Date

MOpULE-04
Ele ctei cal pop ealies o mateials and Applitot
chopter o1: ele ctoical conductivity in metals.
Fallues classical
classical
eleren thany fails to eplain
Cestain Bpuimatal ohservations, Suh as
*Elecbonic spedle eat et Galids
Auendtný to cET the elchoni speife
heat is qivea by
y3)R= lQ.5Jmolek
but the cupriental vaue l electonic spe ilfi
heat

Smau and also tmpunale digabnt

hence, CET Fals
heat
to eaplain electanie speißie
Depends oh electial conductvy On temperatue
Arcoding to CET ele ctical
in vuu psuopotional to Squae ootconductivity is
Hempuctu
but the expeiments vels Electia conducivih
Inveuy poatton to tempenhw
Hence ,F1 Yails to exphin
 DOr15

Electical conduchity on
The theoy phredicd's that the dineetnumber desity
depnd
on mumbes
slectieaf anduatiity
nit volume is Caited number ,expeient
dierent ith elk
have 7evealed
od copper cTehical conduchvity f alumirie tonduckihy
Qven though no. clansity af cogpes les han numbe
Oaluninium
to caplat deteo
Hance fais unit olume
Conutivit pe

Metalom) n(m3) 28
Cu 5.8gx LO7 8.45X10!
A 3.65X10R06zo

The ailuses o CFI lead to 91aise

Aslumplion ae s follows
unlike CEL the valus of f3ce
eletons ae quontised. the enegy valuu
disrete since, thei mo tlon as
Conlind witin th boundarits f metal
mital, thee nists Iasige umbs f
elechbrs
Closey spacedl fnegy lvals
hich (orm a band
The distaibution Dusion in the t0lonly a

i5 as pu pauli's
Maximum e Can
principl
This al so Sugests the vd corr ofpondig
States în an Eng7
 DOMS
Late

to Spin p and spinbydown

th atice ions
*The poten tial stup
be constant thaoughout the mkal
Th mulual anpulsio ketna thh cleatens and
attacton behvcen aod lattice ion ae
nglectod
phonan
A phonon
The collective
quantum
motion
f datee vibaations ,
atoms

a quantis ccl
ncngi s ~od
constilude phansn
momnt um

Fesmi kney
# The highest illd by , tel in ametol
En
at absolule 'zeso
Fesmi level and consporcling tnugy is lald
Fermi tnc "letic
(EF), thudore,'at
field
dohute Dkenp
no

belouo the leami evel

applid all levels ae
and above Dshe
Ferm
F
 stales

dmsity of dtatrs isunitdefincd

Volume
as nunbes el engy
a mateal iohe
Statex awailable por
nit engy range in the valence band y the
matoial
matkmat cally it is a continuous tunction
(E) henumbey
denoted
in the E and de
Luntt vatume ntateial
32
6(E) de:

Fomi - dirac Ois tributon and Femifactor lvel

(E) at tempe>1atune ()
Equilib sium R5 Evalualed stng
ralld yimiatoy
(E)

o the
levels by fre e palis
The
occupalion a metal is acc ond in to
valence band o his dist oibutbn is not
Cxcluston pahiple. dstoibtion
Aandom, t falloa feomi dirac
ftrmions- particle with Spin.
and tempratue
fesm fahor on enegt
drpndene
FCE)
 Dt

Casedi
Dcupalion ol rels
prcbablity T- Ok (elin.
he
-Ve

(6): 1

(ase

prcbabiliny at ocupafo n evels with briigy

E =tve

7le): o
A level Aboe ue

Case 3i

porcbabiliy
at
foccpation
T)O K
kves wth Brug

=).5.
Thus fe all tmpenatury above OK
 DOMS Page No
Date

o upalion o feo level is hal

T>oK

Numeial
Cal culate the an iletron o an Slecdon
level 0.0Ev above -the
at D00k
 DOMS
Dat

) Caleulale he probabilihy
peavioue but bele)
at do0 k

-0.03 axOT.
F(e) -3.2X lo21

FlE)
1.09t|
O.339 +L
=074.
J. 339
 DOMS Page No.
Date

Aomi level silve iz 5,5 ev. hat ishe

S.5tu.
T:3oo

E?

4-59X

- Do

)2,18yO°)

ln gg a

4.59_X 300Xl. 38 y LO23

l.o033 xLO?0.
2o

19
E-S.6xI,6x10 1. 40233 xIp

899rLo9
5. 61875 internas
 DO15P t
Dat

SUPERCONDUCTIVI)
The Phmonencn in Whith vesstante
to Znd abptly.
ally
bdeo
ond
Coyiain trypeature is calld spr (ordhchi

Mathiestn'; vule- A metal Consisty of attie ins ie

inpusity atongs that ae hld tggctht by free e, Th
Scaicag Wih he vibsnalinq Leliie jons
Satle ing by the
Thesnloe, he nt Ktstity a condute is
qivenby
lhe abo Ve laualion is Called as

PA
putt mrlals

)Citical terpeatune i The tempesnatuse below hid

Supn ccnducling papaty is
Caled Coriti cal tmpyat and it is dtnoted by
 DOMPage tNo
Date

Caitical tcopesLattee is

The males ialz t nhich clibits

Supe iondutlivity is lald Supr Cooduto
Msibana's teti- When the tmperalusn ia grrah
Han-Likcal tempsaltu ohe corductos
s the 1is letr than

wheno Supey condu cing matrialis placed in mugnet lilsl

aboe (iti al temp (ratne,

expells all the fu ine
Completaly Out the Specinep ard lhibts pofi
d'anmaqut isna
Batussian for magli plu denty
lol rt H)
BMaqnehc
MMaqnelisatio
H uplicdagtit
 DOMSPageto
Date

BOhen T Te
M: -H

Csitol fidd and its trrpealus. dpondonee

nKT, When Supes condutor is phid in
xplls mggrcic flu, linns Qanmpltely
the body and ctbtts diamagnchan)pect
But the
stanth migncti licld is djawaqi,
inixa
rastulay valae of manci fild the
matoial loscs its Supes
becomes monma condusby: cthdutig pepeuhy
and
The valL of magpee lield at htch the
tyansission Ocuss odm Supes condutting stale to

Jalhese t, is GiHcal magnic 7irld al any ttnspaatus

Hp is Couicol TTe
magncke Kicld at tempena tuu
He
 Dape No
Catr

Lead ha Supty condutinq toansibzon termpezat uy f

the ni tial ficld ot or
kaled at: the coitiol il al Gk

H SorD -le?)

- 36

1 - 0.68 36L

sOXLLo.31649

H, |s.8410 Am!

3) The Supr Condutiog hans ston ttmper atuse in is

3.k, rind the citicol
The maqsatie fidd
3.K

Ho: 0.0 306 Tepla

He O. o3o6 I-4
(3.)?

J3.6
 D0r15
Date

3) Ca eutae th aao
Sups Conduce at ak Qod 5K
tempeatuye
the Cntiy
Sol T,gK
He, Ho |- 2

He 64-99
69

64-5

L1-0.3306 23
H

H, 3

S uper cond uctob aye

type 1 Supes tonducoy namy

Tyo Q Supyi ond uttor 0 hod Supes Con du ceos

Supey Cond utus
Sqt Supe Conduckes
Type Supr tondurtos
and Sinde
ezhisl Complete Musns
value
the_lild sipgth nonabu the nalai
beomep more dla mgroti
to H,.above H the haleti
 DOMSPape No
Date

allouD the lux kncs to pass thsuugh the it and

exltbity nomal nd utiity
The valu of H i veny hmall
Tbege ggatl ials tannot Chihstand high maustie
Thepe nat eials Cannot
Conduzling naaqnets .
eampls ecusy,lead,and zinc ctc

up Conducto

SupuCondu linq mateziale Which can whs tand

high valu ofaifical fild called had

The hand supr enduloss dhasateized by

bihen appícd magnali icld is loss thao H
matea ealibits pa<et Uiamagnatizm
beyond He patial uz penethats and the matial
i aid to be in vontex Btate hub, lux penetals
though Small channised ugio nz Callad ilaments .
As -the stacngth o applicd maqeli feld
the body theye by
ux onter
dacaeasinq the dia'magnetie prepesty the mbteil.
a! H piux lI the body tompl at el y and the
matcsials its diaragineti pnoputy as uell as
 DOMS
Page
Data

Supo Cendu hng propeity

The valut ol HC, is
Conduttos
thon
Sup Supey Londu tirna
mannets
NTE Nh, Sn

Vontex stat.

He,

1 or2

Baden (oopex and seitee cxplaincd the pharoneret

of Supa (ondutivity . Considry an cdebn
+e ion ate Cn and óuloes Coloumb atbsay
inteation due to thiz
Set in moon and athailion ion c0re
Thus, diptortz tt atice
Let a Beopd e Come in a wau of dis tor toi
Jattice and inteya ction betwen.
the En
Tho alection therdor in tesact indirecHy throgt
-the latlice distetion"
phonon fialdwil e
the Enyy eo. The abveinte ya licr s inte»byelt
inleoction thacuh
 DOr1St

Tt as shoon by coopes he allatie force

bomia maxipum f D eleons haeopesie
Spirs and Cmeratum.
The attyative force may xeeed coloumbs nepukive
betten the eleons belou -the (oitical
Dtcmpemalaea, lhich osul!s in Hhe fezmalin
paûs
f
bound pain o cletons called caher
Belao the "oitial tempexaluu the dersi cloud of
Coopu piys om a cellelie stal and the
mctlon o au coopaa paiu i Co-elalid sulHng ta
Klo Yesistance oh themaloal

diztotir

Supa fonduling natyala Whih xibit Supu

-Condudivihy
ligl tempuauu apo Conductps.
Thus hil t psaleu supe Condulors pesss
higha Cileal tanapualuu COnpaud to
the hioh
ronunttonal Sup cond uite a Most
tempctune 'upacondueto
toamiCA