Basic Concepts

–An analysis tool to predict the responses of certain engineering

systems
–Originally FE was developed for structural stress analysis
Solving the above simultaneous equations yields
–Wide spread application: Structural Analysis, Dynamic
Analysis, Heat Transfer, Magnetic Field, etc.
–Based on discretization of Continuum
Spring The reaction force at the support, which is the force F1x, can be
- axial load only found as follows:

The solutions show that nodes 2 and 3 will be displaced towards the
right (positive x-direction) by the distances given in the solutions.
On the other hand, the reaction force F1x has the magnitude of 2000
lb and its direction is to the left (negative x-direction).
Internal forces of element 1:
Frame in local coordinate

C=cosƟ and S=sinƟ

Nodal Displacement BEAM
Beam is a structure which can carry the bending moments and shear
forces. Frame, on the other hand, can carry bending moments, shear C1=AE/L and C 2=EI/L3
forces, and axial forces. Beam members (or elements) are oriented in Frame in global coordinate
the same axis, while the frame members are possible to have K=(E/L) x [k]
different orientations. [k]=
Internal forces of element 2:
Example of spring
Consider the spring system shown in Figure 2.5. The forces at nodes
2 and 3 are known. Node 1 is fixed at the support. Find the nodal
displacements and element internal forces, given that

k1 = 1000 lb/in k2 = 2000 lb/in

F2x = 1000 lb F3x = 1000 lb

BAR
Bar is a simple structural element, which can carry only axial force
Element 1:
and results in axial deformation (lengthening or shortening). In a bar Beam in global coordinate
structure, all elements have the same axis (co-axial axis), and the
applied axial load is at the same axis of bars. If the bar elements
have different axis, the structure is termed as truss.

Element 2:

Potential Energy Method

Concept of Potential Energy
The Direct Equilibrium method is not practical to use for higher
order elements
The structural (global) equation (element 1 + element 2) ≡ and not normally used in non-structural domains.
TRUSS The Minimum Potential Energy (MPE) approach is more adaptable
A framework composed of bar members joined at their ends to form for
a rigid structure is known as a truss. In truss structures, the end the determination of element equations for complicated elements
connections are assumed to be pin jointed connections. Bridges, roof such as
supports, and derricks are common examples of trusses. plane stress/strain elements, axisymmetric elements, plate bending,
By introducing the boundary condition d1x = 0, the structural -
equation reduces to shell,
FRAME and 3-D solid elements.
Frame element is a combination of beam element and bar element. MPE is included in the category of variational methods which make
The frame element equation is obtained by adding the axial use the variational functions (or functionals). A functional is defined
component in the beam equation. as a function of another function.
which also can be written as For structural problem, the total potential energy of the structure,
∏p, can
be expressed in terms of displacement (or nodal displacements).
 xi = 0, yi = 0, xj = 20, yj = 0, xm = 20, ym = 10

Example of CST
A thin plate is subjected to a tensile stress p = 1000 psi. The plate
Membrane Plate thickness is 0.5 in, and the other dimensions are as shown in Figure A = 0.5 b h
7.6. The Poisson ratio ν = 0.3, and the modulus of elasticity E is 30 A = 0,5 (20) (10) = 100 in2
× 106 psi. Determine the nodal displacements and the element Next we will evaluate [B]
stresses
Next we will evaluate [B], as defined in equation (7-40), whose
components are defined in equation (7-38):

Shell
Plane Element – Constant Strain Triangle
The simplest 2-D element is the membrane Substituting the relevant values into equation (7-40), we obtain
element. Membrane elements can transfer
only in-plane loads. There is no out of plane
loads in membrane elements.
As a consequence, membrane elements can
Substituting the relevant values into equation (7-40), we obtain
carry only in-plane stresses and can not
transfer bending moment or torsion.
For the purpose of illustrating the finite element solution of this The matrix [D] again is given by
plate problem, the structure is discretized into two CST elements,
although using more elements will yield more accurate results

For plane stress,

Hence

Replacing with the values ν = 0.3 and E = 30 × 106,

In Figure 7.7, the tensile stress has been converted into two nodal
forces. Each force F
is found as follows:
Hence

Substituting equations (7-74) and (7-71) in equation (7-63), the

stiffness matrix of element 2 is obtained:

{f}=[K]{d} The structural equation is

[K]=tA[B]T[D][B]
Strain Displacement
{ɛ}=[B]{d}
which after expanding becomes

Substituting equations (7-68) and (7-65) in equation (7-63), the

stiffness matrix of element 1 is obtained:

Equations (7-69) and (7-75) can be expanded to the same order as

[B]=[Bi Bj Bm] the structural stiffness matrix, and on factoring out 5:
Element 1:

The global (structural) stiffness matrix [K] is an 8 × 8 matrix and is

obtained by assembling the individual element stiffness matrices.
The stiffness matrix for an element is given by

Element 1:
The nodal coordinates of element 1, (see Figure 7.8) are Element 2:
The nodal coordinates of element 2 (see Figure 7.9) are
 which yields element 1 stresses: Element 1:
The element stiffness matrix is given by

The element mass matrix is obtained using the lumped mass

Similarly, for element 2: approach:

Element 2: The second mode shape can be similarly obtained using the second
Element 2: eigenvalue, λ2 = 12.96E6:

which yields element 2 stresses:

In
the above modal equations, if d3x = 1, then d2x = −0.58. The second
mode shape is illustrated in Figure 10.7.

Expanding and assembling the element matrices above, we obtain

Superposition of the element stiffness matrices in equations (7-76) the structural matrices:
and (7-77) yields the structural stiffness matrix Dynamic analysis

Dynamic equation,

Matrix notation ,
Heat transfer analysis
Substituting equations (10-44) and (10-45) into equation (10-38) Heat conduction with convection
yields
The structural equation is thus

Introducing the boundary condition d1x = 0 yields

For bar element

Applying
Natural vibration of bar structure
the boundary conditions, the equation reduces to The eigenvalue solutions of equation (10-47) are obtained by
equating the determinant of the coefficients to zero: Heat transfer control volume
Conservation of Energy Principle
Ein + Egen = ∆U + Eout
Heat transfer terminology
, eigenvalue solutions Assuming λ = ω2, then
Solving equation (7-80), the displacement solutions are produced: Example of dynamic analysis qx
For the dynamic problem of the bar structure shown in figure 10.50, = heat conducted into the control volume (heat flux)
obtain: [kW/m2]
Hence, the eigenvalues are: Q = internal heat source [kW/m3]
a) The first and second naturel frequencies λ1 = 3.47E6 λ2 = 12.96E6
b) The first and second mode shapes and the first and second natural frequencies are
ω1 = 1.86E3 rad/sec ω2 = 3.60E3 rad/sec
The stresses in each element are determined by using equation (7-7), The first mode shape can be obtained by substituting the first Kxx = thermal conductivity [kW/m/0C]
The structure is divided into two elements with a total three nodes. It
which is eigenvalue, λ1 = 3.47E6, into equation (10-47). After manipulation, dT/dx = temperature gradient
has the following properties:
we obtain

Substituting the numerical values of [D] and [B] of element 1, and A1 = 1.0 in2 A2 = 0.5 in2 E = 30E6 psi ρ = 0.00073 lb·sec2/in4 In
taking the appropriate displacement values from equation (7-81), we ∆U = (specific heat, c) X (mass) X (change in temperature)
have the above modal equations, if d3x = 1, then d2x = 0.58. The first mode
shape is illustrated in Figure 10.6.

c = specific heat [kW.hr / (kg . 0C)]

Convective heat transfer, qh,

h = convective coefficient [kW / (m2 . 0C)]

T = temperature of solid surface exposed to the fluid
T∞ = fluid temperature
P = perimeter of solid
Temperature gradient:

The force terms, Q = 0, q* = 0, but T∞ = 10 0F, hence, at the element

4,
The differentiation of the shape function is,
Heat is transferred from element to element through conduction. The
stiffness terms for elements 1, 2, and 3 are the same:

Assembly of stiffness and force terms yields the equation of the heat
The heat conducted is, transfer in the rod,

The force term applicable to element 3 is

Stiffness terms
The boundary condition requires that the temperature at the left end
1) Stiffness in conduction Assembling the element equations yields the system equation is equal to 200 0F, hence t1 = 200 0F. To obtain the solutions, the
equation above is transformed into an equivalent equation. This is
done by setting to zero the terms in the first row and column which
correspond to the known temperature t1, except for the main
diagonal which is set to one, and the first row of the force matrix is
2) Stiffness in convection set equal to the known temperature at node 1. Also the term
Introducing the boundary conditions t1 = 100°C and q* = 5000 W/m2 (-4/3)X(200 0F) = -800/3 on the left side of the second equation is
at node 4, we have transposed to the right side in the second row (as +800/3). The
transformed equation is shown as follow,

The temperature solutions are thus

The components of the force matrix t2 = 211.1°C t3 = 322.2°C t4 = 433.3°C (11-51)

Example of heat analysis 2

A rod is 9 in length with insulation at perimeter and left end. The The
temperature at the left end is 200 0F and the free stream temperature unknown nodal temperatures now can be solved, by Gaussian
is 10 0F. Let h = 1 Btu/(hr.in2.0F) and Kxx = 3 Btu/(hr.in.0F). It is elimination for example, which yields,
required to determine the temperature distribution and the heat flow.

The heat flow analysis is going to be illustrated for element 1 only.

The heat flux of element 1 can be found as follow,
For the special case of the convection force from the free end,

The finite And the heat flow can be found,

Example of heat analysis
The rod shown in Figure 11.6 is insulated on the left end and the element discretization is shown in the figure below. Four elements of
perimeter. The left end has a constant temperature of 100°C. A heat 9/4 inch long each is used. The heat transfer is through conduction Extra Note
flux q* of 5000 W/m2 acts on the right end. Let Kxx = 6 W/(m·°C) except there will be also convective heat loss at the right end.
and the cross-sectional area A = 0.1 m2. Determine the temperatures
at L/3, 2L/3, and L, where L = 0.4 m.

For Ix and Iy not at the origin

, conduction stiffness
The rod is discretized into three elements of 0.4/3 metre length
each, as shown in Figure 11.7. , convection stiffness at end
For elements-1, 2, and 3, the stiffness matrix is due to conduction,

Stiffness matrix of element 4 is due to conduction and free end

convection,
For boundary condition in heat transfer analysis