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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012002

Embedded Control and Remote Monitoring for Photovoltaic

Solar Energy Harvesting Systems: A Review

Clifford Choe Wei Chang1, Tan Jian Ding1*, Yaw Chong Tak2, Johnny Koh Siaw Paw2,
Chen Chai Phing2
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria,
Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.

2
Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000 Kajang,
Selangor, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author email: jianding.tan@xmu.edu.my

Abstract. With fossil fuel sources diminishing and climate issues getting more and more
serious each year, researchers around the world have been turning their attention to more
sustainable and environmental friendly energy sources. While many new renewable energy
sources emerge, solar remains as a popular and rapidly researched source. The efficiency and
robustness of a solar energy conversion system is highly reliant on the continuous
improvements and development in several aspects. Among others, is the monitoring and
control system. The past few decades witness some rapid growth in the research and
enhancements in embedded control and monitoring systems for photovoltaic solar systems. In
this paper, a review on various developments of embedded monitoring and control systems for
photovoltaic energy conversion systems is presented. The purpose of this article is to shed a
better light on relevant techniques and methods. A number of research articles are reviewed
and categorized based on the focus and mechanisms presented. A comprehensive study is
carried out to reveal the improvement claims, outcomes, discoveries, and trade-offs of the
techniques found in the literature, and a comprehensive conclusion is drawn at the end of the
article.

Keywords: Embedded Monitoring and Control, Photovoltaic, Solar Energy

1. Introduction
In contemporary times, there has been an increase in energy demand due to the spikes in population,
industrial development as well as suburbanization [1]. The supply of energy sources, however, do not
meet the high consumption rate demand. This, in turn, leads to energy shortage. Conventional energy
sources used in large centralized power generations are distributed unevenly across the outmost layer
of the earth [2]. With that, the remaining non-renewable fossil fuels sources like natural gas, coal, and
crude oil are depleting at a rapid and alarming rate. Consumption rate as such will not only lead to the
depletion of fossil fuels, but it will also trigger the level of harmful gases in the atmosphere to increase
in concentration which will impact the environment negatively and promotes global warming [3].
Therefore, it is essential for us to shift our perspective in utilizing green energy sources.

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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012002

However, the generation of electricity from Renewable Energy Systems (RESs) are very dependent
on external environmental factors which will bring uncertainties to the planned daily diagram and the
control system [3]. The distribution system operators are influenced by the power flow management
and the voltage quality. Thus, many authors have been focusing on these issues and some proposed the
precise and deterministic modelling of the embedded system technologies to ensure positive outputs
from the control and operation of the RESs. Today, the new concept of data acquisition in a low-cost
manner and transmission of system using modern embedded technologies allow users to remotely
monitor decentralized RESs located at rural areas. Besides, modern renewable energy monitoring
systems also allow online supervision with the aid of Internet of Things (IoT) and digital sensors to
measure variables [4]. With this flexibility, the sustainable energy monitoring systems can be
customized according to plants and this allows the expansion and variation of the digital sensors
required.
Compared to many renewable energy sources available, the solar energy obtained the most
attention as it is abundant and can be easily harnessed. Recent advancement of technology and
decreasing system cost are also the contributing factors to the growth of the photovoltaic (PV) system
[5]. In order to boost the robustness of this system, remote monitoring is important to detect any
fluctuations in the power output which could be caused by faulty equipment or change in solar
irradiance. The embedded monitoring system is capable to transmit necessary data, including the
voltage output, current output and ambient temperature, which affects the efficiency of the RES [6].
The remainder sections of this article is as this flow: Section II is dedicated to explain the stages of
monitoring system. In section III, explanations on the categories of embedded systems based
monitoring systems for solar energy are provided in a timeline manner. Section IV is dedicated to
explaining the future developments pertaining the embedded control in sustainable energy for remote
monitoring photovoltaic system. Finally, in section V, some conclusions and perspectives are
consequently drawn.

2. Stages of Monitoring System

The system that involves the conversion of renewable energies to electrical energy is often referred as
Renewable Energy System (RES). Figure 1 depicts the distributed generation which relates to the
distributed energy sources. Given that the RES has a tendency to be affected by external factors
including faulty inverter, unexpected damages, manufacturing flaw, faulty wiring and dependent on
environmental factors such as the speed of the wind, humidity, temperature and solar irradiance, the
efficiency of the system’s power generation will be affected and the continuous supply of power to the
designated load will be interrupted [4]. Thus, the RES requires to be monitored constantly and possess
a centralised control system due to the remote location of the RES and consumer systems, external
factors and environmental uncertainties [5].
The development of an embedded system based monitoring and controlling systems for renewable
energy source is capable to detect any unwanted defect of installed components or to test the
performance of the power generation system [6]. The embedded system is widely used in today’s era
as it has low manufacturing cost, consumes less power and it is small in size which boosts up the
practicality of usage. The embedded system based monitoring and controlling systems could fulfil the
demands of both the research and user level entities as it can be pre-defined to fulfil a specific purpose
or several parameters [7]. The comparison of data of the actual load consumption from the large
industrial sector or small residential sectors and the output data of the power generated from the
generation systems obtained from a monitoring system could ensure a clearer view in regarding of the
various requirements pertaining to supply and demand.
Solar energy has been one of the most popular and well-studied renewable energy sources due to its
promising potential and capacity [8]. Compared with other energy sources, solar energy comes with
ample of advantages, including the simplicity in allocating the Photovoltaic (PV) system, declining
cost of solar modules, low maintenance and the absence of noise and wear [9]. Remote monitoring is a
major field related to the aspect of solar energy and PV systems, as it is an on-line real-time
monitoring and controlling system. Remote monitoring enables the function to monitor and control the
field equipment located at remote areas, transmit real-time data and test the data obtained at the

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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012002

terminal for forecasting or diagnosing future or current faults respectively [10]. There will be
significant power loss and low efficiency of the solar panel due to high temperature and the presence
of dust. Shut down and power reduction will also occur if the solar panel is damaged due to natural
causes such as lightning, heavy rain, storm or snowfall. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor every
smallest fault and report back to the central station before the issue leads to large financial loss [11].
The reliability of PV system is an important topic in the field of research and industry. By combining
the recent advancement of embedded system and the field of advance communication technology,
remote monitoring system will possess the capabilities to harvest, analyse, transmit and feedback the
information obtained [12]. Even though, the development of embedded system requires less cost,
small in size and consumes less power, but the distribution of the embedded system at various
locations for the purpose of monitoring system is deemed to be a challenging task for developers.
There are two types of embedded system based monitoring system are wireless sensor network
(WSN)-based monitoring system and wired-based monitoring system [13].

Figure 1. Distributed generation related to the distributed energy sources

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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012002

There are several stages that are involved in a monitoring system. Data pertaining electrical and
physical parameters are obtained by the wired or wireless sensors and recorded in a data logger which
will then be transferred to the designated database. According to [14], the workflow of the monitoring
system consists of 3 separate partitions, namely the acquisition partition, the pre-treatment partition
and then the storage, monitoring, and access/contact partition. As for the first stage, the acquisition
partition consists of an array of sensors to obtain and harvest predefined signals. The various hardware
platforms that are viable for the deployment of the wireless sensor network includes IRIS, XBee, and
Waspmote [15]. Typically, the network that connects the wired or wireless connections to the end
devices are wire and Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) or Radio Frequency (RF) transmission
respectively. The obtained information will then be posted to the second stage. Regulation of data
obtained from the sensory sites will take place in the pre-treatment partition. The collected information
will be saved temporarily in a controller or storage buffer in order to manage the data before
transferring them to the next partition. The monitoring and storage partition will manage the
information posted from by the microcontroller or storage buffer in a cloud or local data buffer system
before publishing the respective information onto a local monitoring device or the Internet. The
information acquired will displayed in a form of statistical database for the end user to comprehend.
There have been many researches and publications on the aspect of monitoring system for the PV
system and wind turbine which adopted a variety of approaches using different methods. However, the
basic workflow for the monitoring system is generally similar. This paper aims to review on the
various approaches different researchers have adopted to acquire data and information from the PV
system and wind turbines, different embedded systems for data monitoring and different
communication technologies used.

3. Enhancements and Developments of Photovoltaic Embedded Monitoring Systems

In the recent years, there has been a great development in the Photovoltaic (PV) system in the aspect
of embedded controllers. The embedded controllers, such as ZigBee technology, PIC and PLC
Reference Cell, Linux RTA and National Instruments, that have been reviewed by many researchers
focuses on different aspects including the prime features, architecture and performance. In order to
ensure better working systems for larger plants, the large industrial plants will use the ARM Cotex-M3
Processor or PIC.
A monitoring and control mechanism is proposed by Ponmozhi et al. in 2014 [15]. The system
monitors all input parameters such as voltage, current and power and sent it over to the network. The
hardware of this system consists of five components, which are LPC2378, Samsung S3C2440 ARM9,
solar panel and repeater hubs. The LPC2378 is the core of the embedded system and the whole
embedded system is designed around this microcontroller. The Samsung S3C2440 ARM9 is an
application processor. This microprocessor is powerful, consumes less energy, small. The repeater
hubs are used to connect multiple interfaces together and helps to ensure a reliable communication.
In 2016, Shrihariprasath and Rathinasabapathy [16] presented a mechanism for interfacing PV
Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) with an embedded system gateway. There are 2 blocks of control
mechanism gateway and a host network in the mechanism designed. An Arduino is used as the control
to connect the solar PV-PCU to the GPRS modem which function to transmit the data obtained from
the solar PV PCU to the remote server through the internet [17]. The embedded gateway is responsible
to initiate the communication of the GPRS modem. The obtained information will be stored in the
cloud server which allows authorized personnel to monitor the parameters via the internet through the
web server anywhere anytime [18]. Figure 2 shows the proposed system design of the monitoring
mechanism for the solar PV.

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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012002

Figure 2. Proposed system architecture of the monitoring system for solar PV system using Arduino
UNO R3 Microcontroller

In 2016, Adhya et al. [19] proposed a smart system to monitor and control PV with PIC18F46K22
microcontroller and other components, such as the temperature detector (LM35), current and voltage
transducers, PV arrays and serial communication converters to set up the experiment. The
microcontroller is responsible to communicate with the wireless module for the initiation and
transmission of information obtained to the cloud [20]. Referring to Figure 3, the microcontroller
appears to be on the first part out of the three layers to acquire data from the sensors. The second part
projected is identified as the network layer that is responsible for real-time data logging that is
conducted at the plant, which serves the purpose of storing database. The PIC18F46K22
microcontroller is the main and most crucial component of the entire data logging unit and it an
advanced RISC microcontroller unit that requires extremely low power [21]. The MicroSD card that
uses the 12C protocol of the microcontroller functions as a component for writing the monitored data.
The SIM900 that belongs to the GPRS module, that is embedded with a one-chip controller
AMR926EJ-S core, is used for the data logger to communicate to the server [22].

Figure 3. Proposed Solar Power Plant using PIC18F46K22 microcontroller

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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012002

In 2017, Pereira et al. [14] proposed the usage of the Analog/Digital Converter Embedded System
(ADCES) in developing the Renewable Energy Monitoring System (REMS). The entire system is built
based on a Raspberry Pi (RPi) and a SanUSB microcontroller. ADCES is responsible for reading
analog sensors while RPi is responsible to read digital sensors since the REMS is capable to supervise
the measured analog and digital variables. REMS is able to reduce displacement time and cost as it is
capable to remotely update the PIC microcontroller. Besides, it is able to configure the Embedded
Linux System (ELS) through the internet [23]. The SanUSB microcontroller originated from the
PIC18Fxx5x family, and this component is deemed to be efficient as the microcontroller is not needed
to be removed from the hardware for the firmware update. The RPi that has general I/O (GIOP) pins
with I2C, digital I/O support and SPI protocols can be directly implemented onto the electronics
devices and is able to communicate with built-in sensors. The PIC controller that was used in that
research project was the ADCES as it is capable to read the photovoltaic (PV) voltage and current,
ambient temperature, analog sensors and solar irradiance, while the RPi allows burning the firmware
which allows the system to be controlled and modified remotely [24]. Figure 4 shows how the RPi and
the PIC microcontroller are connected via the GPIO 14 (TX) pin, Ground (GND) and GPIO 15 (RX)
pin to allow serial communication.

Figure 4. A serial connection between the ADCES, SanUSB board (a) and the RPi (b)

In 2017, Engin [25] presented data logger that is able to monitor the PV power generating system.
The entire system is simple, low-cost, reliable and precise for monitoring as it uses the microcontroller
Tiva C Series. That particular microcontroller is integrated with the 32-bit ARM® Cortex™-M4 core,
CAN and the USB 2.0 On-the-Go interface [26]. The electrical sensor outputs obtained are
conditioned following the microcontroller analog to digital converter input using the precision
electronic amplifier and active filter circuit before undergoing digitization and processing using the
32-bit ARM® Cortex™-M4 microcontroller [27]. The operations occurring in the data logger are
managed by the microcontroller, which is harvesting data from the sensors using the appropriate
communication protocol and send it to the computer after processing the obtained data. The
microcontroller board which is one of the four main parts of this system is responsible to measure the
voltage sensors and store the obtained values in the SD card [28].
In 2018, Rahman et al. [29] proposed the use of the microcontroller Arduino as the main processing
unit to process and store the data obtained from the PV system on the local store which could also
enable access of data from remote area. The PV system’s information will be stored either in CSV,
htm or txt format in the Arduino Ethernet module based storage device which is connected to the main
Arduino unit such as the Arduino UNO or MEGA. This will enable data accessing from remote areas
via internet. Besides, the GSM module can be used as a substitute when the Ethernet fails to connect
the Arduino to the internet. Thus, if there is no access to the internet, the data could be access locally

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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012002

using WiFi or Bluetooth connection via the GSM or Ethernet [30]. The storage space could be easily
replaced once the storage gets full and there would be no need to update the Arduino coding or
settings in the connections. The monitoring system is portable given that the Arduino uses less
operating power which only requires one 9 Volt battery to power up this microcontroller. The authors
in that paper suggest using Arduino Mega 2560 as this microcontroller provides 54 digital I/O pins and
it is considered cheap compared to other microcontroller units ready in the market [31]. Figure 5
shows the flowchart of the prototype monitoring system architecture which can promote a versatile
feature including smart monitoring, fault detection, automatic solar tracking and controlling the PV
system.

Figure 5. Monitoring system flowchart diagram using Arduino unit

In 2020, Roy, Panja and Patra [32] presented an embedded system that serves the purpose to
measure solar ray near ground levels. The sensor module is used to collect the solar irradiance signal
and the 10-bit A/D converter is used to convert the signals obtained to digital format. The
microcontroller chose in the proposed research is the Tmega32L microcontroller as it possesses the
feature of low power usage [33]. The controller will convert the info fed to it into the digital
equivalent data with the ADC that was built-in. The system resolution is roughly 1.40 W/m2 due to
the consideration of the Vref for the ADC in the current design. The DMBRLE technique is used to
compress the digitized data as it can improve the memory efficiency [35]. The internal memory
temporarily stores the compressed data while waiting for the command from the supervising station.
The ZigBee Pro module is used as the communication medium in a packet format between the
compressed characters and the monitoring station [35]. The internal memory is refreshed once the
transmission of data succeed.

4. The Next Steps

The development of embedded system based monitoring systems for photovoltaic system have
been one of the main focus of researches. The embedded system nowadays available are already
matured enough to be used by renewable energy companies in order to ensure the renewable energy
systems continue to function and generate energy for the masses. With the cheap embedded system
based supervisory system that uses low energy and small in sizes, the embedded system are quickly
utilized by the renewable energy industry to help in the remote monitoring and controlling of their
renewable energy systems. Although, the development in embedded system is already widely used in

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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319 (2022) 012002 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012002

this industry, there are still several aspects to be improved such as the energy consumption of the
monitoring system to lower the operation cost, security which prevents data being stolen by hackers,
cloud connectivity to ensure the users could access the data from anywhere in the world and also mesh
networking of the embedded systems. These improvements onto the embedded system could be
realized with the help of other recent scientific trends of development, such as artificial intelligence
and IoTs [36-39]. As components of industrial revolution 4.0 continues to improve, the industry of
embedded system would be driven to continue its growth further. As such, with the combination of the
future scientific breakthrough, the cognitive embedded system would be at the heart of development
and improve in several aspects such as energy consumption, energy recovery, security, cloud
connectivity and mesh networking [40-42].
Besides the development of embedded system itself to help in the remote monitoring and
controlling of the renewable energy systems, the implementation of hybrid energy systems such as the
FGC Wind Photovoltaic Storage integrated power station where Huang et al. created an intelligent
monitoring system would also benefit the development of embedded system to fit with the changes in
the renewable energy industry [43]. As the demand for clean energy continues to increase, the
complexity of the renewable energy power generation systems continues to increase, where in this
case, a hybrid of solar and wind energy power generation system is being used. Furthermore,
development on the smart monitoring system such as the coordination of the operation and unifying
the standards of configurations should be made to ensure the monitoring of the hybrid system would
be mature enough to function efficiently.

5. Conclusion
The high demand of renewable energy due to the rise in population, industrial development and
suburbanization urges many parties to shift their focus in the development of embedded control in
sustainable energy. However, the Renewable Energy System (RES) requires consistent monitoring and
requires a centralised control system because of the remote location of the RES and consumer systems.
In this paper, a comprehensive review has been carried out based on many research papers pertaining
this issue and presented the recent advancements of embedded control in sustainable energy in the
aspect of remote monitoring photovoltaic system from the recent years. The stages of monitoring are
also presented to allow the readers to understand how the data is being collected from respective
sensors and transmitted to the database for monitoring purpose. The main importance of embedded
systems in the monitoring systems are less cost, small in size and consumes less power which is ideal
in every aspect. Many authors suggested the use to various microcontrollers in their embedded system
as most general microcontroller chips consist of 5 major components, including the central processor,
the built in memory, the I.O ports, timers and ADC. Seeing how advance the embedded systems have
developed into in the recent years, there are still much more rooms for improvement in the upcoming
future in further developing the embedded controls in the aspect of monitoring sustainable energy.

Acknowledgments
We thank Xiamen University Malaysia for the support under XMUM Research Fund:
XMUMRF/2021-C7/IECE/0020. The authors thank to Dr. Kharudin Ali from UC TATI for his
contribution to this article.

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International Conference on Robotic Automation System 2021 (ICORAS 2021) IOP Publishing
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