, your provider
may suggest using lubricant eyedrops and letting
your eye heal on its own.
 However, medication normally treats
infectious keratitis. If you have a bacterial
infection, you’ll get antibiotic eye drops.
 If you have a fungal infection, the eye drops
will contain antifungal medication.
 If you have a virus, your provider will
prescribe antiviral eye drops.
 After a bacterial or viral infection clears up
mostly or completely, your provider
might suggest steroid eye drops to reduce
swelling.
 For pain, your provider might give you eye
drops that dilate your eye.
 If you have advanced keratitis, you may
need oral medication to treat infections.
ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Endophthalmitis is defined as an inflammation of
the inner coats of the eye, resulting from
intracellular colonization of infectious agents with
exuation within intraocular fluids (vitreous and
agueous.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Gram positive organisms, Streptococcus species are
the primary infection that is often endocartitis
which accounts of 40% of endogenous bacterial
endophthalmitis in North America.
DOC
 Vancomycin
 Ceftazidine
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
Usually present accurately with pain, redness,
lid swelling and decreased visual acuity, and
may present with and indolent course over
days to weeks.
B. Global or National Distribution
The relatively frequency of various subtypes of
endophthalmitis varies depending upon the
geography level of specialization at the
ophthalmic center and study duration.
C. Transmission
It doesn’t spread from person to person but it
can spread through your body by getting into
your bloodstream ,e.g.having dental work,
receiving intravenous drug
D. Risk Factors
According to the recent studies have found that
some people who’ve had Covid-19 developed
endegenous endophthalmitis resulted from an
infection that developed in the hospital.
 E. Control and Management
An eye care provider may treat endophthalmitis
with medicine. They may prescribe antibiotic
or antifungal medications or cortisteroids. You
may get eye drops or injections.
TUNGIASIS
Tungiasis is caused by burrowing f(jigger,chigo,
and flea), usually on the feet buttocks or
perineun of a person who wears no shoes or
frequently squats.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Tunga penetrans, a larvae and pupae that
develop in dry shaded soils, mostly inside the
sleeping rooms of houses with an unsealed
earthen floor where most transmission occurs.
DOC
 0.8% Ivermectin
 0.2% Metrifonate
 5% Thiabendazole lotions
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
The initial burrowing of the gravid females is
usually painless: symptoms including itching and
irritation, usually start to develop as the females
become fully-developed into the engored state.
B. Global or National Distribution
Tunga penetrans is distributed in topical and
subtropical regions of the world, including Mexico
to South America, the West Indies and Africa. The
flea normally occurs in sandy climates, including
beaches, stables and forms.
C. Transmission
The main transmission site is inside the
sleepingrooms of houses with an unsealed earthen
floor where the larvae and pupae develop after the
eggs are dropped there.
D. Risk Factors
Elderly people and children aged 5-14 years,
particularly boys are at the highest risk. People
with disabilities are also highly vulnerable to
infection.
E. Control and Management
A long lasting reduction of incidence and of
tungiasis-associated morbidity can only be
achieved through a one health approach
integrating behavior change to increase soap use in
daily foot washing, spraying floors with insecticides
or sealing them, treating animal reservoirs where
they are infected and treating humans.
ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS
Acanthamoeba keratitis, or AK, is a rare but serious
infection of the eye that can cause permanent
vision loss or blindness 1. This infection is caused
by a tiny ameba (single-celled living organism)
called Acanthamoeba.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Acanthamoeba keratitis, a potentially blinding
infection of the cornea, is caused by a free-living
protozoan that is ubiquitous in nature, found
commonly in water, soil, air, cooling towers,
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems, and sewage systems.
DOC
Current treatment regimens usually include a
topical cationic antiseptic agent such as
polyhexamethylene biguanide (0.02%) or
chlorhexidine (0.02%) with or without a diamidine
such as propamidine (0.1%) or hexamidine (0.1%).
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
“Dirty epithelium", ring infiltrate (arrows)
B. Global or National Distribution
Acanthamoeba keratitis from 20 countries and
calculated an annual incidence of 23,561 cases,
with the lowest rates in Tunisia and Belgium, and
the highest in India.
C. Transmission
The ameba can enter the eyes via contact lenses,
cuts or skin sores, or by inhaling it into the lungs.
Most people will be exposed to Acanthamoeba at
some point in their lives, although only a small
percentage will become unwell as a result of this
exposure.
D. Risk Factors
Swimming, using a hot tub, or showering while
wearing lenses. Coming into contact with
contaminated water.
E. Control and Management It is passed to the humans through the repeated
bites of deerflies of the genus Crysops.
 ·A topical antiseptic is the most common
treatment for acanthamoeba. The D. Risk Factors
antiseptic fights microorganisms. It’s
The people most at risk for loiasis are those who
applied directly to the surface of your eye.
live in the certain rain forest in West and Central
You may need these treatments for six
Africa.
months to a year. Sometimes your
healthcare provider scrapes off some of E. Control and Management
your cornea before applying medication.
Avoiding areas where the deerflies are found, such
This helps the medicine get deeper into
as muddy, shaded areas along rivers or around
your eye.
wood flies, may also reduce your risk of infection.
 Your healthcare provider may also
recommend antibiotics or antifungal CASTILLO, Minerva D.
medications. Steroids or pain relief
GABITO, Azure Achia C.
medications can help reduce pain and
inflammation. MORTERA, Jhaira Mae C.
 You may need surgery for advanced
PANDOYOS, Jeremy G
acanthamoeba keratitis that doesn’t
improve with topical therapy. ZAMORA, Andrea Vanessa

LOIASIS

Loiasis called African eye worm by most people. It

is caused by the parasitc worm Loa Loa. It is passed
on to humans through the repeated bites of
deerflies (also known as mango flies or mangrove
flies) of the genus Crysops.
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Loa Loa can migrate across the subconjunctiva of
the human eye, giving rise to the worms colloquial
name.
DOC
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) which kills the
microfilariae and adult worms.
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASE
A. Clinical Presentation
Often asymptomatic. Episodic angioedema (calabas
swellings) and subconjunctival migration of an
adult worm can occur.
B. Global or National Distribution
It is primarily affects rural populations residing in
the forest and adjacent savannah regions of central
and west Africa.
C. Transmission