Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF LAS PIÑAS CITY
LAS PIÑAS CITY NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Carnival Park St., BF Resort Village, Talon II, Las Piñas City

3RD QUARTER
RESEARCH II
CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER

❖ A research design is defined as the overall plan or structure that guides

the process of conducting research.
❖ Reliability is one of the characteristics of research design that refers to
consistency in measurement over repeated measures and fewer random
errors.
❖ Quantitative Research Design, a researcher examines the various
variables while including numbers as well as statistics in a project to
analyze its findings. The use of graphics, figures, and pie charts is the
main form of data collection measurement and meta-analysis.
❖ Qualitative Research It mainly focuses on why a specific theory exists
and what would be the respondent’s answer to it. This allows a
researcher to draw a conclusion with proper findings.

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❖ Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and
procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific
approach using two sets of variables.
❖ One-shot case study design- A single group is studied at a single
point in time after some treatment that is presumed to have caused
change.
❖ One-group Pretest-Posttest design-A single case is observed at two
time points, one before the treatment and one after the treatment.
❖ Static-group comparison-A group that has experienced some
treatment is compared with one that has not.
❖ A true experimental research design relies on statistical analysis to
prove or disprove a researcher’s hypothesis. It is one of the most
accurate forms of research because it provides specific scientific
evidence.
❖ In pretest and post-test control group design, participants are given
a pretest of some kind to measure their baseline state before their
participation in an intervention.
❖ Post-test only control group design involves only giving participants
a post-test.
❖ Solomon four group design-One way we can possibly measure how
much the testing effect might change the results of the experiment is
with the Solomon four group design. Basically, as part of this
experiment, you have two control groups and two experimental groups.
The first pair of groups receives both a pretest and a post-test. The other
pair of groups receives only a post-test.
❖ History threat is the possibility that the observed effects (dependent
variables) are caused by extraneous or historical events rather than by
the experimental treatment.
❖ Maturation threat refers to the possibility that observed effects are
caused by natural maturation of subjects (e.g., a general improvement
in their intellectual ability to understand complex concepts) rather than
the experimental treatment.
❖ Testing threat is a threat in pre-post designs where subjects’ posttest
responses are conditioned by their pretest responses. For instance, if
students remember their answers from the pretest evaluation, they may
tend to repeat them in the posttest exam.
❖ Instrumentation threat , which also occurs in pre-post designs, refers
to the possibility that the difference between pretest and posttest scores
is not due to the remedial math program, but due to changes in the
administered test, such as the posttest having a higher or lower degree
of difficulty than the pretest.

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❖ Regression threat , also called a regression to the mean, refers to the
statistical tendency of a group’s overall performance on a measure
during a posttest to regress toward the mean of that measure rather
than in the anticipated direction.

❖ Sampling a technique of selecting individual members or a subset of

the population to make statistical inferences from them and estimate
the characteristics of the whole population.

❖ Simple Random Sampling method-a reliable method of obtaining

information where every single member of a population is chosen
randomly, merely by chance.

❖ Researchers use the systematic sampling method to choose the

sample members of a population at regular intervals. It requires
selecting a starting point for the sample and sample size
determination that can be repeated at regular intervals.

❖ This method depends on the ease of access to subjects such as

surveying customers at a mall or passers-by on a busy street. It is
usually termed as convenience sampling because of the researcher’s
ease of carrying it out and getting in touch with the subjects.

❖ Biological Techniques this are methods or procedures that are used

to study living things. They include experimental and computational
methods, approaches and tools for biological research.

❖ Microscope-An instrument used to see objects that are too small to be

seen by the naked eye.

❖ Tissue culture -a method of biological research in which fragments of tissue

from an animal or plant are transferred to an artificial environment in which
they can continue to survive and function.

❖ Aseptic Technique-Procedures and practices used to prevent contamination

from any pathogens.

❖ Dissection - Cutting or separating tissue to expose inner structures for

scientific examination.

❖ Agarose gel electrophoresis- A laboratory technique used to separate DNA,

RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge.

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❖ Polymeraise chain reaction - A laboratory technique used to amplify DNA
sequences or a gene. It is possible to generate thousands to millions of copies
of a particular section of DNA from a very small amount of DNA.

❖ Spectrophotometer- It is an instrument that measures the amount of

photons (intensity of light) absorbed after it passes through sample solution.

❖ Photometer- measures the intensity of light.

❖ Extraction - A technique used to separate components from a mixture.

❖ Rotary evaporator- A device used in labs for the efficient and gentle removal
of solvents from samples by evaporation.

❖ Burette- Used to accurately measure the volume of liquid that has been
allowed to pour out of it.

❖ Erlenmeyer Flask- has a conical shape and contains measurement markings

to make it easy to determine the volume of a solution in the flask.

❖ Beakers are useful as a reaction container or to hold liquid or solid samples.

❖ Hot Plates can also be used as sources of heat when an open flame is not
desirable.

❖ Pipets are used to dispense small quantities of liquids.

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