Dynamic Model Validation of the Radiant Floor Heating
System Based on the Object Oriented Approach
Abed Al Waheed Hawila1,∗ , Abdelatif Merabtine1,2
and Nadége Troussier1
1 Mechanics
Research Center on Environmental Studies &
Sustainability
University of Technology of Troyes, Troyes, France
2
EPF Ecole d’Ingénieur-e-s, Troyes, France
Email address: abed al waheed.hawila@utt.fr
Salim Mokraoui4
4 5
Sustainable Energy Technology Center
King Saud Univesity
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract—This paper presents a validated model based on the
object-oriented modeling tool based on Modelica approach for the
radiant floor heating system, located in thermal laboratory in a
test building. The system consists of heat pump, radiant slab, cir-
culation pump, three way valve and hydraulic loop. Single circuit
radiant slab was the main component in our Modelica model. A
comparison of simulated and measured data for two case studies
resulted in maximum absolute error for room temperature,
surface temperature, convective heat flow and radiative heat flow
as 0.914◦ C, 0.772◦ C, 2.5W/m2 and4.5W/m2 for the first
case study and 1.192◦ C, 1.463◦ C, 2.275W/m2 and3.9W/m2
respectively for the second case study. The simulated results
agreed very well with the measured data by taking the mea-
surements errors and the simulation assumptions into account.
Therefore, the developed model was validated to be applicable
in other projects.
Index Terms—Radiant Floor System, Heat Transfer, Object-
Oriented Approach.
I. I NTRODUCTION
In recent years there was a great approach towards improv-
ing the building sector by improving building envelope, heat-
ing ventilation and air conditioning HVAC systems, occupant
behavior and by using efficient lighting system and electrical
appliances. With the fact that space heating alone accounts
for 70% of total energy consumption in the residential sector
[1], [2], [3], it was essential to find a replaceable of conven-
tional heating systems that significantly decrease the energy
consumption in such systems. Recently Radiant floor heating
RFH systems gained a big attention from researchers as a
replaceable for conventional heating systems. Since energy
savings resulting from the use of radiant floor heating systems
is very significant due to lower thermostat points as a result
of the radiation exchange between occupants and the radiant
surface [4]. Therefore RFH systems maintain comfort level
with less energy consumption and reduced heat loss through
building envelope. On the other hand the choice of heating
system in occupied spaces is majorly affected by comfort level
978-1-5090-5713-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
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Abdelhamid Kheiri3
3
Laboratory of Energetics & Theoretical & Applied
University of Lorraine
Nancy, France
Amine Laaouatni2,5
Faculty of Science and Technology
Cadi Ayyad Univesity
Marrakech, Morocco
and energy savings. And Since RFH systems besides those
characteristics are healthy [5], simple to control [6], quiet in
operation and space saving [7] they are widely used in many
countries [5], [8]. Studies in literature used several methods to
develop heat transfer models that study the three different heat
transfer modes associated with the operation of radiant heating
systems. In one of the earliest models, Kollmar and Liese [9]
assumed that the slab operates as a plate fin and loses heat from
the upper surface. Kilkis et al. [10] developed a composite
fin model that separately treats the radiative and convective
heat flow of the radiant systems. The model assumed that
the heat transfer from the pipe to the radiant slab surface
is only vertical one-dimensional. Liu et al. [11] developed
a new model that takes into consideration the heat transfer
in the horizontal direction and thus resulting in decrease of
pipe surface temperature. This model improves the accuracy
of the original model and it is called revised composite-fin
model. Numerical methods also known as white box models
were developed using finite difference [12], finite element
[12], [13], [14] and finite volume methods [15], [16] to solve
partial differential equations that calculate the temperature
distribution on the radiant surface. This accurate analysis is
very important to evaluate the thermal comfort and heating
capacity of radiant systems. Lately, the so called grey box
approaches as the thermal networks models were developed
by many studies [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. Those models
require less computation loads than the white box modeling,
and are easy to integrate with building energy simulation
regarding the multi-scale and multi-physical modeling. After
all above mentioned studies that aim to better understand the
heat transfer of radiant systems and improve its function to
be accompanied with low energy buildings. It was essential to
integrate radiant systems into the building energy simulation.
In this regards, Laouadi [22] conducted a literature review and
results concerning the integration of radiant systems with ESP-
r, BLAST, Energy Plus, RADCOOl, SERI-RES and TRNSYS
programs are briefly presented. After all aforementioned rea-
sons its clear why RH systems are employed in zero energy
buildings since they can coincide with passive design [23]
and integrate with renewable energy systems [24], [25]. In
this study a RFH system model is developed using an object
oriented modeling tool based on Modelica approach. Also
an experimental work was carried out to study the thermal
behavior of the RFH system and to validate the developed
model. In the next section we describe the system and its
components, and also the experimental study. Then we present
the modeling approach used in our study. Later, we perform
a comparison between simulation and experimental results.
Finally, conclusion and findings of the work are demonstrated.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
A. System description
As shown in Fig.1, the heating system consists of the heat
pump, expansion vessel and three hot water circuits; the heat
pump provides the required heat to the water circulating in
the system, the expansion vessel protects the hydronic loop
from reaching excessive pressure and the hot water circuits to
circulate heating water to the treated volume. The first circuit
supplies the floor heating system. The second circuit supplies
the radiator heating system, and the third circuit supplies the
variable air volume (VAV) system. Each circuit is equipped
with its circulation pump to ensure the chosen temperature of
the hot water. A three-way valve and a thermostatic valve are
provided to control the temperature of the inlet water to the
radiant slab. To ensure good operation of the heating system
an ambient thermostat that reads the room temperature and
gives a signal to control the starting and stopping of the heat
pump.
B. Experimental study
The experimental study was carried out in the thermal
laboratory of the test building. Fig.2 shows the experimental
system. 12 thermocouples were used to monitor the temper-
ature at different points of the radiant slab in order to study
its performance. The radiant floor heating slab is composed of
5.6cm insulation and 4cm anhydrite. Thermal properties of the
insulation material and anhydrite are summarized in TABLE I.
The piping circuit has a length of 20m and is installed in a
spiral coil. Pipes are made of PE-RT with an external diameter
of 14mm and a wall thickness of 2mm. Pipes properties are
Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of the heating system
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Fig. 2: Experimental system
summarized in TABLE II. The distance between pipes is 30cm
and the volume flow rate is 0.03l/s.
To study the performance of the radiant slab, two case stud-
ies were performed. Monitored data from the thermocouples
were used to compare it with simulation results. In the first
case study, the system was imposed to maintain the room
temperature at 20◦ C in order to analyze the thermal behavior
of the RFH system. And in the second case study, the system
was imposed to maintain the room temperature at 20◦ C at the
beginning of the experiment and then it is changed to 23◦ C
in order to test the reactivity of the RFH system.
III. M ODELING APPROACH
A. Modelica model
The RFH system was modeled in the equation-based, object-
oriented language Modelica, which is a powerful language
to model such systems. The equation-based feature reduces
faults compared to assignment-based modeling (e.g. TRNSYS,
Matlab Simulink) [26]. A functional comparison is conducted
in [27] indicates that Dymola (Modelica) is better than TRN-
SYS and Matlab Simulink in terms of modularity, multi-
domain modeling, realistic control behavior and flexibility. In
this research, the Modelica Buildings Library developed by
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is used to develop
our model [28]. Models written in the Modelica language
cannot be executed directly, and a simulation environment,
as Dymola, is needed to translate a Modelica model into an
executable program. Our model could be divided into three
sub-models, i) Heating system (HP), ii) hydronic loop and iii)
radiant system, Fig.3 shows the Dymola model and its sub-
models.
1) Heating system HP: The heat pump in our model was
represented by the prescribed heat flow model connected to
TABLE I: Materials properties
Materials properties
Parameter Anhydrite Insulation
Thickness (m) 0.04 0.056
Thermal properties
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 1.2 0.04
Specific Heat (J/kg.K) 1000 1400
Density (kg/m3 ) 1900 30
Surface properties
Emission coefficient (W/m.K) 0.94 -
 TABLE II: Pipes properties
Pipes properties
Parameter PE-RT
Outer diameter (m) 0.014
Inner diameter (m) 0.012
Roughness (mm/m) 0.007
Mass density (kg/m3 ) 933
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.014
a dynamic pipe in order to provide the required heat to the
hydronic loop. Expansion vessel was used to protect hydronic
loop from reaching high pressures. And temperature sensors
were implemented at the inlet and outlet of the sub-system in
order to monitor the water temperature at the inlet and outlet
of the heat pump.
2) Hydronic loop control: A flow machine, Hysteresis,
Logical not and Boolean to Real models were employed in
the model to represent the circulation pump and its control
system. The control system reads the output of the temperature
sensor connected to the room and then enables the pump when
the room temperature is below 18◦ C and switches it off when
the room temperature is above 22◦ C. Three way linear, PID
controller and set points table were connected to the hydronic
loop to control the hot water inlet temperature to the radiant
slab. The set points table reads the room temperature from
the temperature sensor of the room and gives a signal to the
PID controller, which reads at the same time the inlet water
temperature to the radiant slab and then sends a control signal
to the three way valve.
3) Radiant system: A Single Circuit Slab model is used to
represent the radiant slab model; it is connected to the mixing
volume (room) using convection and body radiation models
to illustrate the interaction between the radiant slab and the
room. And the interaction of the room with its surrounding
thermal conductor was connected to a fixed temperature model
to denote the conduction heat transfer between the room
and the adjacent rooms of the building, while the other was
connected to the weather data to represent the interaction of
the room with the outdoor environment. Then the internal heat
gains from occupants and equipments were designated by the
fixed heat flow model.
B. Mathematical model
The total heat flow from the hot water inside the buried pipes
to the floor surface passes through three stages. Convection
between hot water and pipe wall, conduction through pipe wall
to the concrete layer and conduction heat transfer through the
concrete layer to the floor surface. The total heat flow is:
Th − Ts
Q̇f low = (1)
Rtot
Where Th (K) is the hot water temperature, Ts (K) is the
surface temperature and Rtot (K/W ) is the total resistance
between hot water and floor surface. the total resistance is:
1
Rtot = + Rwal + Rf ic (2)
Ap .hw
Where hw (W/m2 K) is the convection transfer coefficient
between the hot water and pipe wall, Ap (m2 ) is the pipe
inside area, Rwal (K/W ) is the thermal resistance through the
pipe wall and Rf ic (K/W ) is the average fictitious thermal
resistance between pipe surface and plan that contains pipe.
hw is calculated by:
N uw kw
hw = (3)
Dhyd
Where N uw is the mean Nusselt number of water flow,
kw (W/mK) is the conductivity of the fluid and Dhyd (m)
is the hydraulic diameter of the pipe. Rwal is obtained by:
log( D
Di )
o

was demonstrated using the Thermal conductor models. One Rwal = (4)
2πkp Lp

Fig. 3: Dymola interface of radiant floor heating system

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Where Di (m) and Do (m) are the pipe inner and outer
diameter, Lp (m) is the pipe length and kp (W/mK) is the
pipe conductivity. Rf ic is implemented in Modelica using the
following equation:
kins dpp
 
dpp dpp
! 100 − 2πi
 X kcon d
ins
Rf ic = log + ∗
k dpp
2πkins As πDo i=1 k insd
 
+ 2πi
con ins
Where dpp (m) is the pipe distance, kcon (W/mK) is the
concrete thermal conductivity, kins (W/mK) is the insulation
thermal conductivity, eins (m) is the insulation layer thickness
and As (m2 ) is the surface area of the radiant system. Later
on, transfer of heat occurs between the radiant surface and
the room by means of convective and radiative heat flow. The
convective heat flow is expressed as below:
Q̇con = As ha (Ts − Tr )
Where ha (W/m2 K) is the convection heat transfer coefficient
between the radiant surface and room air and Tr (K) is the
room air temperature. ha is calculated as:
N ua λa
ha =
L
Where N ua is the mean Nusselt number of air thin layer,
λa (W/mK) is the air conductivity and L(m) is the charac-
teristic length of the radiant surface. In our case the heat flow is
turbulent and N ua is calculated using the following formula:
N ua = 0.14 ∗ Ra0.33
Where Ra is the Rayleigh number. The radiative heat flow is:
Q̇rad = σA(Ts4 − Tr4 )
Where  is the emission coefficient of the radiant surface and
σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. In our model the radiation
component is connected to the mixing volume heat port and
thus reading the room temperature thats why we used room
temperature in the radiation heat flow instead of using the
walls temperature. Also because we dont have enough data
concerning the walls temperature, we assumed that it is the
same as the room temperature.
IV. MODELICA MODEL VALIDATION
To validate the developed model, a comparison between
simulation and experimental results is performed against two
case studies. The first one concerns the heating process to
maintain the set point temperature thanks to the PID regulation
which regulates the 3-way valve and the hot water pump.
The second one describes the case where the variation of the
outdoor temperature interfere the heating process of the RFH
system. We assume that the outdoor temperature decrease and
the set point temperature change to compensate the thermal
losses due to the rapid decreasing of the temperature. Theoreti-
cally, the 3-way valve, controlled by the PID regulation, allows
changing the mixture rate of the inlet and outlet hot water.
In order to quantify the deviations between the experimental
and numerical results, the maximum Absolute Error (AE) is
calculated for both cases.
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A. First case study
The experimental work for the first case study was carried
out in 22 March from 10:15 until 15:05. Fig.4 shows the inlet
and outlet hot water temperatures to and from the RFH system.
−4πieins
The AE between the simulation and experimental results for
exp( )
dpp
inlet and outlet temperatures are 0.73◦ C and 2.70◦ C respec-
 (5)
i
tively. The big deviation concerning the outlet hot water tem-
perature is due to the heat losses through uninsulated hydraulic
circuit during experimental work. Otherwise, It can be seen
that the inlet hot water temperature increase relatively quickly
and then decrease to reach the maintained temperature 40◦ C.
Such temperature is controlled by the 3-way valve which
carries out a mixture rate for the flow and return hot water. As
shown in the Fig.5, the mixture rate, represented by the volume
(6) flow rate, vary regarding the set point temperature controlled
by the PID regulation. Fig.6 and 7 show the simulated and
measured room and surface temperatures. The AE between
the simulation and experimental results are 0.91◦ C for the
room temperature and 0.72◦ C for the surface temperature. The
French thermal standards required that heated floors must be
(7) designed and installed so that, in the basic conditions, the
temperature in contact with finished floor may not exceed
28◦ C at any point [29]. Thus, it can be seen that the surface
temperature doesnt exceed 28.5◦ C for the given conditions.
Consequently, this RFH system maintains occupants thermal
comfort. Fig.8 shows a comparison between the simulated and
(8) measured total heat flow between the surface of the radiant
slab and the room air. In the steady state the amount of the
radiative heat flow (91W ) is about 1.8 times higher than the
(9) convective heat flow (50.7W ) (graphs not presented here).
The figure shows how much the results are close and they are
almost equal at the end of the experiment. The AE between
the simulation and experimental results for the convective and
radiative heat flow are 2.5W/m2 and 4.5W/m2 (graphs not
presented here).
B. Second case study
For the second case study the experimental work was carried
out in 23 March from 9:05 until 14:35. But in this case study,
the data measured for the inlet water temperature from the ex-
perimental model were used as an input in the Modelica model
thats why there is no error between experimental and Modelica
results for the inlet water temperature. Fig.9 shows outlet
Fig. 4: Hot water inlet and outlet temperatures (first case study)
 Fig. 5: Mixture rate of 3-way valve (numerical results)
Fig. 6: Room temperature (first case study)
Fig. 7: Radiant system surface temperature (first case study)
water temperatures from the RFH system. The maximum
absolute error between the simulation and experimental results
is 2.96◦ C. We can notice that the difference between the
simulated and measured results is at the starting of the system,
and then when the system tends to reach the steady state, both
results are the same. As in the first case study, this is because
of the heat losses through uninsulated hydraulic circuit during
experimental work. Fig.10 and 11 show the simulated and
measured room and surface temperatures. The AE between the
simulation and experimental results are 1.19◦ C and 0.68◦ C
respectively. In this case as we can see from Fig.11 the surface
temperature exceeds the limit required by the French standards
[29], thus we have to find another control strategy to apply to
the system during sudden decrease in outdoor temperature.
In this case study, radiative heat flow still dominates the heat
exchange between the radiant slab and the room. Fig.12 shows
a comparison between the simulated and experimental results
concerning the total heat flow. The AE between the simulation
and experimental results for the convective and radiative heat
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Fig. 8: Comparison between experimental and numerical total heat flow
Fig. 9: Hot water outlet temperatures (second case study)
Fig. 10: Room temperature (second case study)
flow are 2.275W/m2 and 3.9W/m2 (graphs not presented
here).
V. C ONCLUSION
A dynamic model for radiant floor heating systems was built
using an object oriented modeling tool based on Modelica
approach. To validate our model, an experimental work was
carried out for two consecutive days and two case studies. At
last, simulation and experimental results are presented and the
comparison regarding inlet and outlet water temperature, room
temperature, radiant slab surface temperature and heat flow is
performed for the two case studies. The AE between simulated
and experimental results is considered to be accepted.
Therefore from all the comparisons, it is straightforward to
see that the simulated results agree well with the measured
results concerning all the studied variables by taking the mea-
surement errors and the simulation assumptions into account.
Therefore, the developed RFH system model is considered to
be validated. With these findings, our next step is to apply

Fig. 11: Radiant system surface temperature (second case study)
Fig. 12: Comparison between experimental and numerical total heat flow
the validated model to a room model and study the effect
of solar radiation on the surface temperature of the radiant
slab, and its effect on the thermal comfort inside the room.
Then a parametric study on the different parameters of the
radiant floor heating system could be performed to optimize
the thermal comfort inside the room.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank CRCA (Conseil régional
de Champagne-Ardenne) and FEDER (Fonds européen de
développement économique et régional) for funding this work.
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