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Application of CO2 Miscible Flooding on Gao 89-1 Low Permeability
Reservoir
Li Chun Qin, Shenli Oilfield, Sinopec; Li Hailong, Xiao Qian Yin, SWPU
Copyright 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 20–22 September 2011.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.
Abstract
Based on a laboratory study, reservoir simulation and pilot test are presented in this paper for CO2 miscible flooding in low
permeability with thin interbedded reservoir. At beginning, reservoir description of Gao 89-1 is sited, which gives a full view
of three-dimensional geological model of the field. Swelling test has been done to examine the variation of oil volume and
viscosity with increase of the pressure. Slim tube test has also been conducted to determine the minimum miscibility
pressure. It shows that it is much lower than the formation pressure, which can be implemented readily in the field. And long
core flooding experiment has also been carried out to make a comparison of the displacement efficient between water
flooding and CO2 miscible flooding. Composition modeling with CMG simulation software is applied to optimizing the
flooding parameters and formula selection for Gao 89-1 reservoir. With further studies going on, pilot test has been carried
out. And the result shows that the oil production rate is increased from 31 tons to 42 tons with five wells as experimental
subjects. This paper demonstrates the application of CO2 miscible displacement technique in low permeability reservoir
development and exhibits the advantages and prospects of this technique.
Keywords: low permeability reservoir, CO2 miscible flooding, laboratory experiment, reservoir simulation, pilot test,
recovery
Introduction
With the gradual improvement of the exploitation and development technology, the large-scale reservoirs with low
permeability are in continuous grwoth in China. The oil in place with low permeability approximately takes up 60 percent of
the proved reserve which has not been developed. The way to develop reservoirs with low or extra-low permeability
effectively has become a major potential for the steady development of petroleum industry on shore, and an important
technology for the sustainable development of petroleum industry in the future.
The application of carbon dioxide to oil recovery enhancement has been carried out for decades in America and Canada.
Great pressures to reduce the CO2 discharge and poor result for water flooding reservoirs with low permeability give rise to
the carbon dioxide flooding. Flooding with carbon dioxide is a feasible alternative for water flooding, which is very difficult
for reservoirs with extra-low permeability. The carbon dioxide miscible flooding has been proposed and tested on the spot as
a result of difficulty in water flooding of the Gao 89-1 reservoir, rapid production decline with the elastic energy, nearly a
hundred million tons of reserve around the field, and being adjacent to the CO2 field and power plant.
This paper illustrates the application of carbon dioxide flooding and exhibits the advantages and prospects of the technique in
Gao 89-1 reservoir with thin interbedded and low permeability.
1 Overview of the Gao 89-1 Reservoir

The depth of Gao 89-1 reservoir is medium to deep with 2950 meters averagely. The rocks in this reservoir are mainly
characterized by gray mudstone and thin layer gray matter with different thickness shale as well as dolomitic and silty
sandstone. The reservoir compaction is strong with low porosity and extra-low permeability. Average porosity for this
reservoir is 13.8%; permeability ranges between 0.43-7.1x10-3μm2, averages 3.9x10-3μm2.
The oil layer is illustrated as table 1.1; sandstone and mudstone are thin-interbedded. Vertically there are 15 oil layers within
70 meters. Average pay zones thickness is 10.5 meters for single well. From the reservoir profile（Figure 1.1）, without
water layers, the water cut during well test is 1-2%. Hence, corrosion does not need to be considered in this carbon dioxide
flooding.
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2 Laboratory investigations
2.1 Swelling test
We took samples, oil from Gao 89-4’s wellhead and gas from Gao 89-6’s casing of the Gao 89-1 reservoir, to makeup the
formation oil of well Gao 89-4 in reservoir Gao 89, at the condition of the original saturation pressure. Swelling test (Figure
2.1) shows that the formation oil of Gao 89-4 has a strong potential to dissolve CO2. With the increasing of injected pressure,
the carbon dioxide’s solubility in formation oil increases will become much higher. When the saturation pressure reaches
24.73 MPa, the solubility is 132.33m3/t. Since the carbon dioxide can be dissolved easily in the formation oil, the oil volume
would expand enormously with obviously low viscosity, with the result of oil volume expansion of 1.2612 times at the
formation pressure and the viscosity decline of 70.45%. All of these show that carbon dioxide flooding implemented in well
Gao 89-4 of reservoir Gao 89 can enhance oil recovery.
2.2 Slim tube test
According to the result of slim tube test (Figure 2.2), the minimum miscible pressure is 28.94 MPa for the injected CO2
multiple-contact miscible with the formation oil from Gao 89-4. The original formation oil of this reservoir is 42 MPa, which
facilities the miscible flooding with CO2.
2.3 Long core flooding experiment
Three long core displacement tests（Figure 2.3）with the low permeability rocks from Gao 89 reservoir indicate that at the
condition of in-situ temperature and pressure, recovery is 33.50％ for water flooding; 85.64％ for water flooding following
CO2 flooding; 79.58％ for CO2 flooding following water flooding; 81.56％ for CO2 flooding and WAG following water
flooding. These tests demonstrate that application with CO2 flooding can obtain much higher oil recovery compared with
water flooding.
3 Simulation Study
Four injected wells, one center oil-produced well and four corner oil-produced wells are designed in the tested region, whose
oil-bearing area is 0.72km2 and oil in place is 47.6×104t.（Figure 3.1）
The CMG software from Canada’s CMG Corporation has been chosen for simulation and prediction. Compared with
different injection methods and corresponding recovery, the methods (continuous injection and one-month injection, one-
month stop) lead to a higher recovery (Figure 3.2). With the implementation in the field being taken account of, continuous
injection has been chosen.
Compared the amount of oil produced per year with the oil/gas exchange ratio, 2% OIP’s oil produced per year leads to a
highest oil/gas exchange ratio (Figure 3.3). Hence, the amount of oil produced per year of this program is 2%.
Figure 3.4 shows the injected amount for single well and the corresponding predicted recovery (the cumulative amounted of
gas injected is 0.1PV). It indicates that 20 tons’ gas injected in single well per day leads to the highest recovery. Hence, the
amount of gas is injected in single well per day.
The proposed scheme for CO2 flooding is to develop this reservoir in unity. The Gao 89-1 tested well produces oil with the
largest amount of 20 tons per day. Four wells are injected with 20 tons for single well per day averagely. The cumulative
injected CO2 amount is 0.33PV for ten years. Gas injection for ten years amounts to 19. 68×102 million tons. It is predicated
that the recovery is 8.95% with elastic energy; ten years’CO2 flooding leads to 78,200 tons of oil cumulatively and 14.19%
oil in place is recovered. The cumulative oil production of the tested group is 28,100 tons and 24.62% oil in place is
recovered.
4 Field test and Result

Firstly a single well has been chosen for the field test. If the result is satisfying, the CO2 flooding will be carried out in the
relevant well group. The first step is single well test. The Gao 89-4 has been chosen and the surrounding six wells may be
effected (Figure 4.1). The patterns of Gao 89-4 group well are perfect and many producing wells will be effected. The
reservoir physical properties and connectivity are good.
The CO2 flooding was carried out on Jan 2nd.2008.The inject pressure is 4MPa and the rate is 40t/d.The temperature is 15℃
.The injection performance has been illustrated as Figure 4.2.
The liquid rate, the oil rate and the water cut have been chosen for the evaluation. After the producers have been effected, the
oil rate of the well group has become 50t/d, which was 40t/d before flooding, and the water cut is stable (Figure 4.3).
The second step is well group test, which is based on the success of the single well Gao 89-4 test in 2008.The co2 flooding in
well group is carried out in 2009,which is the preparation for the co2 flooding in the whole field Gao 89-1.
The test field Gao 89-1 has 5 producers and 4 injectors. The injectors are Gao 89-4, Gao 89-5, Gao 89-16 and 89-17.The Gao
89-5 was a producer once. The Gao 89-16 and 89-17 are especially drilled for injecting gas. The center producer Test Gao
89-1 is new and four old corner wells are G89-1,G891-7, 89-11 and 89-9.The oil-bearing area is 0.72km2 and OOIP is
47.6×104t.The test group well has 4 injectors and one center producer. The oil-bearing area is 0.15km2 and OOIP is
10.3×104t.The average inject rate is 20t/d and the continuous injection has been carried out in only one layer.
The injection allocation has been done perfectly by the four injectors. The inject pressure of Gao 89-19, Gao 89-4 and Gao
89-17 is 10MPa. The inject pressure of Gao 89-5 is 23.5MPa, which is not fracturing and its inject pressure is higher than
others. The well group has already injected 44766t (Table 4.1). The average oil rate is 10.2t, which was 9.4 t before flooding.
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The producing fluid level is 1662m, which was 1178m (Table 4.2).The oil rate of Peripheral production Wells Present
presents degressive tendency and the oil rate of producers in well group is rising at the same time of maintaining stability.
The increase accumulate oil is 9870 t.(Figure 4.4, 4.5)
5 Result Analyses
CO2 miscible flooding in low permeability and thin interbedded reservoir Gao 89-1 obtains a significant result. CO2 can be
injected readily compared with water and production wells produced oil much. All of above indicate that CO2 miscible
flooding is an effective technique in low permeability and thin interbedded reservoir.
Conclusion
1. Laboratory investigations show that CO2 injected in Gao 89-1 reservoir can inflate the oil, decline the oil viscosity;
according to the result of slim tube test, the minimum miscible pressure is 28.94 MPa, much lower than the original
formation pressure, which facilities the miscible; the gas flooding recovery is two times than that of water flooding from the
long core flooding tested.
2. Liquid carbon dioxide has been injected in the field. The formation can absorb much amount of gas, 2 times of water
intake.
3. The production wells produce oil much. Production for single well rises from 9.4 tons to 10.2 ton per day; cumulatively,
the total increasing oil amounts to 9870 tons compared with the reservoir development with original formation energy.
Reference
1. Yan Chunzhang. et al. Essays related to low-permeability oilfield development. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2008, 9
2. Li Shilun. et al. Enhance oil recovery with gas injection. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 2001, 11
3. Guo Ping. et al. A Feasibility Study of Gas Injection for Oil Reservoirs after Water flooding. JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST
PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, 2003, 25(4):27-40
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Table 1.1 Layers Description for Sha IV of Gao 89-1 Reservoir

Permeability
Layer Thickness(meter) Porosity（ %)
(10 μm )
-3 2
1-1 0.76 12.5 1.61

1-2 1.94 14 3.35
2.12 14.6 3.33
1-3
1-4 0.85 13.2 4.84
2-1 2.7 15.2 7.1
2-2 1.78 13.7 5.7
2-3 1.71 13.2 3.18
2-4 1.98 13.6 3.26
3-1 0.6 13.4 1.55
3-2 1.1 13.6 3.19
3-3 1.35 15.3 5.7
3-4 0.9 12.6 2.18
3-5 0.6 10.6 0.43
4-1 0.9 12.4 1.12
4-2 1 14 3.36
Total 10.5 13.9 3.9
Figure 1.1 Profile of Gao 89-1 Reservoir
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Figure 2.1 Correlation between formation oil viscosity and CO2 solubility
Figure 2.2 Correlation between the recovery and displacement pressure
Figure 2.3 Comparison of different displacement tests
7.31
WAG+Water flooding
81.56
3.0
CO2-Continuous
Injection+ Water 79.58
flooding
7.93
Water flooding+ CO2-
Continuous Injection 85.64
7.93 Pressure
Water flooding Drop
33.5 Recovery
0 20 40 60 80 100
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Figure 3.1 Well patterns for CO2 Pilot Test in Gao 89-1 Reservoir
Figure 3.2 Recovery Comparison of different Injected Method

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7
Figure 3.3 Comparison oil/gas exchange ratio with oil recovery rate
Figure 3.4 Correlation between injection rate and recovery

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Figure 4.1 Wells Pattern for injection test of Gao 89-4 Reservoir
Table 4.1 CO2 Injection Performance
Injection 2010.07
Injected Injected
Pressure Pressure
Injection Injection Injection Injection Total
(MPa) (MPa)
Rate Rate Rate Rate Injection
Well Pi Pb Designed(t) Actual(t) Pi Pb Designed(t) Actual(t) (t)
Gao 89-4 5 3 30 35 13.5 10 10 21 25718
Gao 89-5 12 11.5 30 16.6 24 23.5 20 19 6021
Gao 89-16 12 10.9 40 16.6 13.5 11 10 11 3810
Gao 89-17 8 7.6 30 29 11.5 11 20 20 9217
Total 9.3 8.3 130 97 15.6 13.9 60 71 44766
Table 4.2 Production Performance of Well Group 89S1

Production Performance
2008.1 2009.6 Currently
Oil Water Water Water
Production Cut Liquid Oil Production Cut Liquid Oil Production Cut Liquid
Well Rate (t/d) (%) surface(m) Rate (t/d) (%) surface(m) Rate (t/d) (%) surface(m)
Gao89-1 11 1.8 1400 9 2.2 1130 9.3 2 1515
Gao89-9 4.9 1.3 2156 5.7 1.8 2030 8 2.2 1720
Gao89-
11 6.7 1.5 1900 5.5 8.1 393 7.2 2.2 1177
Gao89-7 14.9 2 1193 11.5 1.5 2285 16.3 1.6 300
Total 9.4 1.7 1662 7.9 3.4 1460 10.2 2 1178
9
Figure 4.2 Injection Performance of well Gao 89-4

Figure 4.2 Injection Performance of Well Gao 89-4
Figure 4.3 Well Production Curves of Gao 89-4

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Figure 4.4 Deliverability comparisons of wells in Group and out of Group
Figure 4.5 Oil Production Rate of well group Gao 89S1

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Copyright 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers

1 Overview of the Gao 89-1 Reservoir

4 Field test and Result

Table 1.1 Layers Description for Sha IV of Gao 89-1 Reservoir

1-1 0.76 12.5 1.61

Figure 2.3 Comparison of different displacement tests

Figure 3.2 Recovery Comparison of different Injected Method

Figure 3.4 Correlation between injection rate and recovery

Table 4.2 Production Performance of Well Group 89S1

Figure 4.2 Injection Performance of well Gao 89-4

Figure 4.3 Well Production Curves of Gao 89-4

Figure 4.4 Deliverability comparisons of wells in Group and out of Group

Figure 4.5 Oil Production Rate of well group Gao 89S1

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