Settings:

Forward Power Supervision ON

P-forw.< Supervision Pickup 0.50%
T-P-forw.< Time Delay 5.0 sec

Low forward power test

Set value for forward power= 0.5% of rated power.

P=1.732*V*I
Calculated value P= 0.05x 16500x1200 x 1.732 = 1.786mw (primary value)

Applied current Relay optd current Set value OPtd Set Optd time(S)
(A) (A) (MW) Value(MW) time(S)
Vr-n 63.5 0 Ir 0.025 0
Vy-n 63.5 -120 Iy 0.025 -120 1.786 1.78 5.0 5.23
Vb-n 63.5 +120 Ib 0.025 +120

Remarks: Class-A tripping checked ok

10. REVERSE POWER RELAY (32G):-

Reverse power protection shall be used for all types of generators. When the input to the turbine
is interrupted the machine enters into motoring condition drawing power from the system. Reverse power
relay protects the generators from motoring condition. In thermal machines, reverse power condition
appears subsequent to low forward power condition. For reverse power relay, a setting of 0.5% of rated
active power of generator with 2 stage timer as given below.

Stage – I : - With turbine trip interlock, a time delay of 2 Sec. shall be adopted.
Stage –II:- Without ‘ turbine trip’ interlock, a time delay of about20 Sec. can be adopted to avoid
unnecessary tripping of unit during system disturbance causing sudden rise in frequency or
power swing conditions.

Settings:

Reverse Power Protection : ON

P> Reverse Pickup : -0.50%
Time Delay Long (without Stop Valve) : 10.00 sec
Time Delay Short (with Stop Valve) : 2.00sec
Pickup Holding Time : 0.02 sec

Set value for rev power -0.5%

Formula: set power = 0.5 % rated power. Rated power =1.732*V*I.
Calculated value= (0.05x1200) x 16500 x 1.732 = 1.786mw (primary value)
Angles b/w voltages & currents are reversed to achieve reverse power.
a. Without turbine trip binary input

Applied current Relay optd current Set value OPtd Set Optd
(A) (A) (MW) value(MW) time(S) time(S)

Vr-n 63.5 0 Ir 0.025 180

Vy-n 63.5 -120 Iy 0.025 +60 1.786 1.78 10.0 10.05
Vb-n 63.5 +120 Ib 0.025 -60

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 b. With turbine trip binary input

Applied current Relay optd current Set value OPtd Set time(S) Optd
(A) (A) (MW) value(MW) time(S)
Vr-n 63.5 0 Ir 0.05 180
Vy-n 63.5 -120 Iy 0.05 +60 1.786 1.78 2.0 2.03
Vb-n 63.5 +120 Ib 0.05 -60
Remarks:
Class-B with stop valve tripping checked ok
Class-A without stop valve checked ok

11. INADVERTENT ENERGISING(27/50)

In generator turbine was on by using turning gear, the field was not ON. The breaker will be closed by means of
human error. At this condition generator has energized by turn on the turbine. The machine will draw large stator
current (2 to 6 I rated) and possible damage to rotor. This current has induced to rotor body, and then rapid over
heating was damage the rotor also. So we need to avoid this, an inadvertent protection has provided. The
inadvertent energizing protection is blocked by a voltage criterion on exceeding a minimum voltage, in order
to avoid that it picks up during normal operation. This blocking is delayed to avoid that the protection is
blocked immediately by the time of an unwanted connection. Another pickup delay is necessary to avoid an
unwanted operation in case of high-current faults with a heavy voltage dip. This is otherwise known as dead
machine protection.

Settings:
Inadvertent energization ON
I Stage Pickup 4.2 A
Release Threshold U1< 77.0 V
Pickup Time Delay T U1< 3.00 sec
Test:

Current inj in Optd Set value for reset Pickup set Opt time
phase In Amps value(amps) threshold (volts) time (s) (s)

R-n 4.2 0 4.2 40/1.732=23.09 3.0 3.0

Y-n 4.2 -120 4.2 40/1.732=23.09 3.0 3.0
B-N 4.2 +120 4.2 40/1.732=23.09 3.0 3.0

Remarks:
Fuse fail block checked ok
Class-A tripping checked ok

12. OUT-OF-STEP PROTECTION OR POLE SLIP(78G):

This condition occurs when the machine is subjected to severe system disturbances involving rapid change
of voltage and frequency. In the present days, vector surge relays are used along with rate of change of
frequency relays (df/dt) to take care of these conditions. If the generator goes out of synchronism for more than
preset time, these relays will disconnect the machine from the system.

Characteristic diagram:

(This characteristic may differ from relay to relay. This is basically obtained from SIEMENS relay. According to
the settings it will drawn inside the relay. When the settings exceed beyond the range, then it will operate. )

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 Figure : power swing polygon and impedance vectors with angle δ
Ztot = Zb+Zc = 3.0 + 2.2 = 5.2 ohm. Za = 0.289 x 5.2 = 1.503 ohm. Selected za = 1.75 ohm.

Out-of-Step Protection ON
Pickup Current for Measuring Release I1> 120.00%
Pickup Current for Measuring Release I2< 20.00%
Resistance Za of the Polygon (width) 1.75 Ohm
Reactance Zb of the Polygon (reverse) 3.00 Ohm
Reactance Zc of Polygon (forward char.1) 2.20 Ohm
Reactance Dif. Char.1 - Char.2 (forward) 0.20 Ohm
Angle of Inclination of the Polygon 75.0 °
Number of Power Swing: Characteristic 1 2
Number of Power Swing: Characteristic 2 4
Holding Time of Fault Detection 25.00 sec
Min. Signal Time for Annun. Char. 1/2 0.15 sec

Out of step/pole slip test

Keeping current constant, voltage angle is varied from 0 to 180 or 180 to 0 to achieve pole slip. Here
we are varying the angle. Reason is that, Za, Zb; Zc values should be with in zone. Then only it will
operate.

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Characteristic – 1 (Forward char-1 will have the range b/w 1.75 to 2.20 ohm)

Volts applied Current Injected Set value Optd Set time Optd
In In Value (s) Trip time(s)
Volts Amps Mw

Vr-n 10.0 +100 Ir 6.0 0 2.10

Vy-n 10.0 +60 Iy 6.0 -120 2.10 -67.4MW 0 0.03
Vb-n 10.0 30 Ib 6.0 +120 2.10

Characteristic – 2 (Reverse char-2 will have the range b/w 2.20 to 3.0ohm)

Volts applied Current Injected Set value Optd Set time Optd
In In Value (s) Trip time(s)
Volts Amps Mvar

Vr-n 15.0 270 Ir 6.0 0 2.21

Vy-n 15.0 150 Iy 6.0 -120 2.21 101Mvar 0 0.03
Vb-n 15.0 30 Ib 6.0 +120 2.21

Remarks: Class-C tripping checked ok

13. GENERATOR UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION (81 G):

The Under Frequency protection prevents the steam turbine and generator from exceeding the permissible
operating time at reduced frequencies. It ensures that the generating unit is separated from the network at a preset
value of frequency. It Prevents overfluxing (v/f) of the generator (large overfluxing for short times).The stator under
frequency relay measures the frequency of the stator terminal voltage.

Setting Recommendations:-
For Alarm : 48.0 Hz, 2.0 Sec. time delay.
For Trip : 47.5 Hz, 1.0 Sec. (or)
As recommended by Generator Manufacturers.
Under frequency test:
STAGE 1
Voltage Applied (v) Set value In Hz Optd value (Hz) Set time (s) Optd time(s)

Vr-n 63.5 0 48.5 48.40

Vy-n 63.5 -120 48.5 48.40 2.50 2.53
Vb-n 63.5 +120 48.5 48.40

STAGE 2
Voltage Applied (v) Set value In Hz Optd value(Hz) Set time (s) Optd time(s)

Vr-n 63.5 0 47.4 47.30

Vy-n 63.5 -120 47.4 47.30 2.00 2.03
Vb-n 63.5 +120 47.4 47.30

Remarks:
Fuse fail block checked ok
Class-C tripping checked ok

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14. GENERATOR OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION (59 G):
An over voltage on the terminals of the generator can damage the insulator of the generator, bus
ducting, breakers, generator transformer and auxiliary equipment. Hence over voltage protection should be
provided for machines of all sizes.

Settings recommendations:-

Stage-I : Over voltage pickup = 1.15 x Un

Time delay = 10 Sec.
State-II : Over voltage pickup = 1.3 x Un
Time delay = 0.5 Sec.
Overvoltage test

STAGE 1

Volts applied in Set value Pickup Drop up Set time Optd trip
Volts value (v) value (v) (s) time(s)
Vr-n 69.9 0 121.0/ 3=69.86 69.9 66.20
Vy-n 69.9 -120 121.0/ 3=69.86 69.9 66.20 1.0 1.01
Vb-n 69.9 +120 121.0/ 3=69.86 69.9 66.20

STAGE 2

volts applied in volts set value optd value in volts set time (s) optd trip
time(s)
Vr-n 76.3 0 132.0/ 3=76.2 76.3
Vy-n 76.3 -120 132.0/ 3=76.2 76.3 0.05 0.07
Vb-n 76.3 +120 132.0/ 3=76.2 76.3
Remarks: Class-A tripping checked ok

FOR TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:

1. DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS:

A Differential relay compares the currents on both sides of the transformer. As long as there is no
fault within the protected equipment (Transformer), the current circulates between the two CTs and no
current flows through the differential element. But for internal faults the sum of the CTs secondary currents
will flow through the differential relay making it to operate.

Two basic requirements that the differential relay connections are to be satisfied are:
a) It must not operate for load or external faults.
b) It must operate for internal faults.

Settings:
I-RESTRAINT for Start Detection 0.10 I/InO
Factor for Increasing of Char. at Start 1
Maximum Permissible Starting Time 0.0 sec
Pickup for Add-on Stabilization 2.00 I/InO

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Differential relay Diagram:

TRANSFORMER I2
I1

O.C

R.C

Test:
a) DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (I DIFF>)

LV SIDE:

Current In Set Value Calculated Operated Set Trip Time Operated

Phase I /In=I Diff> Value(Amps) Value(Amps) (Ms) Trip Time(Ms)
R 0.1 0.44 0.433 0.0 31
Y 0.1 0.44 0.433 0.0 31
B 0.1 0.44 0.433 0.0 31

Note: Calculated value: Ifull=MVA/(1.732*KV)

Idiff=0.2*Iful

HV SIDE:

Current in Set value Calculated Operated Set trip time Operated

phase I/in diff > value(amps) value(amps) (ms) Trip time(ms)
R 0.1 0.094 0.104 0.0 31
Y 0.1 0.094 0.104 0.0 31
B 0.1 0.094 0.104 0.0 31

b) DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (I DIFF>>)

LV SIDE:

Current in phase Set value Calculated Operated Set trip time Operated
I /in diff >> value(amps) value(amps) (ms) trip time(ms)
R 2 8.8 8.85 0.0 31
Y 2 8.8 8.85 0.0 31
B 2 8.8 8.85 0.0 31

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