RESEARCH II 3RD QUARTER REVIEWER  If the experimental units are different, then the

accuracy is reduced
 Experimental Design
 Randomized Complete Block Design
o Complete sequence of steps to answer the research
o Experimental subjects are divided into homogeneous
problem
groups called Blocks
o Involves logical structure
o Purpose of Blocking
o includes the variables under study
 To have the experimental subjects in one group
 Functions of Experimental Design
with all of their similarities
o Provides direction o ADVANTAGES
o Gains maximum information  More accurate results
o makes the statistical test valid  No restrictions on the number of treatments /
 Basic Principles blocks
o Replication  If extra replication is desired, these may be applied
 Repetition of the basic experiment  If data are unusable, they are omitted
o Randomization  If data is missing, these can be estimated easily by
 Assignment of the experimental units to the the “missing-plot”
treatments o DISADVANTAGES
o Local Control  Difficult to form blocks
 Balancing, grouping and blocking of experimental  When variation is large, error is large also.
units that are employed in the adopted design  Appropriateness of the Designs
 Blocking – allocation of the experimental units to a o It is appropriate to use if the exp. subjects can be grouped
block according to these characteristics which can affect the
 Completely Randomized Design (CRD) treatments being compared:
o Treatments are randomly designed to the experimental  age
subjects without restriction  sex
o Assumed to be homogeneous  height
o ADVANTAGES  Sampling
 It is flexible, that the number of treatments / o Measuring a small portion then making a general statement
replications is limited by a number as a whole
 Statistical analysis is easy even if the number of o PURPOSES OF SAMPLING
replications per treatment is not the same  Makes possible the study of a large
 Statistical analysis is easy even if experimental  It is for economy
subjects are missing  It is for speed
o DISADVANTAGES  It is for accuracy
 Not always easy to obtain with homogeneous  It saves sources of data
characteristics
 Concepts / Terms in Sampling
1. Element
 unit about which info. is collected
 provides the basis of analysis  Disadvantages in Sampling
2. Population o If it is biased, it may not be valid
 also called as “Universe” o If it doesn’t have the basis of the study, it is faulty
 specific aggregation of the elements o If it is large, it will be complicated
3. Study population o If it doesn’t process necessary skills, it may be biased
 aggregation of elements  General Types in Sampling
 the sample is actually selected o Probability Sampling
4. Sample  The sample is a proportion of the population
 People that are selected to participate o Non-Probability Sampling
5. Sampling units  The sample is not a proportion of the population
 set of elements considered for selection
 Types of Probability Sampling
6. Sampling frame
o Pure Random Sampling
 actual list of sampling units is selected
 Everyone has an equal chance of being selected
7. Observation unit
 Also called as the “Lottery” of “Raffle” sampling
 element of elements where info. is collected
 DISADVANTAGE : hard to use with large population
8. Variable
 ADVANTAGE : easy to understand / apply
 set of exclusive attributes
o Systematic Sampling
9. Parameter
 Every nth name may be selected
 summary description of a variable in a population
 It is a restricted random sampling
10. Statistics
 DISADVANTAGE : Sample is biased if the person in
 summary description of a variable in a sample
the ist belongs to a class by themselves
11. Sampling error
 ADVANTAGE : more convenient / economical
 degree of error in a sample
o Stratified Sampling
12. Representative sampling
 Used when the population has class stratifications /
 Representative of the population
groupings
13. Confidence level
 Selects randomly
 degree of confidence where a sample will fall from
 ADVANTAGE : contributes to the
a population parameter
representativeness of the sample
14. Sampling stratum
o Purposive Sampling
 group of elements in stage of sampling
 Determines the target population
 Principles in Sampling
 Respondents are chosen on their basis of their
o Appraisals are only predictions
knowledge of the study
o Estimates based on sampling are least accurate
o Sampling may be temporal
 o Cluster Sampling
 Used when the population is so big; or n
4. If the population is stratified, use this formula: %=
 Geographical area is so large N
 DISADVANTAGE : accuracy is reduced Where
 ADVANTAGE : efficient n = size of sample
 Types of Non-Probability Sampling N = size of population
o Accidental Sampling 5. Multiply the sampling units in each final sampling stratum
 No system of selection by rate
 Resorted only when there’s no alternative 6. Add the samples from all the final sampling data
o Quota Sampling (EXAMPLE IS ON YOUR R2 NOTEBOOK, KUNG KINOPYA
 Certain types are included MO)
o Convenience Sampling
 Picking out people in the fastest way to get their  Basic Laboratory Precautions
reactions on an issue o Keep pathways clear.
 Guidelines for Adequate Sampling o Long hair must be tied back to avoid catching fire.
1. When the population is more / less homogeneous, a small o Wear sensible clothing including footwear.
sample is enough o Loose clothing should be secured
2. When the population is more / less heterogeneous, sample o Work quietly
is needed o Do not taste or smell chemicals.
3. Size of sample varies inversely to the size of the population o Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes
4. If it has greater accuracy, then it has a greater sample o Never look into a test tube while you are heating it.
5. Use of few persons is more desirable if the study is about o Unauthorized experiments must not be attempted.
drugs o Keep solids out of the sink.
6. If the sample is likely to be destroyed, use non-human o Do not lean, hang over or sit on the laboratory tables.
subjects (rats) o Follow all instructions given by your teacher.
 Steps in computing the Size of a Sample o Learn how to transport all materials and equipment safely.
1. Determine the size of the study population o No eating or drinking in the lab at any time!
2. Decide on the margin of error
 Parts and Functions of a Microscope
3. Use this formula:
o Ocular Lens
N
n= 2
 Have a magnification power of 10x
1+ N e o Coarse Adjustment Knob
Where:  Allows you to make large adjustments
n = size of sample o Fine adjustment knob
N = size of population
 Used for precise focusing
e = margin of error (in decimal form)
 Used to make small adjustments
o Base
  Used to safely transport the microscope  Part where you look at with your eyes. Usually 10x
o Light Source magnification
 Sends light up through the diaphragm
o Stage
 Platform that the slides rest while being viewed
 Slides are placed on this
o Objective lenses
 Lenses that are attached to the nosepiece
 Scanning – 4x
 Low-power – 10x
 High-power – 40x
 Oil immersion – 100x
o Arm
 Vertical portion of the microscope
 Connects the base and the head
 Used to safely transport the microscope
o Tube
 Reflects the light to the viewer’s eye
o Rotating objects
 Allows for a quick change of objectives
o Low power objective
 First lens you use when doing proper microscope
work
o Medium power objective
 Second lens you use
o High power objective
 Highest magnification used
 Never use in coarse adjustment because it will
break the slide
o Stage clips
 Used to keep the slides in place
o Diaphragm
 Used to vary the amount of light passing through
the slide
o Eyepiece