PHYSICS MIDTERM NOTES Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force required

to overcome friction to the normal force pressing the

LESSON 5: surfaces together.
FRICTION - is an actual force that resists or opposes the FORMULAS:
relative motion of the body between two contacting Total Normal Force:
surfaces. Horizontal Surface:
N=W W=mg N=mg
Advantages With Angle:
 Prevents sliding N=W-Fy Fy= Fsinθ W=mg | N=mgFsinθ
 Makes bodies eventually stop
 Generating heat Frictional Force
Static:
Disadvantages fs = µsN
 Makes bodies move slower Kinetic:
 Increasing energy consumption fk = µkN
 Causing unwanted heat
V Constant/ Uniform Motion:
 Causing pain
Horizontal:
F=fk
Ways of Reducing Friction
With Angle:
 Use of oil and lubricants
Fx=fk
 Make the surface smoother
 Use of wheels and roller bearings Coefficient of Friction
Static:
Ways of Increasing Friction µs = fs/N
 Make the surface rough Kinetic:
 Use of rubberized material µk = fk/N
 Use of spikes, snow tires, etc
Acceleration:
FACTORS THAT AFFECTS FRICTION Horizontal Surface:
a. Area of Contact Fnet=ma
Experiment shows that frictional force is roughly Fnet= F-fk
independent on the area of surface contact. N=mg
Area of contact slightly affects friction but the effect is ma= F-µkN
negligible. With Angle Surface:
Fnet=ma
b. Velocity Fx= fk
Experiment shows that frictional force is independent of Fcos=µkN
the velocity of the sliding body. Fcos=µk(W-Fsinθ)
Velocity slightly affects friction but the effect is negligible.
FRICTION IN INCLINED PLANE
c. State of the Body W⊥= component of the weight perpendicular to the
Static friction is the friction that exists between a inclined plane (perpendicular weight)
stationary object and the surface on which it's resting. W∥ = component of the weight parallel to the inclined
Force that keeps an object at rest. plane (parallel weight)
Kinetic friction is a force that acts between moving FORMULAS:
surfaces. An object that is being moved over a surface Weight and Total Normal Pressure:
will experience a force in the opposite direction as its W⊥=mgcosθ
movement. W∥= mgsinθ
It requires greater force to start the body moving but N=W⊥=mgcosθ
lesser force to keep the body moving.
Pull/Force:
d. Nature of the Surface With Angle:
The rougher the surface, the greater the friction, the F=W∥+fk
smoother the surface, the lesser the friction. F= mgsinθ+ µkmgcosθ
e. Total Normal Pressure Acceleration:
Force perpendicular to the surface an object is sliding Fnet=W∥+fk
on. ma=mgsinθ-µkmgcosθ/m
Frictional force is directly proportional to the normal a=gsinθ-µkgcosθ
force.
LESSON 6:
Equilibrium- An object is in equilibrium when all 1. Divide the figure into regular shapes.
external forces acting on it are balanced. This means 2. Draw a diagonal on each of the regular figures to
that the net result of all the external forces and moments identify the
acting on this object is zero. center of gravity of each figure.
3. Identify the x and y coordinate of the center of gravity
First Condition of Equilibrium of the regular figure.
In order for the translational motion of a body to be in 4. Solve for the area of each regular figure and the
equilibrium, the vector sum of all forces on it must be summation of all the areas.
equal to zero. 5. Solve for the x and y coordinate of the center of
FORMULAS: gravity of the
Equilibrium: whole irregular figure.
ΣFx=0 ΣFy=0
T1x-T2x=0 T1y+T2y-W=0 FORMULAS:
T1cosθ-T2cosθ=0 T1sinθ+T2sinθ=W Identification of XY components of center gravity of
T1cosθ=T2cosθ T2cosθsinθ+T2sinθ=W regular figure
X=?
TORQUE: Y=?
Torque is a measurement of the force which causes
something to rotate around a point. Area of each regular figure
A1= lengthxwidth
Free Body Diagram A(n)= lengthxwidth
Axis of Rotation- point of the body where the body
turns or rotates Summation of all areas
A- point of application of the force ΣA=A1+A2…
AB- line of action of the force
l- moment arm X and Y components
X̅ = A1(X1)+A2(X2)...
The TORQUE depends on two factors: Ȳ= A1(Y1)+A1(Y2)....
1. The magnitude of force
2. The perpendicular distance of its line of LESSON 8:
action to the axis of rotation WORK- Defined as the force done on body times
distance moved in the direction of the force.
Second Condition of Equilibrium W= F x S
In order for the rotational motion of the body to not
change, the sum of the torques about any axis acting on
the body must be equal to zero.
FORMULA:
ΣT=0
ΣT=wl
Σ0=w1l1+w2l2…

LESSON 7: Center of Gravity

The center of gravity is the point through which the
force of gravity acts on an object or system. It is the
point where the mass of the body is concentrated.
Identifying the Center of Gravity of Regular
Geometric Figures
Defined as the force done on body times distance
moved in the direction of the force.
W= F x S W= Fcos𝜽 x S
Work done against Gravity
In order for an object to be lifted to a certain height, a
force equal to the weight of an object is needed.

No work is done if:

1) a force is applied but the object doesn't move
2) a force is applied and the object moves
perpendicular to the direction of the force

Tell whether the situations shown below represent

examples of work. Identify the one doing the work
and on which object the work is done.
1. A boy pulling his cart — WORK
2. A man lifting a box — WORK
3. A lady carrying a bag while walking —NO WORK
4. An apple fruit falling from a branch — WORK

Units of Work
In the MKS system, force=Newton and
displacement = m
1 Newton-meter = 1 Joule
1Nm=1J
FORMULAS:
Work:
Horizontal Surface
F=mg (N is the unit of measure)
W= F x S
With Angle
W= Fcos𝜽 x S
Lifted
W=mgxh

ENERGY - is the ability to do work. A body that has

energy can apply a force on another body and
displace it, thus doing work on the body. Just like
work, energy has the unit of Joule (J).
Mechanical Energy: is the sum energy of a body
because it is moving or because of its relative position
Kinetic Energy: Is a mechanical energy when a body is
in motion
Potential Energy: Is the mechanical energy of the body
by virtue of its position or configuration.

Gravitational Potential Energy

->The potential energy that goes against the pull
of gravity.
GPE= 𝐦𝐠𝐡
The work done to raise an object to a height is
equal to the increase in gravitational potential
energy.

Kinetic Energy- A moving object is capable of doing

work; the amount of work it can do depends on its mass
and velocity KE= 𝟏/𝟐𝐦𝐯𝟐

Law of Conservation of Energy

“The law of conservation of energy states that
energy cannot be created nor destroyed but
only transformed from one form to another.
Thus, the total energy in the system remains
constant.”
FORMULA:
Gravitational Potential Energy:
GPE= 𝐦𝐠𝐡
Kinetic Energy:
KE= 𝟏/𝟐𝐦𝐯𝟐

POWER- Rate of doing work (how fast or slow in doing

work)
1 J/s = 1 Watt
1OOO watts = 1 kw
746 watts = 1 horsepower (hp)
FORMULAS:
Power:
P=W/t (J/s)
With Angle:
P=Fcos𝜽xh/t