Don Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High School

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-B (MIMAROPA)
DON CARLOS M. MEJIAS MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Panangcalan, San Fernando Republic of the Philippines,
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
http://www.facebook.com/Doncarlos NHS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the
problem, significance of the study, scope and delimitation, conceptual framework,
and definition of terms.
Background of the Study
Permanent markers play an important role in writing and artworks in different
ways. It was designed to create various permanent writings on object with
enormous creative and practical possibilities. Aside from its use in writing, it is
also used in labeling, poster creation and calligraphy (Antioquia).
Currently, the price of permanent inks in market had gone too expensive
because of inflation rate of raw materials in creating it (Savastino 2018).
Furthermore, nowadays, almost every product of inks, composed of chemicals,
are very harmful to one’s health when its fumes were inhaled and some causes
eye or skin irritation.
Switching sides, Philippine Medical Plant Organization made a
physiochemical analysis about Tropical Almond fruit skin enabling them to

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
identify it having 12.65 % of ash and 1.30 mg/g tannin which can be used for
tanning leather, provide inks and black dyes for cotton and rattan.
In Sibuyan Island, the Tropical Almond tree are very abundant. It can even
be found growing near the road and bearing so many fruits. However, its usage
are
very limited to people. Aside from its edible kernels, it can also be used to create
ink for pen by the process of boiling. With these reasons, the researchers aims to
produce an ink which are less expensive, not harmful and very accessible since it
is abundant to the locality.

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Statement of the Problem
The conduct of this study mainly focused on the quality of the produced ink
using the number of Tropical Almond fruit and its potential as ink for pen.
Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Sex; and
1.2 Age.
2. How is the ink accepted in terms of:
2.1 Quality;
2.2 Cost efficiency;
2.3 Color; and
2.4 Permanence.
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Significance of the Study
The researchers came up with this study to create a less expensive ink for
pen out of Tropical Almond fruit extract. It is said so because the raw materials
are available and abundant within the community. Additionally, inks on the
products will be ecofriendly and safe to use since the materials are organic. The
beneficiaries of this study are the following:
Community: The product will help the community lessen their financial expenses
and time looking for commercial inks with expensive prices and thus, making it
very difficult to find in stores.
Poster Making Artists: Artists making outlines for their posters, sketches and
other related field of drawing will be able to use markers using Tropical Almond
fruit extract since commercial inks for markers are not allowed to be used due to
its fumes and chemical properties.
Teachers: This study will be beneficial for teachers since they are making visual
presentations, they can use Tropical Almond fruit extract as an ink for markers to
lessen their expenses and to prevent limited sources of inks.

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Students: Using Tropical Almond fruit extract as an ink will help the students
who are making their outputs to avoid inhaling harmful fumes like those in
commercial.
Scope and Delimitation
This research focused on the acceptability of grade 11 students on
Tropical Almond fruit extract as a permanent ink for pen. The researchers also
aimed to produce ink which are less expensive, not harmful and very accessible
since it is abundant in the locality.
The grade 11 students of Don Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High
School in the academic year of 2018-2019 served as the respondents of the
study. This study was conducted on November 2018 until February 2019. A self
administered questionnaire will be used to obtain data from the respondents.

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Conceptual Framework
Independent Dependent
1. What is the demographic
profile of the respondents in
terms of:
1.1 Age; and
1.2 Sex.
2. How is the ink accepted in Acceptability of Grade 11 students
terms of: on Tropical Almond Fruit Extract as
a Permanent Ink for Pen.

2.1 Quality;
2.2 Cost efficiency;
2.3 Color; and
2.4 Permanence.
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Figure I. Conceptual Framework showing the independent variable that directly
affects the dependent variable.
Operational Definition of terms
This pertains to the relation of terms used to the domain under the study.
Tropical Almond Fruit: Also locally known as Talisay Fruit. It was the primarily
material used to create the permanent ink for pen. It contains certain properties
in the production of natural dye and has a potential in creating an ink.
Quality: It pertains to the ability of the product to be marketed. It is the
identification of how good or bad and how high the level of products excellence.
Cost Efficiency: The ability of the product to be affordable and economical in
terms of tangible benefits produced by money spent.
Color: The ability of the ink to be visibly dark, consistent when written and does
not fade after drying.
Permanence: The ability of the ink to be permanent when written, cannot be
erased after drying, dries quickly, and does not spread when written.
Ink: The ink produced by Tropical Almond fruit was used for pen specifically in
the category ballpoint pen ink because it contains an oil-based solvent and
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
pigment for color. The ink flows from a thin tube or canister in the pen. It dries
almost instantly as it touches paper, but because it is oil-based, it can smear.
Pen: An instrument used in writing using the ink produced by the Tropical
Almond fruit.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literatures and studies. It also
contains different study from the authors in foreign.
Tropical Almond
The Tropical Almond Fruit is smooth and ellipsoid that can range up to 3
to 6 centimeters long. When the fruit is chewed, it produces a red-bitter
substance that can be used as dye (Educheer 2018).
According to Stuart and Godofredo (2018), fruits and roots of Tropical
Almond Tree are used for tanning leather and providing an ink and black dye for
dyeing cotton and rattan. Physiochemical analysis of sun dried mesocarp of fruits
revealed about 12.65% ash, 84.93% carbohydrate, 0.37% oil, 316 mg/g glucose,
0.1% protein, 1.30 mg/g tannin, 1.95% moisture, with 3434.5 kcal/kg calorific
value. Furthermore, they can be found throughout the Philippines along
seashores. It is a common inland tree preferred for its umbrella-type shade. Its
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
kernels are edible, with a sweet-acidic pericarp. Seeds are a good source of
minerals; in descending order: potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium. For its
folkloric usage, red leaves are used to expel worms, fruit is said to be purgative
and leaves mixed with oil are rubbed onto the breast to relieve mammary pain.
Bark is used for gastric ailments, bilious diarrhea and dysentery, the sap of
young leaves mixed with the kernel oil has been used for the treatment of
leprosy, bark decoction has been used for the treatment of gonorrhea and
stomach cramps and leaves are applied to rheumatic joints. Juice of young
leaves used for scabies and other cutaneous diseases, headaches and colic and
leaves macerated in oil has been used for tonsillitis and is used for treatment of
hepatitis and dermatitis.
In Sri Lankan folklore, juice of tender leaves used for pains, including
headaches, in India, the bark is used as a diuretic and cardio tonic; leaves used
for headache while in Nigeria, leaves macerated in palm oil used for tonsillitis;
stems and bark used for sexual dysfunction. Seeds have also been used for
sexual dysfunction and dried fallen leaves used for management of sickle cell
anemia. In South-East Asia, leaved, fruit and bark and used to treat dysentery
while in South America, young leaves used to treat colic. Red leaves used as
vermifuge. Leaves rubbed on breasts to relieve pain and is used as mild laxative
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
and as galactagogue for women. Studies of Tropical Almond Tree showed that
the leaf extracts of TC and an isolated antioxidant, corilagin, was found to
provide hepatoprotection in experimentally induced liver injury through
suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Phytochemical analysis yielded
saponin, saponin glycosides, steroid, cardiac glycoside, tannins, volatile oils,
phenols and balsam (gum).
In relation to the study, chemical composition of Tropical Almond fruit,
morphology, and thermogravimetric behavior of Tc pulp analysis showed
considerable energy value based on lipid content, with a fiber content that
enhances the functional properties of the fruit. Thermogravimetric qualities
suggest the raw fruit material has great potential for industrial use as dietary
complement or supplement ingredient in food products due to high absorption
rate of water soluble and/or lipid-based compounds. Further study evaluated the
wound healing activity of T. catappa on excision wound models in rats using an
ointment formulation of a bark extract on excision wound model. Results showed
significant wound healing. Animals treated with the ointment showed 97%
reduction in wound area compared to control animals (81%). Treatment induced
faster epithelization.
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Furthermore, the Tropical Almond Tree chiefly known as Terminalia
Catappa is a large deciduous tree which grows up to 90 feet tall. The leaves turn
red to yellow before falling. All parts of the plant i.e. leaves, kernel, bark, root,
wood and fruit are used for medicinal purposes. The leaf and Bark extract of the
tree possess Anti Carcinogenic, Anti HIV, Hepatoprotective, Anti Diabetic and
Liver regenerating effects. The leaves are Anti Sickling in nature. It is beneficial
for Liver detoxification and supports the Immune System. It is also helpful in the
treatment of Leprosy, Headache and reduces Nausea associated from travelling
(Herbpathy 2018).
Based from Agroforestry Database (2009), the barks, leaves, roots and
fruits of Tropical Almond Tree are all important sources of tannin with the
astringent bark containing 9-23% tannin. The outer shell is also rich in tannin.
The trunk is a source of yellow and black dye; it is used in leather preparation
and as a base for inks; sometimes the roots and fruits are used for the same
purposes. Furthermore, the kernel can be eaten raw or roasted and has an
almond like taste. Sun-dried kernels yield 34-54% of a bland, yellow, semi-drying
oil that is edible but becomes turbid on standing. The oil is mainly used in
cooking. The flesh of the fruit is also edible but is often fibrous and not very tasty
in spite of the pleasant smell.

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
The foliage is used as a feed for silkworms and other animal feeds. The
tree provides a red, good-quality, elastic, cross-grained timber that seasons well
and works easily. Density of the wood is 450-720 kg/m³ at 12% mc. It is strong
and pliable and is used for the construction of buildings, boats, bridges, floors,
boxes, crates, planks, carts, wheelbarrows, barrels and water troughs. In
addition, the trunk of Tropical Almond is a source of gum. Its parts, such as the
leaves and fruit, are astringent. The leaves, crushed with Dacrydium elatum and
rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus, are combined to treat dysentery. The red leaves
act as a vermifuge, while the sap of young leaves, cooked with oil from the
kernel, is used to treat leprosy. Leaves may be rubbed on breasts to cure pain or,
when heated, may be applied to numb parts of the body. They may be used as a
dressing for swollen rheumatic joints. Leaves, bark and fruit are used to treat
yaws. The bark and root bark are useful for bilious fever, diarrhoea, thrush, and
as a remedy for sores and abscesses. The kernel of the fruit mixed with beeswax
stops putrid exudation and bloody faeces. It is recommended as a mild laxative
and a galactagogue for women, but too frequent use causes diarrhoea. The
young leaves are used to cure headaches and colic. When it comes to its
services, Tropical Almond Tree helps in controlling erosion. The tree’s vast root
system binds together both sands and poor soils. It can be used for shade or
shelter: In leaf all the year round, the tree casts a heavy shade that is useful in
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
gardens, school grounds or urban areas. Terminalia catappa is also tolerant of
drought and salt spray and is a promising species for reforestation of sandy
areas. It is also a good provider of mulch for the protection of soil and young
crops. Planting of this tree can help eradicate Imperata cylindrica and other
unwanted grasses.
Thomson and Evans (2006) supported that the Tropical Almond Tree has
a wide range of traditional non-wood product uses. Tannin can be extracted from
the bark, leaves, roots, and fruit shell. The large leaves are used as wrapping
material. A black dye is obtained from the bark, fruit, and foliage that can be used
for staining/coloring fabrics including tapa, tanning leather, and ink-making.
Ink
Inks have been in use for a long time. The earliest inks were carbon
suspensions. Nowadays, the ink formulation is complex and generally is
composed of dyes or pigments (to impart color), polymers (for stabilization of
pigments or dyes and prevent clotting), liquid solvent (for pigment, polymers and
other components), pH modifiers, humectants (prevent drying), wetting agents
(controls surface properties). The commonly used dyes or pigments are eosin
(red color), substituted triphenylmethane (blue color), and titanium dioxide (white
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
ink). Lastly, the commonly used solvents include alcohol, toluene, and propylene
glycol (Enotes 2019).
An ink is a liquid containing various pigments or dyes used for coloring a
surface to render an image or text. It is also used for drawing or writing with a
pen or brush. Thicker inks, in the form of a paste, are used extensively in
letterpress and lithographic printing (New World Encyclopedia 2018).
Ink is a liquid that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface
to produce an image, text or design. It consists of a colorant suspended in a
liquid, either water or a solvent. A colorant can be a pigment or a dye. Most
pigments are both water- and oil-soluble while dyes are generally water soluble
(Don Young, 2017).
According to the Cornell Center for Material Research (CCMR), stated by
Michael Adhkins (2017), Inks are colored liquids that have been in use since the
inception of writing and drawing and are used to write or print on surfaces. The
most important part of the ink- making process is the dye or pigment that gives
ink its color. It also stated that the first dyes and pigments were made out of
plants and minerals such as fruit and vegetables juices. Ancient inks were also
made from animal parts or excretions from squid and octopus and the blood from
shellfish.
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
According to Mixer Direct (2017), ink as a writing tool, has been around
since what is believed to be one of its original uses in the form of dye as a means
of writing on the inside of caves. Eventually, it derived this rudimentary form of
ink from regional fruits, vegetables, minerals and it evolved over hundreds of
years that pigments and dyes from fish and animal parts were used as ink to
create symbolic communication, but as ink for fabric on clothing and other items.
It also stated that around 1200 B.C., a blank ink for writing was created by a
Chinese using pine tree soot and lamp oil. Around 2500 B.C., Egyptian created
their own form of ink by blending a mixture of carbon and gum. Indians also
created an ink from charred bones and tar. It is commonly known as “India ink”
that is popular ink in India, China, and Japan. In the 21 st century, inks have
evolved into two types: printing ink and writing that have sub-classes of ink
depending on the type of writing that the ink will be used.
All pen ink shares two basic ingredients: a colorant and some kind of liquid
or solvent but the characteristics of the ingredients vary greatly depending on the
type of ink. Inks also have additives such as surfactant for smooth flow,
fungicides to prevent fungal growth and buffering agents to control the pH and
give the ink desirable writing characteristic (Olcott, Teri, 2017). In addition, some
ink requires the addition of wax, lubricants, resins, surfactants and florescence
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
that will help in the flow, thickness, appearance and dryine time of the ink (Don
Young, 2017)
According to Teri Olcott (2017), there were five types of pen ink: the
ballpoint pen ink, drawing pen ink, fountain pen ink, rollerball pen ink and gel pen
ink. The ballpoint pen ink contains an oil-based solvent and pigment for color.
The ink flows from a thin tube or canister in the pen. It dries almost instantly as it
touches paper, but because it is oil-based, it can smear. On the other hand, the
drawing pen ink is water-based and contains dye rather than pigment for color
that can be fading over time. Similar to the drawing pen is the fountain pen but it
only have a surfactant which controls the flow of ink and it requires a short drying
time. Just like the ballpoint pens are the rollerball pens but it uses water-based or
gelled ink. The ink for these pens are less viscous than oil-based ink and deeply
saturates the paper resulting in a dark color. Lastly, the gel pen ink contains
colorful pigment suspended in a thick, opaque, water-based gel. It has a high
viscosity of gel that support more pigment than the standard gel ink and also
accommodates different types of pigments such as copper and iron oxides.
Pen
The marker pen is a pen that has a tip made of porous, pressed fibers
(felt) and a reservoir of colored ink. This reservoir has a core of an absorbent
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
material which carries the ink. One more necessary part of a marker is a cap that
prevents drying of ink in a nib. The ink of a marker has a solvent in it that keeps it
in liquid form. Until the 1990s, that solvent was toluene or xylene (History of
Pencil).
Justification
The review of related literature and studies are relevant to the study since
they deal with Tropical Almond Fruit having a properties that has a potential to
create an ink. Reviewed related literature had significant relationship with the
present study since it contained insights and additional knowledge that were
relevant to dilate researchers’ idea.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the materials, equipment, methods and data gathering
procedure used in investigation.
Materials
The materials used in the study to create a permanent ink for pens were
the Tropical Almond Fruit (Raw), water, salt, gum arabic to enhance the gloss
and better transparency and inks receptacle.

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Equipment/ Apparatuses
The equipment utilized in the study were the stove, pot, cup, filtering
cloth and strainer, funnel, bottle, syringe, measuring cup and pens receptacle.
Materials and Methods
An ample amount of Tropical Almond fruit were gathered and cleaned. In a
pot, ten cups of water were put, one half cup of salt and fifty pieces of tropical
almond fruit were placed and then it underwent boiling for at least thirty minutes.
After boiling, the extract of tropical almond fruit were gathered and filtered using
a strainer and a filtering cloth. Then, the filtered extract were boiled until few of
the water is left. After that, it is filtered again using a filtering cloth then eight ml of
gathered extract is placed into a bottle mixed with two ml of gum Arabic for better
gloss, flow and transparency. Finally, put it in inks receptacle using the syringe.
Research Design
Descriptive research design was used in this study since it is a scientific
method which involves observing and describing the behavior of the subject
(Shuttleworth 2018). It seeks to describe, as well as explain, or validate some
sort of hypothesis or objective when it comes to a specific group of people
(McNeill 2018).
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Research Instrument
The research instrument used was survey questionnaire. The researchers
constructed a series of questions using the Likert Scale ranging from strongly
agree to strongly disagree.
Validation of instrument
The instrument was validated by the panel of examiners during the
proposal defense and by the adviser before the final defense. Then the
constructed survey questionnaire was validated by three validators to check the
errors and suggest better questions for validity.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers submitted a letter of permission to the principal to
conduct the study. Then to the adviser, to the subject teachers of the
respondents and they administered the validated questionnaires to the
respondents.
The questionnaire was distributed personally to the respondents with the
help of their respective teachers.
Population and Sampling Technique

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
The respondents were the grade 11 students of Don Carlos M. Mejias
Memorial National High School (DCMMMNHS) enrolled during the second
semester of school year 2018-2019. The population of this study are 312
N
students. The researchers used the Sloven’s formula (n¿ 2 ) with 5% margin
1+ N e
of error to get the appropriate and reliable sample size of the study which
resulted to 175 respondents. The researchers also used stratified random
sampling in getting the exact number of sample in every strand.
Ns
The formula of the stratified random sampling is ns¿ x 100. It is a
n
process in which a certain subgroups or strata are selected for the sample for the
fairness of every respondents to be part of the research.
The type of sampling procedure used by the researchers was the simple
random sampling wherein the researchers selected the respondents through a
fish bowl technique. Simple random sampling is a part of the sampling technique
in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen. A sample chosen
randomly is meant to have an unbiased representation of the total population.
Simple random sampling is one of the simplest form of collecting data from the
total population. Under random sampling, each member of the subset carries an
equal opportunity of being chosen as a part of sampling process.

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were taken from the population of 312 grade
11 student of DCMMMNHS which resulted to 175 students using Sloven’s
formula for a reliable sample for the whole population.
TABLE 1. RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
STRAND POPULATION SAMPLE

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
DRESSMAKING, 8 5
TAILORING
STEM 13 7
ANIMATION, 19 11
COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
CARPENTRY 29 16
GAS B 31 18
GAS C 34 19
ABM 39 22
GAS A 45 25
HUMSS A 47 26
HUMSS B 47 26
TOTAL 312 175
Research Locale and Time of the Study
This research study was conducted at DCMMMNHS that can be found at
Panangcalan, San Fernando, Romblon. This study was conducted during the
second semester of the school year 2018-2019
Statistical Treatment
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
The data from the survey questionnaires were collected and categorized
according to their purpose. Data were summarized into tables and tabulated to
arrive at a weighted mean to facilitate in organizing them into tables with
interpretation.
The formula used by the researchers in tabulation were the following:
Sloven’s formula Stratified Random Sampling
N Ns
(n¿ 2 ) ns¿ x 100
1+ N e n
Where: Where:
n= sample size ns= number of sample size per strand
N= total number of population Ns= population of students per strand
e= margin of error (5%) n= sample size
Percentage Weighted Mean
Where: Where:
f f (x)
p= x 100 WM= ∑
N N
P= percentage WM= total computed weighted mean

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
F=frequency ∑= symbol of summation
N= total number of respondents F= frequency
100= constant number in getting x= item scale
the percentage N= total number of respondent
Likert Scale
Scale Numerical Value Verbal Description
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.41-4.20 Agree
3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Agree
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter includes interpretation and analysis of the gathered data.
Table 2. Profile of the Respondents
2.1 Sex F % Rank
Male 80 45.71 2
Female 95 54.29 1
Total 175 100
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Table 2.1 shows the sex of the respondents. Female ranked first with the
frequency of 95 or 54.29% and 80 or 45.71% were males which ranked second.
2.2 Age F % Rank

16 17 9.72 3
17 103 58.86 1
18 43 24.57 2
19 7 4 4
20 3 1.71 5
21 1 0.57 6.5
22 0 0
23 0 0
24 0 0
25 1 0.57 6.5
Total 175 100
Table 2.2 shows the age of the respondents. Out of 175 respondents, 103
or 58.86% belongs to 17 years of age, which ranked first; 43 or 24.5% belongs to
18 years of age, which ranked second; 17 or 9.72% belongs to 16 years of age,
which ranked third; 7 or 4% belongs to 19 years of age, which ranked fourth; 3 or
1.71% belongs to 20 years of age, which ranked fifth; 1 or 0.57% belongs to 21
and 25 years of age, which ranked 6.5.
Table 3. Quality
SCALE TOTAL WM RANK VD
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
The product is
marketable. 56 50 46 18 5 659 3.77 1 A
The product has refined
texture when written. 42 62 52 15 4 648 3.70 2 A
The product is odorless. 62 32 48 24 9 639 3. 65 3 A
WA= 3.71 A
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Based from the given table, the first ranked has a weighted mean of 3.77 where
the product is marketable. Second in rank is the statement where the product has
refined texture when written that has a weighted mean of 3.7. Third in rank has a
weighted mean of 3.65 stating that the product is odorless.The quality of the
product resulted to a weighted average of 3.71 with a verbal description of agree.
Therefore, the grade 11 students of DCMMMNHS had agreed in the quality of
the ink produced by the Tropical Almond.
Table 4. Cost Efficiency

5 4 3 2 1
Statements
The raw materials used
are not costly. 50 42 56 20 7 633 3.62 2.5 A
The Tropical Almond ink
is affordable. 59 39 50 20 7 648 3.7 1 A
The ink consumption is
less when written. 42 53 59 13 8 633 3. 62 2.5 A
WA= 3.65 A
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Table 4 shows the Cost Efficiency of the product that has the weighted
average of 3.65 which has a verbal description of agree. The first in rank stated
that the tropical almond ink is affordable and has a weighted mean of 3.7. The
statements “the raw materials used are not costly and the ink consumption is less
when written” has a weighted mean of 3.62 and a verbal description of agree
which ranked 2.5.
Table 5. Color
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
The color is visibly dark. 34 55 62 20 4 620 3.54 3 A
The color of the ink is
consistent when written. 42 64 51 16 2 653 3.73 2 A
The color does not fade
after drying. 51 49 57 15 3 655 3.74 1 A
WA= 3.67 A
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
The table 5 shows the color of the product that has a weighted average of
3.67 and has a verbal description of agree. The statement “The color does not
fade after drying” ranked first with 3.74 weighted mean and a verbal description
of agree. While the statement “The color of the ink is consistent when written”
ranked second with 3.73 weighted mean and verbal description of agree. Third in
rank has a weighted mean of 3.54 stating that the color of product is visibly dark
and has a verbal description of agree.
Table 6. Permanence
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
The ink cannot be erased
after drying. 69 49 40 8 9 686 3.92 1 A
The ink dries quickly. 45 48 59 17 6 634 3.62 3 A
The ink does not spread
when written. 51 48 55 13 8 646 3. 69 2 A
WA= 3.74 A
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Based from the result, the permanence of the product has a weighted
average of 3.74 with a verbal description of agree. The statement “The ink
cannot be erased after drying” has a weighted mean of 3.92 that ranked first.
Second in rank has a weighted mean of 3.69 and verbal description of agree
stating that the ink does not spread when written. Third in rank is the statement
the ink dries quickly with a weighted mean of 3.62 and a verbal description of
agree.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter includes the summary of findings, conclusions and the
recommendations.
Summary of Findings
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
The results of the survey showed that most of the respondents were
female and 17 years old.
Most of the respondents had agreed to the quality of the product with the
weighted mean of 3.77 which means that the product is marketable.
The cost efficiency of the product has a verbal description of agree. The
cost efficiency that rank first was “The Tropical Almond ink is affordable” that has
a weighted mean of 3.7 and interpreted as agree.
The color of the product has a verbal description of agree. The statement
“The color does not fade after drying” has the weighted mean of 3.74 and ranked
first which has a verbal description of agree.
For permanence, the respondents had agreed to the statement “The ink
cannot be erased after drying” that has a weighted mean of 3.92 and a verbal
description of agree.
Conclusions
Based from the results, the following conclusions were drawn:
Majority of the respondents were female and 17 years old.
The researchers concluded that in terms of quality, the product is
marketable. In cost efficiency, the respondents agreed that the tropical almond
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
ink is affordable. Moreover, the respondents had agreed that the color does not
fade after drying while in the products permanence, the respondents agreed that
it cannot be erased after drying.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions the following recommendation
were proposed:
1. Add fragrance for better smell.
2. Use carbon to make it more visibly dark.
3. Dissolve the carbon entirely for better consistency.
4. For the variation of colors, use other natural plants producing different
colors of ink.
5. For the continuation of the study, broaden its application by replacing
the commercial inks of different markers or create an original markers
receptacle using tropical almond ink.
REFERENCES
Book
Balgoma J. (et al) (2016). Instructional Factors Affecting mathematical
Achievement of Freshmen Students of RSU- San Fernando Campus.
Online Resources
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Adkins, M. (2017). How Ink is Made? Retrieved January 18, 2019 from
https://sciencing.com/ink-made-6635280.html
Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, (2018). History of Marker Pens.
Retrieved November 7, 2018 from
http://www.historyofpencils.com/writing-instruments history/history-of
marker-pens/
Chemistry World (2003). Ink Chemistry Retrieved January 18, 2019 from
https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/ink-chemistry/3002158
Educheer, (2018). The Potency of Talisay as Ink. Retrieved November 7, 2018
from https://educheer.com/research-papers/the-potency-of-talisay-as-ink/
Enotes (2019). What Elements or compounds is in ink made from Retrieved
November 7, 2018 January 18, 2019 from
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what elements-compounds-ink
made-from-505515
Herbpathy, (2018). Herbpathy. Make life healthy. Retrieved November 7, 2018
from https://herbpathy.com/Uses-and-Benefits-of-Terminalia-Catappa
Cid5197
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Johnson, S. (2018). What Is the Chemical Composition of Pen Ink? Retrieved
November 7, 2018 from https://sciencing.com/chemical-composition-pen
ink 17194.html
Johnson, S. (2018). What is the Chemical of Pen Ink Retrieved January 18, 2019
from https://sciencing.com/chemical-composition-pen-ink-17194.html
Mixer Direct (2017). How Ink is Made? Retrieved January 18, 2019 from
https://blog.mixerdirect.com/how-ink-is-made
Olcott, T. (2017). What are the Different Types of Pen Ink Retrieved January 18,
2019 from https://bizfluent.com/info-8328380-different-types-pen-ink.html
Stuart, G. & Stuart, M.D. (2018). Philippine Medicinal Plants. Retrieved
November 7, 2018 from http://www.stuartxchange.org/Talisay.html
Thomson, L. & Evans, B. (2006). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry.
Retrieved November 7, 2018 from www.traditionaltree.org
Young, D. (2017). What Elements Are in Ink Retrieved January 18, 2019 from
https://ourpasttime.com/what-elements-are-in-ink-12499668.html
PDF from a Website
World Agroforestry Centre, (2009). Terminalia catappa Combretaceae L.
Retrieved November 7, 2018 from https://www.google.com/url?

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.worl
agroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Terminalia_catappa.PDF&ved=2ahUK
wjt5r_N5cHfAhWHdXAKHfsZAi84ChAWMAR6BAgBEAE&usg=AOvVaw
kETb_QGkZHW16s kjQ-32V
Online Encyclopedia
(2018). New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 7, 2018 from
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ink
April 11, 2023

Merlin R. Bialen
Principal I
This Institution
Dear Ma’am,
Christian Greetings!
The researchers of Grade 12 GAS Tesla will conduct a survey inside the
school campus in relation to our study entitled “Acceptability of Grade 11
Students on Tropical Almond Fruit Extract as a Permanent Ink for Pen."
Asking for your authorization, we would like to conduct our study inside the
school campus of DCMMMNHS to take some time of the selected students to be
our respondents. We look forward for your favorable response on this matter.
Sincerely yours,
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Alexis C. Romano Nel Jane R. Rosas Jonald R. Carpio
Checked by:
DOLOR R. MANIQUIZ
Research Project Teacher
Noted by:
TRESITA B. RIOS
SHS Coordinator
Approved by:
MERLIN R. BIALEN
Principal 1
April 11, 2023
Grade 7 Teachers
This Institution
Dear Ma’am/Sir;
Christian Greetings!
The researchers of Grade 12 ABM and 12 GAS Marx will conduct a survey
inside the school campus in relation to our study entitled “Acceptability of
Grade 11 Students on Tropical Almond Fruit Extract as a Permanent Ink for
Pen."
With your authorization, we would like to utilize your advisory class as our
respondents. We look forward for your favorable response on this matter. Thank
you very much for your support.
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Sincerely yours,
Alexis C. Romano Nel Jane R. Rosas Jonald R. Carpio
Checked by:
DOLOR R. MANIQUIZ
Research Teacher
Noted by:
TRESITA B. RIOS
SHS Coordinator
Approved by:
LILIBETH P. VILLACASTIN ROSANA R. RABINO
Head Teacher V Head Teacher V
January 18, 2019

Dear Ma’am/Sir,
The researchers of grade 12 STEM-NEWTON will conduct a survey inside
the school campus in relate to their study entitled “Acceptability of Grade 11
Students on Tropical Almond Fruit extract as a Permanent Ink for Pen.”
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
With regards to the research design used which is Descriptive Research

Design, the researchers constructed a survey questionnaire to be filled up by
their respondents.
Your suggestions for improvement of the said instrument is highly
appreciated. Thank you for your time.
Sincerely yours,
Alexis C. Romano
Nel Jane R. Rosas
Jonald R. Carpio
INFORMATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT STATEMENT

I have received the verbal information of the above study and have read the
attached written instrument.
I have perused the instrument and noted necessary corrections and
additional information which I believe were suited in the study being conducted.
By signing this information and acknowledgement form, I attest that the
researchers, personally appeared to me for validation of their researched
instrument.
I understand I will receive a copy in this information and acknowledgement
form for future references.
Printed Name and Signature of the Validator Date of Signature

Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
APPENDIX C
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Students,
The researchers of grade 12 STEM-NEWTON will conduct a survey inside
the school campus in relation to their study entitled “Acceptability of Grade 11
Students on Tropical Almond Fruit Extract as a Permanent Ink for Pen."
Asking for your account participation, we would like you to be our
respondent in the said study. We look forward for your favorable response on this
matter.
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
ACCEPTABILITY OF GRADE 11 STUDENTS ON TROPICAL ALMOND FRUIT

EXTRACT AS A PERMANENT INK FOR PEN
Direction: Fill up what is asked under the Demographic Profile and put a check
on the blank that correspond to your answers for the subsets of determining the
inks acceptability.
1. Demographic Profile
1.1 Sex; and ____
1.2 Age ____
5 4 3 2 1
Numerical Value Verbal Description

5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Moderately Agree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
Strongly Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagr
2.1 Quality;
a. The product is marketable.
b. The product has refined
texture when written.
c. The product is odorless.
2.2 Cost Efficiency;
a. The raw materials used are
not costly.
b. The Tropical Almond ink is
affordable.
c. The ink consumption is less
when written.
2.3 Color;
a. The color is visibly dark.
b. The color of the ink is
consistent when written.
c. The color does not fade after
drying.
2.4 Permanence;
a. The ink cannot be erased
after drying.
b. The ink dries quickly.
c. The ink does not spread
when written.
2. How is the ink accepted in terms of:
Signature
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
PHOTO GALLERY
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
APPENDIX D
CURRICULUM VITAE
ALEXIS C. ROMANO
Taclobo, San Fernando, Romblon
09272910203
E-mail address: alexiscromano@gmail.com
I. PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : November 19, 2000
Age : 18 years old
Civil Status : Single
Height : 162 cm
Weight : 45 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Aguinaldo B. Romano
Mother’s Name : Herminia C. Romano
II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary
Senior Don Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High
School
June 2017- Present Panangcalan, San Fernando, Romblon

Science, Technology, Engineering,
Mathematics
Junior Don Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High

School
2016- 2017 Panangcalan, San Fernando, Romblon
Elementary
Taclobo Elementary School
2012- 2013 Taclobo, San Fernando, Romblon
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
NEL JANE R. ROSAS
09555573443
E-mail address: neljane.rosas01@gmail.com
I. PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : March 06, 2001

Age : 18 years old
Height : 160 cm
Weight : 44 kg
Father’s Name : Nazario R. Rosas
Mother’s Name : Susan R. Rosas
III. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary

School

Mathematics

School
Elementary
Romblon (5513)/ 0906.344.77.78
JONALD R. CARPIO
09264313818
I. PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : October 23, 1999

Age : 19 years old
Height : 165.1 cm
Weight : 58 kg
Father’s Name : Diolito R. Carpio
Mother’s Name : Neresa R. Carpio
IV. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary

School

Mathematics

School
Elementary

Don Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High School

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Don Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High School

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Don Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High School

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the

problem, significance of the study, scope and delimitation, conceptual framework,

and definition of terms.

Background of the Study

Permanent markers play an important role in writing and artworks in different

ways. It was designed to create various permanent writings on object with

also used in labeling, poster creation and calligraphy (Antioquia).

because of inflation rate of raw materials in creating it (Savastino 2018).

Furthermore, nowadays, almost every product of inks, composed of chemicals,

eye or skin irritation.

Switching sides, Philippine Medical Plant Organization made a

physiochemical analysis about Tropical Almond fruit skin enabling them to

is abundant to the locality.

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Sex; and

2. How is the ink accepted in terms of:

2.2 Cost efficiency;

2.3 Color; and

Significance of the Study

beneficiaries of this study are the following:

very difficult to find in stores.

its fumes and chemical properties.

lessen their expenses and to prevent limited sources of inks.

Scope and Delimitation

This research focused on the acceptability of grade 11 students on

since it is abundant in the locality.

The grade 11 students of Don Carlos M. Mejias Memorial National High

School in the academic year of 2018-2019 served as the respondents of the

administered questionnaire will be used to obtain data from the respondents.

profile of the respondents in

1.1 Age; and

2. How is the ink accepted in Acceptability of Grade 11 students

terms of: on Tropical Almond Fruit Extract as

a Permanent Ink for Pen.

2.2 Cost efficiency;

2.3 Color; and

Figure I. Conceptual Framework showing the independent variable that directly

affects the dependent variable.

Operational Definition of terms

in the production of natural dye and has a potential in creating an ink.

Quality: It pertains to the ability of the product to be marketed. It is the

Cost Efficiency: The ability of the product to be affordable and economical in

terms of tangible benefits produced by money spent.

not fade after drying.

Permanence: The ability of the ink to be permanent when written, cannot be

almost instantly as it touches paper, but because it is oil-based, it can smear.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

contains different study from the authors in foreign.

to 6 centimeters long. When the fruit is chewed, it produces a red-bitter

substance that can be used as dye (Educheer 2018).

According to Stuart and Godofredo (2018), fruits and roots of Tropical

value. Furthermore, they can be found throughout the Philippines along

minerals; in descending order: potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium. For its

hepatitis and dermatitis.