Cellulose nanofibers

1.1 Definition
One advanced material that uses natural fibres is cellulose nanofibres. Cellulose nanofibres are
cellulose fibres that have a size between 5-20 nanometres. According to several studies, cellulose
nanofibres have advantages, including high young modulus, high tensile strength, low heat expansion
coefficient, high surface area to volume ratio, and are easily combined with other materials, such as
polymers, proteins, and living cells.

Nanocellulose is a general term for nanostructure cellulose-based materials, Nanocellulose is

renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible, and it also has good mechanical and thermal properties
thus, suitable for applications in various fields.

Nanocellulose is a type of nanomaterial with cellulose as the main raw material that has at least one
dimension in nano size, one dimension in nano size. Nanocellulose is usually divided into two, namely
cellulose nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals. Cellulose Nanofibril (Cellulose Nanofiber) or abbreviated
with CNF can be described as strands of fibres or elementary fibrils consisting of an amorphous phase
and a crystalline phase and have sizes in nano to microns. Crystallinity level The high crystallinity of up to
65% indicates high thermal stability so that the CNF can be used for various other manufactured
products

2.1 History
Cellulose nanofibres are cellulose fibres that have a size between 5-20 nanometers. Cellulose
nanofibres were first introduced by Turbak, Snyder and Sandberg in the late 1970s at the ITT Rayonier
laboratory in Whippany, New Jersey, USA.

3.1 Method
Many methods have been developed to obtain nanofibres from wood and non-wood materials,
the principle of which is to break down the fibres into nano-size. Most of the methods used are
mechanical treatments such as using a refiner, grinder, high pressure homogeniser; ultrasonic waves; or
other methods using enzymes.

In a study, cellulose nanofibrils were made by utilising oil palm empty fruit bunch waste, which is
widely available in East Kalimantan. which is widely available in East Kalimantan. Cellulose isolation can
be done by removing other contents contained in the raw materials, such as lignin and hemicellulose.
hemicellulose

Of the various methods, the chemical method was chosen because it has been proven effective
for the nanocellulose isolation process. CNF samples were then characterised for
composition,morphology, and crystallinity index using FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. From
the characterisation results, it was found that the size of the nanocellulose fibres ranged from 400-900
nm.

There are also pretreatment processes of lignocellulosic components such as using chemical and
enzymatic methods. are also the best option as they are proven to be effective and efficient
4.1 Material
Cellulose nanofibrils extracted from bamboo fibre through acid hydrolysis have a crystallinity of
up to 65% with a fibril diameter of 5-10 nm (Saurabh et al., 2016). crystallinity of up to 65% with a fibril
diameter between 5-10 nm (Saurabh et al., 2016). One of the applications of nanofibrils that have
attracted the attention of academics and industry is the manufacture of nanopaper using cellulose
nanofibrils. using cellulose nanofibrils from plants.

5.1 Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages

Its advantages are that it has a large surface surface and is very light, easy to mould, and has
high economic value. Isolation of nanofibrils can be through an acid hydrolysis process using sulphuric
acid and a homogenisation process.

Cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) have the advantages of high strength and degradability. high
strength and degradability that play an important role in the manufacture of new materials such as
biopolymers. important for the manufacture of new materials such as biopolymers.

Nanocellulose comes in various types and the most widely developed to date is in the form of
fibrils or fibres. developed to date are those in the form of fibrils or fibres so that the use of products
that are not can beagraded can be avoided Disadvantages

6.1 Implementation
In some developed countries, cellulose nanofibres have been widely used. They are used for
papermaking, composites, absorbents, biosensors, immobilisation of important substances (enzymes,
vitamins, and antimicrobials), filters, and several applications in food, cosmetics, and biomedicine.

7.1 Kind
There are three main types of nanocellulose, namely, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), or cellulose
nanowhiskers, produced through chemical processes (treatments) such as acid hydrolysis; cellulose
nanofibers (CNFs), produced through mechanical processes and a combination of 2,2,6,6-
tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyloxidation mediated radicals (TEMPO) and mechanical processes; and
bacterial cellulose, which is isolated from microbes such as bacteria.

8.1 Conclusion
Nanocellulose is a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible fibre, and it also has good
mechanical and thermal properties, making it suitable for applications in various fields. Then
nanocellulose can be isolated from various sources, including plants, bacteria, tunicates, and algae. The
isolation of CNC from pulp paper, filter paper, and peas used sulfuric acid hydrolysis, while the isolation
of CNC from dunchi fibre, ginkgo seed coat, and aren palm fibre, respectively, also used sulfuric acid
hydrolysis.

9.1 Personal opinion

Although binders had a practical use in tying things fast and efficiently, I thought that manual
skills in binding could be valuable and important. The binding machine may speed up the process, but
traditional skills also have a distinct value.