The urinary system

-The urinary system regulates the chemical

composition and volume of the blood and
excretes nitrogenous waste and water

Structure and function

DOC: Antibiotics

Enlarge prostate- - In men, this can make it

difficult to empty bladder.

PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM DOC: Ciales,antibiotics

Kidney - The main function of 2. Incontinence- when urine leak out of the
kidneys are exertion urethra by accident.
of the wastes THERE ARE 6 MAIN TYPES OF URINARY
and kidneys excrete INCONTINENCE
urea and uric acid i. Stress incontinence
into the urine, which ii. Urge incontinence
are product of iii. Overflow incontinence
metabolism iv. Functional incontinence
v. Mixed incontinence
Ureter The ureters are vi. Bedwetting
bilateral ( 3 to 4 mm)
tubular structures that
connects the kidneys
to the urinary bladder,
transporting
urine from the renal
pelvis into the bladder

Urethra - the tube that lets

urine leave your
bladder and your
body
DOC: oxybutynin(ditropan XL),
Bladder -The bladder's walls darefinacin(enablex), fesoterodine(toviaz)
relax and expand to
store urine, and 3. Kidney infection-when a bladder infection
contract and flatten to “back up” the ureters
empty urine through
the urethra.

NORMAL MICROBIOTA/FLORA
- The urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are
sterile under normal conditions
- Lactobacilli dominate the vaginal microbiota
during the reproductive year
- The male urethra is normal sterile DOC:NITROFURANTOIN ,PYELONEPHRITIS

BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE URINARY

SYSTEM
1. Cystitis- usually caused by bacteria. It is
common inflammation of the urinary bladder in
females.
KIdney stone-- Kidney stones are hard, pebble-
like pieces of
material that form in one or both of your
kidneys when high levels of certain minerals
are in your urine.

DOC: pain killer,antibiotics
4. UTI(Urinary tract infection) - UTIs are common
infections that happen when bacteria, often from
the skin or rectum, enter the urethra and infect
the urinary tract.
DOC: TRIMETHOPRIM,
FOSFOMYCIN (MONUROL),
CEPHALEXIN
5. Phelonephritis- An inflammattion of one or
both kidneys.
DOC: piperacillin-tazobactam, fluoroquinolones,
meropenem, and cefepime, and cephalosporine
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- The reproductive system is the human organ
system responsible for the production and
fertilization of gametes (sperm or eggs) and, in
females, the carrying of a fetus. Both male and
female reproductive systems have organs
called gonads that produce gametes.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Testes
It is a paired oval organs located in the
scrotum.Each plum-sized testis is approximately
4 cm (1½ inches) long and 2.5 cm (1 inch) wide.
- Produced sperm (spermatogenesis) and secret
testosterone.
2. Epididymis
Epididymis- The cup-shaped epididymis is a
highly coded tube about 6 m (20 feet) long that
caps the superior part of the testis and then runs
down its
posterolateral side.
- stores and mature sperm.
Vas deferens(duct deferens)- duct connecting
the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
- Transport mature sperm during ejaculation.
3. Urethra
- extends from the base of the
urinary bladder to the tip of the penis,
is the terminal part of the male duct
system. It has three named regions: (1) the
prostatic urethra, (2) the
membranous urethra, and (3) the
spongy urethra.
ACCESSORY GLANDS AND SEMEN
 Semenal vesicle
- located at the base of the bladder,
produce about 60 percent of seminal fluid, the
fluid volume of semen. Their thick, yellowish
secretion is rich in sugar (fructose), vitamin C,
prostaglandins, and other substances, which
nourish and activate the sperm passing through
the tract.
 Prostate gland, a single doughnut-shaped
gland about the size of a peach pit.
 Bulbourethral glands are tiny, pea-sized
glands inferior to the prostate gland. They
produce a tick, dear mucus that drains into The process by which sperm cell production
the penile urethra. This secretion is the first occur.
to pass down the urethra then a man
becomes sexually excited  Meiosis

4. Semen

is a milky white, somewhat sticky s is a special type of nuclear

mixture of sperm and accessory gland division that occurs for the most part only in the
secretions. gonads (testes and ovaries). It differs from
mitosis in two major ways. Meiosis consists of
EXTERNAL GENETALIA two successive divisions of the nucleus (called
- includes scrotum and penis meiosis I and II) and results in four (instead of
two) daughter cells, or more precisely, four
SCROTUM gametes.

The bag of skin that holds and helps to protect

the testicles.

PENIS

They must undergo further changes, in

which their excess cytoplasm is stripped
away and a tail is formed. In this last stage
of sperm development, called
spermiogenesis, all the excess cytoplasm is
sloughed off, and what remains is
compacted into the three regions of the
mature sperm-the bead, midpiece, and tail.
External organ. Deliver sperm into the female
Testosterone Production
reproductive tract during sexual intercourse.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION

 Spermartogenesis
The most important hormonal product of the
testes. During puberty, as the seminiferous
tubules are being prodded by FSH to produce
sperm, the interstitial cells are being activated by
luteinizing hormone (LH), which is also released
by the anterior pituitary gland. From this time on,
testosterone is produced continuously (more or
less) for the rest of a man's life.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
-The reproductive role of the female is much
more complex than that of the male. Not only
must she produce the female gametes (ova), but
her body must also nurture and protect a
developing fetus during 9 months of
pregnancy.
Parts of female reproductive system
1. Ovaries
Two oval shape organs that lie to the upper right
and left of the uterus. Produce eggs(oocytes)
and secret estrogen and progesterone.
2. Uterine(Fallopian tube)
Tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus. They
receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site
where fertilization can occur.
3. Uterus
Located in the pelvis between the urinary bladder
and rectum. A hallow organ that fuction to
receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg.
4. Cervix
This is the lower part of the uterus that connects
it to the vagina.
5. Vagina
A thin- walled tube 8-10 cm long.It is
located in the pelvis between the bladder and
rectum and extend from the cervix to the body
exterior.The vagina provides a passageway for
the delivery of an infant and for the menstrual
flow to leave the body.
*EXTERNAL GENETALIA(ALSO CALLED
VULVA)
- the female reproductive structures
that are located external to the vagina.
Mons pubis ( Mountain on the pubis) – is
a fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic
symphysis.
Labia majora- which enclose two
delicate, hair-free folds, the labia minora
The labia majora enclose a region called
“vestibule”
Clitoris- is the sensitive area located on
the top of your vulva.
MICROBIAL DISEASE FOR REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
BACTERIAL DISEASES
1. Gonorrhea- Neisseria gonorrhea cause of
gonorrhea.Gonorrhea is a common reportable
communicable disease in United State,an STD
caused by the gram-negative diplococcus
Neisseria gonorrhea.
DOC: CEFTRIAXONE 500 mg AND
AZITROMYCINE
2. Nongonococcal uretgritis -infection of the
urethra caused by some agent other than
gonorrhea.
-caused by Chlamydia trachoomatis

DOC: DOXYCYCLINE 100 mg and Penicillin.
3. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease-
- is a collective term for any extensive bacterial
infection of the female pelvic organs, particularly
the uterus,cervix,
uterine tubes,or ovaries.
DOC: doxycycline and cefoxitin (a
cephalosporin)
4. Syphilis- a sexually trasmitted infectious
disease caused by the bacterium treponema
pallidum.
There are three stages of syphilis
 Primary stage of syphilis
-the initial sign is a small hard-based chancre, or
sore,which appears at the site of the infection 10
to 90 days following exposure on average, about
three weeks
 Secondar stage syphilis- characterized
mainly by skin rashes of varying
apperarance.
 Tertiary stage syphilis- the disease
damages your internal organs and can
result in death.
DOC: benzathine penicillin.
Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LVG)
-C. trachomatis cauuses lymphogranuloma
venerum, which is primarily a disease of topical
and subtropical region.The bacteria are isolated
and identified from pus taken from infected
lymph nodes.
DOC: doxycyline
Chancroid( Soft Chancre)
- A swollen, painful ulcer on the mucuos
mebranes of the genitals or mouth, is caused by
Haemophilus ducreyi.
DOC: Erythromycin and ceftriaxone.
Bacterial Vaginosis
- Bacuterial vaginosis is an infection without
inflammation caused by Gardnerella
vaginalis.Diagnnosis of G. vaginalis is based on
increased vaginal pH, fishy odor, and the
presence of clue cells.
DOC: Metronidazole, a drug that eradicates the
anearobes essential to continuation of the
disease but allows the nrmal lactobacilli to
repopulate the vagina. Treatment designed to
restore the normal population of lactobacilli,
such as the application of actic acid gels and
even yogurt, have not been shown conclusively
to be effective.
VIRAL DISEASE OF THE REPRORUCTIVE SYSTEMS
- difficult to treat, and so they represent an
increasing health problem
1. Genital Herpes
- Herpes simplex(HSV-1 AND HSV-2) CAUSE
GENITAL HERPES. The symptoms of the
infection is painful urination, genital irritation,
and fluid- filled vesicles.
DOC: ACYCLOVIR,FAMCICLOVER AND
VALACYCLOVIR.They are effective in alleviating
the symptoms of a primary outbreak,there are
some relief pain and slightly faster healing .
Taken over a months they lower the chances of
recurrence during that time.
(you need to research because there is proven
that there is a vaccine about these infection)
2. Genital Warts
- The human papilloma virus cause warts. Some
human papillomavirus that causes genital warts
have been associated with cancer of the cervix
and penis.
DOC: Surgery or cryotheraphy/ applying
podofilox and immiquimod.
3 AIDS
- Is a sexually trasmitted disease of the immune
system
FUNGAL DISEASE OF THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
- Described here is the well-known YEAST
infection for which nonprescription treatments
are advertised.
1. Candidiasis
- It causes NGU in males and vulvovaginal
candidiasis, or yeast infection, in females.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is characterized by
lesion that produce itching and irritation.
TREATMENT: usually consist of topical
application of nonprescription antifungal drugs
such as clotrimazole and miconazole. An
alternative treatment is a single dose of oral
fluconazole or other azole- type antifungal.
PROTOZOAN DISEASE OF THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
1. Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis
when the pH of the vaginal increases.
Treatment: metronidazole orally taken
administered to both sex partner, which readily
clears the infection.