SETS

DAY–3 & 4 (THEORY)

Definition of Set
A well defined collection of objects is called a set.
Examples:
1. The roots of the equation x 2  5x  6  0
2. The English alphabets from a to z
3. The set of natural numbers
In all these collections, we can identify each object precisely and hence they represent sets.
On the other hand, honest people, clever students, handsome boys and so on are relative terms
and it is not possible to identify a particular person belongs to the set or not. Hence, they do not
form sets in the language of mathematics.
Elements of a Set
The objects that belong to a set are called elements or members of the set.
Set notations
The sets are usually denoted by capital letters A , B, C ,...... and their elements by a , b , c ,.......
If a particular element x belong to set A then we write it as x  A . If x and y belongs to
set A , we write it as x , y  A . However, if an element x does not belong to B , we write x  B .
We use curly brackets to enclose the elements of a set. For example
C  {set of all even natural numbers}  2, 4,6,8,.......
= { x / x is even natural number]
The symbol / stands for ‘such that’
Each element in a set is separated by comma
Specifying sets
(i) Roster method or Listing method
In this method, a set is represented by listing all the elements within   . For example
A  a, e , i , o, u
(ii) Set builder method or Rule method
In this method, we state one or more properties of the elements so that we can decide
whether an object belongs or not belongs to the set. For example
B  { x|x is single digit natural number}
Singleton set
The set which contains only one element is called singleton set. For example
D  { x / x is root of x 2  4 x  4  0 }
Empty Set or Null Set
The Set which contains no element is called the empty set. The null set is denoted by  or
  for example E  { x / x is real root of x 2  1  0 } is the null set.
The cardinal number of a set
If a set A contain finite number of elements n , we denote the cardinal number of set by
n A .
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SETS 7
In other words, n A stands for number of elements in a finite set A .

For example A  a, e , i , o , u then n A  5

B  { x / x is single digit natural number} then nB  9

The cardinal number of the empty set is zero.
Subset of a set
Two sets A and B are such that, each element of set A is also, an element of set B then A
is called a subset of B , denoted by A  B (read it as A is subset of B )
Thus a set A is a subset of B if x  A  x  B
If A is not a subset of B , we write it as A 
B
Note: For every set, the empty set and the set itself are subsets.
Example:
For A  1,2,3 , the sets   , 1 , 2 , 3 , 1,2 , 2,3 , 1,3 , 1,2,3 are all subsets.
Equality of sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of set A is an element of set B and
every element of set B is an element of set A
i.e x  A  x  B
Note: From the above definition we can conclude the following
1. A set does not change if we change the order in which the elements are tabulated
2. A set does not change if one or more elements are repeated.
For example consider
A  1,2, 3, 4 , B  3,1, 4,2,1,3 then by definition A  B
Proper Subset
Consider the set A which is subset of set B . If there is atleast one element of B which is not
in the set A , then A is called proper subset of B and it is denoted by A  B
Set of Sets
A set whose elements are set(s) is called set of sets.
Example:
, 1 , 2 , 2, 3 is set of sets.
Power Set
Let S is any set. Then the family of the all subsets of S is called the power set of S and is
denoted by P S

Let S  1,2,3 , then P S    , 1 , 2 , 3 , 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 2, 3 , 1, 2, 3

Note: If a set S has ' n ' elements then its power set P S has 2 n elements
Universal Set
In any discussion about sets, all the sets under consideration are subsets of a particular set.
Such set is called universal set denoted by U.

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8 SETS
The Union of two sets A and B
It is the set consisting of precisely those elements which are belongs to either A or B or both
and is denoted by A  B
 A  B  x / x  A or B or both
Example:
If A  1,2, 3 , B  3, 4,5 then A  B  1,2,3, 4,5
The Intersection of two sets A and B
It is the set of all those elements that belong to both A and B and denoted by A  B
 A  B  x / x  A and B both
Example:
A  1,2,3, 4 , B  2, 4,6,8 then A  B  2, 4
Disjoint Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if they don’t have any element in common. In
other words A  B  
Difference of two Sets A and B
The difference of two sets A and B in that order is the set of elements that belong to A but
that not belong to B and is denoted by A  B .
 A  B  x / x  A and x  B
Similarly B  A  x / x  B and x  A
Example:
A  1,2, 3, 4 , B]2,4,6,8 then A  B  1,3 , B  A  6,8
In general A  B  B  A
Complement of Set
The complement of set A is denoted by A ' or Ac or A and is defined as the difference
universal set U and the set A .
Example:
U  N  1,2,3, 4,...... , A  2, 4,6,8,..... then A'  U  A  1,3, 5,7,.......
Symmetric Difference of Sets
The symmetric difference of two sets A and B is denoted by AB and is defined as
 A  B  B  A .
 AB   A  B  B  A   A  B   A  B

AB  x / x  A and x  B or x  A and x  B

Example: A  1, 2, 3, 4 , B  2, 4, 6,8 , then AB  1, 3,6,8
Algebra of Sets: Let A, B and C be any three sets and ‘U’ be the universal set. Then
Idempotent Laws: a) A  A  A , b) A  A  A
Identity Laws: a) A    A , b) A  U  A
Commutative Laws: a) A  B  B  A , b) A  B  B  A

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SETS 9
Associative Laws: a)  A  B  C  A  B  C  , b)  A  B  C  A  B  C 
Distributive Laws: a) A  B  C    A  B   A  C  , b) A  B  C    A  B   A  C 
De-Morgan Laws: a)  A  B'  A ' B ' , b)  A  B'  A ' B '
Useful Results:
(i) A  B  A  B ' (ii) B  A  B  A ' (iii) A  B  A  A  B  
(iv)  A  B  B  A  B (v)  A  B  B   (vi) A  B  B '  A '
(vii) A  B  C    A  B   A  C  (viii) A  B  C    A  B   A  C 
(ix) A  B  C    A  B   A  C  (x) A  B  C    A  B   A  C 
Venn Diagrams
Venn diagrams are used to represent sets by circles (or any closed shape) inside a rectangle.
The rectangle represent the universal set and the circle represent the respective set mentioned. The
element of the set are points inside the circle. The Venn diagrams for some sets are as follows.
U U U U
AB AB A–B B–A

A B A B A B A B

A B 
U
A

C
A  B  C  A  B  C  U A
Some important results on number of elements in Sets:
If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the universal set, then
i) n  A  B  n  A  n B  n  A  B
ii) n  A  B  n  A  n  B  A, B are disjoint sets
iii) n  A  B  n  A  n  A  B
iv) n  AB  n  A  n B  2 n  A  B = Number of elements which belongs to exactly one of A or B
v) n  A  B  C   n  A  n  B  n C   n  A  B  n  B  C   nC  A  n  A  B  C 
vi) Number of elements in exactly two of the sets
A, B, C  n  A  B  n B  C   nC  A  3n A  B  C 
vii) Number of elements is exactly one of the sets A, B, C
 n  A  nB  n C   2 n  A  B  2 n B  C   2n C  A  3n  A  B  C 

viii) n  A ' B '  n A  B'  nU   n  A  B

ix) n  A ' B '  n A  B'  nU   n  A  B

x) n  A1  A2  ......  An 

  n  Ai    n  Ai  A j   n  Ai  A j  Ak .......  1
n 1
n  A1  A2  ....  An 

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10 SETS

DAY–3 (EXERCISE)

BASIC LEVEL QUESTIONS

1. If A and B are two sets containing 3 and 6 elements respectively, then the minimum
number of elements in A  B is
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 12
2. If A and B are two sets containing 4 and 13 elements respectively, then the maximum
number of elements in A  B is
(A) 13 (B) 17 (C) 4 (D) 21
3. A survey shows that 63% of the Americans like football where as 76% like Basket ball. If
x% like both foot ball and basket ball, then
(A) x  63 only (B) x  39 only (C) x  39, 40,....,63 (D) none
4. If 2 N  2 x : x  N  and 3N  3x : x  N  then 2 N  3N =
(A) N (B) 6N (C) 2N (D) 3N
5.  
If X  4 n  3n  1, n  N and Y  9 n  1 , n  N  where N is the set of natural numbers,
then X  Y is
(A) N (B) X (C) Y (D) Y  X
6. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of the first set is 56 more
than the total number of subsets of second set. The values of m and n are
(A) m  7, n  6 (B) m  6, n  3 (C) m  5, n  1 (D) m  8, n  7
7. Which of the following is empty set?


(A) x : x   and x 2  1  0  
(B) x : x   and x 2  1  0 
(C) x : x   and x 2  9  0 (D) x : x   and x 2  x  2

8. Let sets X and Y are sets of all positive divisors of 400 and 1000 respectively. Then
nX  Y  
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
9. If X and Y are two sets, then X  X  Y ' equals
(A) X (B) Y (C)  (D) none of these
10. If A   a , b , then P  A 

(A) a , b (B) , a , b , a, b

(C)  , a , b , A (D) none of these

11. The number of elements in the set P P  P   is

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

12. Let S  x / x is an integer between 1 and 1000 (including both) which are neither perfect
square nor perfect cube } Then the number of elements in S are
(A) 959 (B) 960 (C) 961 (D) 962

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SETS 11

If A and B are two sets then A   A  B is equal to

C
13.

(A)  (B) A (C) B (D) A  BC

14. In a class of 80 students numbered 1 to 80; all odd numbered students opt for cricket,
students whose numbers are divisible by 5 opt for football and these whose numbers are
divisible by 7 opt for Hockey. The number of students who do not opt any of the three
games is
(A) 13 (B) 24 (C) 28 (D) 52
15. The set  A  B '' B  C  is equal to
(A) A ' B  C (B) A ' B (C) A ' C ' (D) A ' B

MAINS LEVEL QUESTIONS

16. Let F1 be the set of parallelograms, F2 the set of rectangles, F3 the set of rhombuses, F4 the
set of squares and F5 the set of trapeziums in a plane. Then F1 may be equal to
(A) F2  F3 (B) F3  F4 (C) F2  F5 (D) F2  F3  F4  F1
17. Let S  set of points inside the square, T  the set of points inside the triangle and C  the
set of points inside the circle. If the triangle and circle intersect each other and are contained
in a square. Then
(A) S  T  C   (B) S  T  C  C (C) S  T  C  S (D) S  T  S  C
18. Let R be set of points inside a rectangle of sides a and b  a , b  1 with two sides along the
positive direction of x  axis and y  axis. Then

(A) R  x , y  : 0  x  a , 0  y  b (B) R  x , y  : 0  x  a , 0  y  b

(C) R  x , y  : 0  x  a , 0  y  b (D) R  x , y  : 0  x  a , 0  y  b

19. In a class of 60 students, 25 students play cricket and 20 students play tennis, and 10
students play both the games. Then, the number of students who play neither is
(A) 0 (B) 25 (C) 35 (D) 45
20. In a town of 840 persons, 450 persons read Hindi, 300 read English and 200 read both. Then
the number of persons who read neither is
(A) 210 (B) 290 (C) 180 (D) 260

ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS

21. If X  8n  7 n  1 n  N  and Y  49n  49 n  N  . Then

(A) X  Y (B) Y  X (C) X  Y (D) X  Y  

22. If sets A and B are defined as

 

 , B  x , y  y  x , x  R then
1
A
 x , y  y  , 0  x  R


 x 


(A) A  B  A (B) A  B  B (C) A  B   (D) A  B  A

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12 SETS
23. If A  1, 3, 5,7, 9,11, 13, 15, 17  , B  2, 4,...,18 and  the set of natural numbers is the
universal set, then A '  A  B  B ' is
(A)  (B)  (C) A (D) B
24. Let S  x x is a positive multiple of 3 less than 100 ,
P  x x is a prime number less than 20 . Then n S  n  P  is
(A) 34 (B) 31 (C) 33 (D) 30
25. If X and Y are two sets and X ' denotes the complement of X, then X  X  Y ' is equal to
(A) X (B) Y (C)  (D) X  Y

DAY–4 (EXERCISE)

BASIC LEVEL QUESTIONS

1. If A  2, 3, 4, 5, 7 , B  1, 2, 4, 7, 9 then  A  B  B  A  A is equal to

(A) 3, 5 (B) 2, 4 (C) 3, 7 (D) 2, 7
2. If X and Y are two sets such that X  Y  X  Y , then
(A) X  Y , X  Y (B) Y  X , Y  X (C) X  Y (D) None of these

3. If A  x : x  R and satisfy x 2  5x  56  0 , B  x : x  N and x  5  14 ,

C  x : x  N and x /112 then A  B  C  is equal to
(A) 1, 2, 3, 8 (B) 8, 7 (C) 1, 2, 8, 7 (D) 1, 2, 4, 7, 8
4. If A and B are two sets such that n  A  B  36 , n  A  B  16 and n  A  B  15 then n B
is
(A) 21 (B) 31 (C) 20 (D) 52
5. The maximum number of sets obtainable from A and B by applying union and difference
operation is
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
6. If A  x : x  4n  1, n  5, n  N  and B  3n : n  8, n  N  then A   A  B is
(A) 9,21 (B) 9,12 (C) 6,12 (D) 6,21
7. A and B are two sets such that n( A)  5 and n( B)  10 then
(A) minimum value of n  A  B  5 (B) maximum value of n  A  B  10
(C) minimum value of n  A  B  10 (D) maximum value of n  A  B  15
8. E,  , R, O denote respectively the sets of all equilateral, isosceles, right angled and obtuse
angled triangles in a plane, then which of the following is not true.
(A) R  E   , R     (B) E  O   , O    
(C) E     , E  O   (D) E     , E  

9. If A  3n : n  N , n  6 , B  9 n : n  N , n  4 the which of the following is false?

(A) A  B  6, 5, 61 (B) A  B  3, 27, 243

(C) A  B  9, 81, 729 (D) A  B  3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 656
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SETS 13
10. If the number of elements in  A  B  C , B  C   A , C  A  B and A  B  C is 10, 15,
20 and 5 respectively, then number of elements in  AB C is
(A) 35 (B) 50 (C) 40 (D) 45
11. Let Z be the set of all integers and A   a , b : a 2  3b 2  28, a , b  z and

B   a , b : a  b , a , b  z then number of elements in A  B is ______

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 5
12. In a class of 25 students, at least one of mathematics or statistics is taken by everybody. 12
have taken mathematics, 8 have taken mathematics but not statistics. Find the difference in
the number of students who have taken mathematics and statistics and those who have
taken statistics but not Maths?
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 18 (D) 8
13. In a class of 200 students, 70 played cricket, 60 played hockey and 80 played foot ball.
Thirty played cricket and football, 30 played hockey and foot ball, 40 played cricket and
hockey. Find the maximum number of people playing all the three games and also the
minimum no of people playing at least one games?
(A) 200, 100 (B) 30, 110 (C) 30, 120 (D) None of these
14. In a class of 120 students’ 90 students take mathematics, 72 take Science, 10 take neither Mathematics
nor Science then the number of students who take both the subjects is
(A) 52 (B) 110 (C) 162 (D) 100
15. If A 1, 2, 3, 4 , then number of subsets of set A containing element 3, is
(A) 24 (B) 28 (C) 8 (D) 16

MAINS LEVEL QUESTIONS

16. Let  be the set of integers, N = the set of non negative integers, N P  the set of non-
positive integers. Then the sets A and B satisfying A  B   are
(A) A    N P , B  N  N P (B) A    N , B    N P
(C) A  N N P , B    N P (D) A  N N P , B    N   0
17. Which of the following equality is not true?
(A) A  B  C   A  B   A  C  (B) A   A  B   A  B
(C) A  B  C    A  B   A  C  (D) A  BC    A  B  A  C 

18. The set  A  B  C    A  B  C   C is equal to

(A) B  C (B) A  C (C) B  C (D) None

19. If A, B, C are three sets and S is the universal set such that n  S  900 ,
n A   400, n B  250 and n  A  B  150 then n  A  B 
(A) 200 (B) 600 (C) 250 (D) 400
20. A, B, C are the sets of letters needed to spell the words STUDENT, PROGRESS and
CONGRUENT, respectively, then n  A  B  C  is equal to

(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 11

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14 SETS
ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS

21. If A, B, C are three non-empty sets such that A  B   , B  C   , then

(A) A  C (B) A  C (C) C  A (D) None of these
22. Let A,B,C be distinct subsets of a universal set U. For a subset X of U, Let X denote the
complement of X is U. Consider the following sets

I.  A  B  C   B  B  C

II.  A  B   A  B  C    A   B  C  which of the above of statements is/are correct?

(A) I only (B) II only (C) Both I and II (D) Neither I nor II
23. In a factory 70% of the workers like oranges and 64% like apples. If x% like both oranges
and apples, then
(A) x  34 (B) x  64 (C) 34  x  64 (D) None of these
24. If A  1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 , B  2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and N the set of
natural numbers is the universal set, then A '  A  B  B ' is
(A) A (B) A ' (C) B (D) N
25. Let A1 , A2 and A3 be the subsets of a set X. Which of the following is correct?
(A) A1  A2  A3 is the smallest subset of X containing either A1 or A2  A3 but not both
(B) A1  A2  A3 is the smallest subset of X containing elements of each of A1 , A2 and A3
(C) The smallest subset of X containing either A1 or A2  A3 but not both
(D) None of these

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

1. If a  ax : x   and b  c  d , where b , c   are relatively prime, then

(A) d  bc (B) c  bd (C) b  cd (D) none of these
2. In a group of athletic teams in a school, 21 are in the basket ball team, 26 in the hockey
team, and 29 in food ball team. If 10 play hockey and basket ball; 12 play foot ball and
basket ball; 15 play hockey and foot ball and 8 play all the three games, then the total
number of players are
(A) 43 (B) 45 (C) 47 (D) 49
3. In a town of 10,000 families, it was found that 40% families buy news paper A, 20% families
buy newspaper B and 10% families buy newspaper C, 5% buy A and B, 3% buy B and C,
and 4% buy C and A. If 2% buy all the three, then the number of families which buy none of
A, B and C is
(A) 4,000 (B) 3,300 (C) 4,200 (D) 5,000
4. The average of all the numbers in the set S   a  b a , b  1, 2, 3,.....9 is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 45 (D) None

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SETS 15
5. Suppose A1 , A2 ,....., A30 are 30 sets each having 5 elements and B1 , B2 ,...., Bn are n sets each
30 n
with 3 elements. Let  Ai   Bj  S and each element of S belongs to exactly 10 of the
i 1 j 1

Ai ’s and exactly 9 of the Bi ’s . Then n is equal to

(A) 15 (B) 30 (C) 45 (D) none of these
6. Let S  1, 2, 3, 4 . The total number of unordered pairs of disjoint subsets of S is equal to
(A) 26 (B) 34 (C) 41 (D) 42
7. If B  A ' then which of the following sets is equal to A ' ?
(A)  A  B  B (B)  A  B  A ' (C)  A  B  A ' (D)  A  B  B

8. 
If A  x , y : y 
1
x 
, 0  x  R , B  x , y  : y  x , x  R then

(A) A  B  A (B) A  B  B (C) A  B   (D) None of these

9. If A   equilateral triangles  , B  right angled triangles , C  isosceles triangles then
(A) A  B   (B) B  C   (C) A  C   (D) None
10. In a college of 300 students, every student read 5 newspapers and every newspaper is read
by 60 students. The number of newspapers is
(A) atleast 30 (B) atmost 20 (C) exactly 25 (D) None of these
11. The shaded region in the given figure is
(A) A  B  C  (B) A  B  C 
(C) A  B  C  (D) A  B  C 

Numerical:
12. If A  B, n  A  25, nB  35 then n  A  B  __
13. Let n u  700 , n  A  200 , n B  300 and n  A  B  100 , then n  A ' B '  ______
14. A class has 175 students. The following data shows the number of students obtaining one or
more subjects. Mathematics 100, Physics 70; Chemistry 40; Mathematics and Physics 30;
Mathematics and Chemistry 28; Physics and Chemistry 23; Mathematics, Physics and
Chemistry 18. How many students have offered Mathematics alone ?
15. From 50 students taking examination in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, 37 passed
Mathematics, 24 Physics and 43 Chemistry. Atmost 19 passed Mathematics and Physics,
atmost 29 passed Mathematics and Chemistry and atmost 20 passed Physics and
Chemistry. The largest possible number that could have passed all three examinations is
16. Two finite sets have m and n elements respectively. The total number of subsets of first set
is 56 more than the total number of subsets of the second set then m  n  ______
17. Let X  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , the number of different ordered pairs  y , z that can be formed such
that Y  X , Z  X and Y  Z is empty is

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16 SETS
18. In an examination of a certain class, at least 70% of the students failed in physics, at least
72% failed in chemistry, at least 80% failed in mathematics and atleast85% failed is English.
How many at least must have failed in all the four subjects?
19. In a group of 100 people these are 750 people who can speak Hindi and 400 people who can
speak Bengali. n1 is the number of people who can speak hindi only and n2 is the number of
people who can speak Bengali only then n1  n2 is ___
20. From 50 students taking examination in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, 37 passed
Mathematics, 24 Physics and 43 Chemistry. Atmost 19 passed Mathematics and Physics, atmost 29
passed Mathematics and Chemistry and atmost 20 passed Physics and Chemistry. The largest
possible number that could have passed all three examinations is
21. Let S  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 . Then the number of elements in the set
T   A  S : A  0 and the sum of all elements of A is not multiple of 3 is ______

Subjective:
22. If aN  ax : x  N  then the find the value of 3N  7 N

23. Prove that  A  B  B  C   A  B

24. In a class of 100 students, 55 students have passed in mathematics and 67 students have
passed in physics. Then find number of students who have passed in physics only
25. In a city 20% of population travels by car, 50% travels by bus and 10% travel by both car
and bus. Then find percentage of persons travelling by car or bus
50 n
26. Let  Xi  Yi  T , where each Xi contains 10 elements and each Yi contain 5 elements,
i 1 i 1
if each element of the set T is an element of exactly 20 of set X i ’s and exactly 6 of set Yi ’s
then find the value of n
27. Let A  n  N /n 2  n  10,000 , B  3K  1 : K  N  and C  2 K /K  N  , find the sum
of all elements of the set A  B  C 

28. Find the number of elements in the set n  1, 2, 3,........100  /11n  10n  9n 

29. Let A  n  N : n is a 3 digit number  , B  9K  2 : K  N  and C  9K  ℓ : K  N  for

some ℓ 0  ℓ  9 if the sum of all elements of the set A  B  C  is 274  400 , then the
find the value of ℓ
  x 2  x 2 5 x 6 
30. Let Z be the set of integers if A  x  Z : 2  1 and
 
 
B  x  Z : 3  2 x  1  9 , then find number of subsets of the set A B
 7 n 2  3n  3 

31. If A  P  N : P is a prime and P  for some n  N 
 then the number of
 n 

 
elements in the set A is ___

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SETS 17

ANSWERS & KEY

DAY–3

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. C
6. B 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. C
11. D 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. B
16. D 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. B
21. C 22. C 23. B 24. B 25. C

DAY–4

1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. D
6. A 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B
11. C 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. C
16. B 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. B
21. D 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. B

Additional Questions
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. C
6. C 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. C
11. D 12. 25 13. 300 14. 60 15. 14
16. 9 17. 243 18. 7 19. 850 20. 28
21. 80 22. 21N 23. 6, 3 24. 45
25. 60% 26. 30 27. 832 28. 96
29. 5 30. 32768 31. B

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