A: Nucleic Acids Metabolism C: Respiration

A1: RNA polymerase I

# 4: PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides)
A2: adenosine
-deaminase
# 8: hydroxy
(2-amino)-pyrimidines
FRAC Classification of Fungicides C1: complex I NADH Oxido-reductase
# 39 pyrimidinamines,pyrazole-MET1, quinazoline

cyano-imidazole
C4: complex III
cytochrome bc1(ubiquinone reductase) at Qi site
# 21 QiI fungicides (Quinone inside Inhibitors)
sulfamoyl-triazole picolinamide
Group 21 C8: inhibition of complex III
cytochrome bc1(ubiquinone reductase)
at Qo site stigmatellin binding sub site)
# 45 QoSI-fungicide (stigmatellin binding)

Fungal control agents by cross resistance pattern and mode of action 2023 (www.frac.info)
tolfenpyrad
diflumetorim fenazaquin
benalaxyl metalaxyl

bupirimate
B: Cytoskeleton and Motor Proteins C: Respiration pyrimidinamine pyrazole-5-carboxamide quinazoline
Group 39
cyazofamid amisulbrom
fenpicoxamid florylpicoxamid ametoctradin
triazolo-pyrimidylamine Group 45

furalaxyl B1: tubulin polymerization B2: tubulin B4: C2: complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase C5: uncouplers of oxidative C6: inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, C7: ATP transport
# 1: MBC fungicides polymerization*
cell division # 7 SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) Phosphorylation # 29 ATP synthase (proposed)
acylalanines benzimidazoles (= Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates) # 10 N-phenyl carbamates
benalaxyl-M metalaxyl-M
(unknown site) # 30 organo tins # 38 thiophene- carboxamides
# 20 phenylureas 2,6-dinitro-
aniline
dimethirimol pyrazole - 4 -
meptyl dinocap
fluxapyroxad carboxamides fluindapyr
fuberidazole fentin acetate fentin hydroxide
dinitrophenyl
thiophanate- crotonates
methyl
binapacryl fluazinam fentin chloride silthiofam
sedaxane
Group 29 Group 30 Group 38
thiophanates diethofencarb furametpyr bixafen
oxadixyl benomyl thiabendazole
ofurace pencycuron
butyrolactones thiophanate
C3: complex III cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinol oxidase) at Qo site (cyt b gene)
oxazolidinones Group 4 ethirimol
phenyl-oxo-ethyl
# 11 QoI fungicides ( Quinone outside Inhibitors )
*negative cross-resistance to B1 phenylurea thiophene amide inpyrfluxam
carbendazim Group 1
penflufen penthiopyrad isopyrazam # 11A QoI fungicides
A3: DNA / RNA ( Quinone outside
A4: DNA Group 8 Group 10 Group 20
thiazole - oximino- Inhibitors );
synthesis (prop.) topoisomerase B3: B5: delocalisation carboxamides
pyridinyl - ethyl -
benzovindiflupyr cyclobutrifluram methoxy- acetamides pyrametostrobin Subgroup A
benzamides
# 32: heteroaromatics of spectrin-like proteins enoxastrobin acrylates
type II (gyrase) A5: inhibition tubulin polymerization B6: actin/myosin/fimbrin function B7:
# 31: carboxylic acids # 22 benzamides and # 43 benzamides # 47 cyanoacrylates # 50 aryl-phenyl-ketones
of dihydroorotate tubulin dynamics pyrazine – phenyl-cyclobutyl
benodanil fenaminstrobin
thiazole carboxamides isofetamid carboxamides pyridineamide coumoxystrobin
dehydrogenase within modulator isoflucypram
picoxystrobin azoxystrobin
de novo pyrimidine # 53 pyridazine
N-cyclopropyl-N-
fluopyram Benzyl-pyrazole-
biosynthesis thifluzamide carboxamides flufenoxystrobin orysastrobin metominostrobin
triclopyricarb
hymexazole
# 52: DHODHI-fungicides pyraoxystrobin tetrazolinones
isoxazoles
fluopimomide pyriofenone pyridine - phenyl-
phenamacril pyraziflumid mepronil
zoxamide carboxamides benzamides dimoxystrobin
oxolinic acid pyridinylmethyl aminocyanoacrylates benzoylpyridine
metyltetraprole
(bactericide) toluamide benzamides pyridachlometyl oxycarboxin
kresoxim-methyl famoxadone
fluoxastrobin
oxathiin -
carboxamides oxazolidine-
pyridazine dihydro- pyraclostrobin
ipflufenoquin diones
octhilinone ethaboxam carboxin pydiflumetofen oximino- dioxazines
metrafenone methoxy-carbamates
fluopicolide flutolanil acetates mandestrobin fenamidone pyribencarb
isothiazolones boscalid fenfuram trifloxystrobin
ethylamino-thiazole benzophenone N-methoxy-(phenyl-
Group Group 52 Group 22 Group 43 Group 47 Group 50 Group 53 Group 7 methoxy-acetamides imidazolinones benzyl-carbamates Group 11 Group 11A
Group 32 31 carboxamide furan-carboxamides ethyl)-pyrazole-carboxamides

D: Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis E: Signal Transduction F: Lipid Synthesis or Transport / Membrane Integrity or Function I: Melanin Synthesis in Cell Wall
D1: methionine biosynthesis D2: protein synthesis D3: protein synthesis E1: signal transduction (mechanism unknown) E3: osmotic signal transduction F2: phospholipid biosynthesis F3: cell peroxidation (prop.) F4: cell membrane permeability, F9: lipid homeostasis I1: reductase in I2: dehydratase in I3: polyketide
(cgs gene) (proposed) (ribosome, termination step) (ribosome, initiation step) #13 azanaphthalenes MAP / histidine kinase (os-1, Daf1)  methyltransferase # 14 aromatic hydrocarbons & heteroaromatics fatty acids (prop.) and transfer/storage melanin biosynthesis melanin biosynthesis synthase in
# 9 Anilino-Pyrimidines # 23 enopyranuronic acid # 24 hexopyranosyl antibiotics aryloxyquinoline quinazolinone # 2 dicarboximides # 6 phosphorothiolates & dithiolanes # 28 carbamates # 49 OSBPI Oxysterol binding # 16.1 Melanin Biosynthesis # 16.2 Melanin Biosynthesis melanin
( AP fungicides ) protein homologue inhibition Inhibitors: Reductase (MBI-R) Inhibitors: Dehydratase (MBI-D)
biosynthesis
aromatic isobenzo- carboxamide # 16.3 Melanin
hydrocarbons furanone Biosynthesis
Inhibitors: Polyketide
phosphorothiolates synthase (MBI-P)
dicloran
prothiocarb propamocarb
quinoxyfen proquinazid
cyprodinil iprodione fthalide diclocymet
blasticidin-S kasugamycin
pyrazophos
tecnazene quintozene
Group 23 Group 24 Group 13 oxathiapiprolin pyrrolo- cyclopropane
(TCNB) (PCNB) iodocarb quinolione carboxamide
Group 28
chlozolinate
D4: protein synthesis D5: protein synthesis E2: osmotic signal transduction iprobenfos tolprocarb
(ribosome, initiation step) (ribosome, elongation step)  MAP / histidine- kinase (os-2, HOG1) biphenyl F8: ergosterol F10: interaction with lipid
# 25 glucopyranosyl antibiotics # 41 tetracycline antibiotics # 12 phenylpyrroles (PP- fungicides) vinclozolin binding fraction of cell membrane, trifluoroethyl-
mepanipyrim dithiolanes with multiple effects on cell pyroquilon carpropamid carbamate
edifenphos tolclofos- # 48 polyene
methyl chloroneb membrane integrity
# 51 protein fragment triazolobenzo- propionamide
procymidone thiazole
fluoxapiproline

Polypeptide
Piperidinyl thiazole - isoxazoline
dimethachlone iso- natamycin ASFBIOF01-02
oxytetracycline fenpiclonil fludioxonil etridiazole
pyrimethanil streptomycin prothiolane (pimaricin) tricyclazole fenoxanil
(bactericide)
(bactericide)
1,2,4-thiadiazole
Group 9 Group 25 Group 41 Group 12 Group 2 Group 6 Group 14 Group 48 polypeptide Group 51 Group 49 Group 16.1 Group 16.2 Group 16.3

G: Sterol Biosynthesis in Membranes H: Cell Wall Biosynthesis P: Host Plant Defence Induction M: Chemicals with Multi-Site Activity
#M6 sulphamides
G1: C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis (erg11/cyp51) G2:14-reductase and 8→ 7-isomerase H4: chitin synthase H5: cellulose synthase P01: salicylate related P03: salicylate related P05: anthraquinone P07: phosphonates
# 3 DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) (SBI : Class I) in sterol biosynthesis (erg2, erg 24) # 19 Polyoxins # 40 Carboxylic Acid Amides #P01 benzothiodiazole BTH #P03 thiadiazole carboxamide elicitors #P07 phosphonates
# 5 Amines(“Morpholines”) (SBI : Class II) (CAA fungicides)
triazoles
Peptidyl
Pyrimidine Reynoutria #P05 ethyl- Cu S
sachalinensis plant extract phosphonates
nucleoside copper
piperazines cinnamic acid chlorothalonil anilazine dithianon
(Giant Knotweed preparations Sulphur
amides Extract)
piperidines Group M01 Group M02 Group M05 Group M08 Group M09
etaconazole
epoxiconazole diniconazole isotianil fosetyl-al inorganic inorganic chloronitriles triazines anthraquinones
acibenzolar- Group P05 fosetyl-al (unspecified mechanism) (electrophiles)
(electrophiles) (electrophiles) (unspecified mechanism)
dimethomorph S-methyl
Polyoxin
fenpropidin Phosphorous
azaconazole ipconazole imibenconazole P06: microbial elicitors acid Group M12
triforine H3PO3
Group 19 Group P01 #P06 microbial
flumorph thiocarbamates
piperalin
(electrophiles)
hexaconazole
fenbuconazole tebuconazole
aldimorph P02: salicylate related tiadinil Bacillus phosphorous methasulfocarb
Bacterial acid chinomethionat
pyrimorph #P02 benzothiazole mycoides
Bacillus spp. Group P07 dichlofluanid
simeconazole spiroketal-amines Group P03 amobam
bitertanol metconazole fenpropimorph
(Isolate J) Group M10
pyridines
valinamide P08: salicylate related
carbamates quinoxalines
#P08 isothiazole
P04: polysaccharide mancozeb
(electrophiles)
fluquinconazole tetraconazole ferbam
pyrifenox tridemorph elicitors Fungal captan
mandipropamid Cell walls of
benthiavalicarb Saccharomyces
Saccharomyces tolylfluanid
mefentrifluconazole spp.
morpholines spiroxamine febram zinc thiazole
mandelic acid probenazole cerevisiae mancozeb
bromuconazole myclobutanil
#P04 Strain LAS117
Group M06
pyrisoxazole dodemorph amides
Group 5 natural compound sulphamides
iprovalicarb valifenalate dichlobentiazox
laminarin
(electrophiles)
Group 40 Group P02 Group P04 Group P06 Group propineb
flusilazole triadimefon G3:3-keto reductase G4: squalene P08 fluoroimide
.
in C4-de-methylation captafol Group M11
pyrimidines epoxidase in sterol
mixture of
(erg27) biosynthesis (erg1) maleimides
cyproconazole penconazole # 17 (KRI fungicides
KetoReductase
# 18 (SBI : Class IV) Unknown Mode of Action BM: Biologicals with Multiple Modes of Action
metiram
propineb
maneb iminoctadine
and other
polyamines
(electrophiles)

nuarimol •Temporary status; information on mode of action and / or resistance risk is still uncertain
Inhibitors) (SBI : Class III)
zineb
flutriafol triadimenol BM 01 : plant extract BM 02 : microbial BM 03 : purified guazatine
(strains of living microbes or extract, metabolites) metabolites from folpet
fenarimol
hydroxyanilides
plant or microbial Group M04 Group M07
sources or synthetic thiram ziram
difenoconazole propiconazole terbinafine Polypeptide Group M03 phthalimides
iminoctadine
Fungal versions of these bis-guanidines
(lectin) Fungal Bacterial
Trichoderma spp. metabolites dithiocarbamates & relatives (electrophiles) (electrophiles) (membrane disruptors, detergents)
cymoxanil triazoxide diclomezine Clonostachys spp. Bacillus spp.
imazalil

triticonazole Group 27 tecloftalam Group 35 flusulfamide Group 37 Mode of action of fungicides based on the FRAC
cyflufenamid Bacterial NC : Not Specified fungicide list (FRAC Code List ©, published at Legend:
fenhexamid benzotriazines pyridazinones Phenols, www.frac.info/publications )
cyanoacetamide-oxime Group 34 Group 36 Erwinia spp. Mode of
triflumizole Group 06
naftifine Sesquiterpenes, (peptide) Action Group
benzene-sulfonamides cinnamaldehyde The groupings can change when new results
amino- phthalamic acid phenyl acetamides Triterpenoids, Fungal Bacterial
Coumarins Fungal become known. Colour coded boxes with same
pyrazolinones allylamines Coniothyrium spp. Pseudomonas spp. Target Site
Hanseniaspora spp. group code represent accepted mode of action
and Code
groups or, in cases where resistance is known,
pefurazoate cross resistance groups. In spite of this general
classification, cases of incomplete or even lacking FRAC Group
Terpene Bacterial Mineral oils, organic cross resistance are known within some groups Name
Hydrocarbons, Gluconobacter spp. oils, inorganic salts, with some pathogens. Compound
oxpoconazole material of biological
prothioconazole Terpene Bacterial (ISO Common Name)
alcohols origin Although details presented herein are accurate to
ferimzone picarbutrazox
dodine Fungal Fungal Streptomyces spp.
fenpyrazamine pyributicarb and our knowledge at the time of publication, neither FRAC Group (#)
imidazoles Saccharomyces spp. Talaromyces spp.
triazolinthione U14 tebufloquin Group U17 Terpene FRAC nor its member companies make any
(herbicide) Group validamycin Group U12
prochloraz flutianil representation or warranty with regard to the
thiocarbamates phenols Chemical or
pyrimidinone- tetrazolyloxime content of this presentation, in particular with
Group U13 Group U16 Group U18 guanidines biological group
Group 3 Group 17 Group 18 regard to its correctness and completeness.
hydrazones
glucopyranosyl Group BM01 Group BM02 Group BM02
Group BM03 Neither FRAC nor its member companies assume
cyano-
methylene thiazolidine
4-quinolyl acetate antibiotic Group NC any liability for the content of this presentation or its
use.
FRAC Mode of Action Poster © This version was updated in October 2023