Boards 2024:

Political Science Marathon

Revision
 Chapters Covered

01 Power−Sharing

02 Federalism

03 Gender, Religion, and Caste

04 Political Parties

05 Outcomes of Democracy
Glossary

Power sharing: Distribution of power Social differences: Differences

between different organs and levels of between people on the basis of
the government, so that power is not gender, religion, place of birth, and
concentrated in one hand. mother tongue.

Federalism: A system of government Communalism: An ideology

in which the power is divided between stating the division between
a central authority and the communities (or groups of people)
various constituent units of the country. on the basis of religion, ethnicity,
beliefs, and values.
 Case Study of Belgium
Situation in Belgium

• The Dutch resented minority speaking French

community for being rich and powerful. Flemish region Wallonia region
population: 59% population: 40%
• The tension between the two communities Language: French
Language: Dutch
increased in the 1950s and 1960s. This tension
was more prominent in Brussels.
• To resolve this tension, Belgium leaders
amended the constitution four times. Situation in Brussels
• Number of Dutch and French-speaking
ministers in central government is equal.
• Many powers of the central government 20% 80% speak
are given to the state government. speak French
• Brussels has a separate government with Dutch
equal representation from each
community.
 Case Study of Sri Lanka
• Post independence in 1948, the Sinhala 18% 74% speak
community formed their government. speak Sinhala
• Sinhala was made the official language Tamil
• Government favoured Sinhala community
for jobs
• Protected and fostered Buddhism
• Relations between Tamil and Sinhalese strained.
Tamils started fighting for equal status.
• The government repeatedly denied their appeal.
This led to a civil war between the two
communities.
• Sri Lankan army defeated the LTTE. After this
defeat, many Tamils were forced to leave the
country.
A- Belgium amended their constitution four times.
R- Amendments were to enable everyone to live together in the
same country.

A Both A and R is true and R is the correct explanation for A

B Both A and R is true and R is the incorrect explanation for A

C A is true and R is false

D A is false and R is true

A- Belgium amended their constitution four times.
R- Amendments were to enable everyone to live together in the
same country.

A Both A and R is true and R is the correct explanation for A

B Both A and R is true and R is the incorrect explanation for A

C A is true and R is false

D A is false and R is true

Which one of the following languages was declared as
the official language of Sri Lanka by an Act passed in 1966 ?

A Tamil

B Sinhala

C Hindi

D English
Which one of the following languages was declared as
the official language of Sri Lanka by an Act passed in 1966 ?

A Tamil

B Sinhala

C Hindi

D English
Why is Power Sharing Desirable?

It helps to reduce the

possibility of conflict Prudential
between social
groups.

Power sharing is the very

spirit of democracy. A legitimate
government is
Moral
one in which citizens can
participate and acquire a
stake in the system.
Why did the feeling of alienation increase among the Sri Lankan
Tamils in 1956? Explain.
 Effects of majoritarian on Sri Lanka Tamils

Sri Lankan Tamils felt alienated because:

(i) Government adopted majoritarian measure to establish Sinhala Supremacy. In

1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language thus
disregarding Tamil.

(ii) The governments followed preferential politics that favoured Sinhala applicants
for university positions and government jobs.

(iii) A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

(iv) Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist
Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture.

(v) As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained
overtime and it soon turned into a Civil War.
 Why did the feeling of alienation increase among the Sri Lankan
Tamils in 1956? Explain.
Sri Lankan Tamils felt alienated because:

(i) Government adopted majoritarian measure to establish Sinhala Supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passed to
recognise Sinhala as the only official language thus disregarding Tamil.

(ii) The governments followed preferential politics that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and
government jobs.

(iii) A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

(iv) Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were
sensitive to their language and culture.

(v) As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained overtime and it soon turned
into a Civil War.
 Central Government

State Government
Legislature Executive Judiciary

Panchayats/ Municipal bodies

Horizontal Distribution of Power Vertical Distribution of Power

 Separation of
powers
Power is shared among different
organs of government such as
the legislature, executive and
judiciary.
Federal
Government
Power is shared among
government at different levels
such as Union, State and Local
governments.

Coalition Community
Government Government
Power is shared among political Power is shared among different
parties, pressure groups and social groups such as religious
movements. and linguistic groups.
 Confidence Board

Lost! Many doubts! Almost there! I’m confident!

 Chapters Covered

01 Power−Sharing

02 Federalism

03 Gender, Religion, and Caste

04 Political Parties

05 Outcomes of Democracy
 Chapter Covered

Features of federalism

India: A federal country

Practising federalism

Federalism
Decentralisation of power
Revision
 It is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and
Federalism : the various constituent units of the country.

Power Central
authority

Constituent Units
 Features of Federalism
• There are two or more levels of government.

• Different tiers of government govern the same citizen, but

each tier has its own jurisdiction.

• The existence of each tier of government is constitutionally

guaranteed.

• The fundamental provision cannot be changed by one level

of government. It requires the consent of both levels of
government.

• Courts have the right to interpret the constitution and the

powers of different levels of government.

• Sources of revenue for each level of government are

specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

• The federal system safeguards and promotes the unity of the

country.
 TYPES OF FEDERATIONS

1. Coming Together 2. Holding Together

 TYPES OF FEDERALISM

1. Coming Together

• States decide to pool their sovereignty and retain their identity at the
same time. A B

• All the states usually have equal power.

Centre

• States are not weak compared to the centre.

C
• Examples: USA, Switzerland & Australia.
 TYPES OF FEDERALISM

2. Holding Together

• Country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and A D
the national/central government.
CENTER
• States may be unequal. Some may have been granted special powers.
B C

• Centre tends to be more powerful.

• Examples: India, Spain & Belgium.

 India: A Federal Country

Union List State List Concurrent List

• Subjects of national • Subjects of state/local • Subjects of

importance. importance. common importance to
• Union/central government • State government make the centre and state.
makes laws. laws. • Both centre and
• Defence, currency, foreign • Police, prisons, state governments
affairs, banking, and commerce, agriculture make laws. In case of
communications. and irrigation. conflict, law by centre
prevails.
• Education, forest,
marriage, adoption and
succession.
India: A Federal Country
Some states enjoy special powers (Article 371) while union territories have very little power.

Article 371 Union Territories

• Due to social and • Too small to become

historical circumstances. an independent state.
• Protection of land • Could not be merged with
and culture. any of the existing states
• Preferential employment • Central Government has
in government services. special powers in running
Assam, Nagaland, these areas.
Arunachal Pradesh, etc. Chandigarh,
Lakshadweep, Delhi, etc.
India: A Federal Country
Any change to the power-sharing arrangement has to be passed by both houses of parliament
with a 2/3rd majority and ratified by the legislature of at least half of the total state legislature.

Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

2/3rd majority in parliament 1 /2 of the total

state legislatures
How is federalism practised in India?
Practising Federalism

Linguistic State

• Boundaries of several states have changed to ensure linguistic homogeneity.

Example – Andhra Pradesh.

• Some states were created to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity, or

geography.
Examples – Jharkhand, Nagaland, and Uttarakhand.
Practising Federalism

Language Policy

• No national language of India. Hindi is the official language.

• Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised
as scheduled languages in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution.
• Use of English for official purposes did not stop in 1965 because of the demand of
non-Hindi speaking states, like Tamil Nadu.
• In central government exams, candidates can choose to write in any one of the
Scheduled Languages.
Practising Federalism

Centre-State
Relations

• For a long time, state governments did not work as autonomous units because a
strong centre tried to undermine the power of the states.
• 1990 was the beginning of the era of Coalition Governments.
• Coalition government is formed by an alliance of at least 2 or more political
parties who then adopt a common programme.
• Since no single party could get a clear majority they had to come into coalition with
regional parties to form a government in centre.
• This trend was supported by the Supreme Court which made it difficult for the
Central Government to dismiss state governments.
 Practising Federalism • Boundaries of several states have changed to ensure
linguistic homogeneity. Example – Andhra
Pradesh.
Linguistic • Some states were created to recognise
differences based on culture, ethnicity, or
State
geography. Examples – Jharkhand, Nagaland,
and Uttarakhand.

• Hindi is the official language and there are 21

Practising Linguistic other languages recognised
Federalism Policy as scheduled languages in the 8th schedule of the
Indian constitution.

• Coalition government is formed by an alliance of

Centre-State at least 2 or more political parties who then
Relation adopt a common programme.
• This trend was supported by the Supreme
Court which made it difficult for the Central
Government to dismiss state governments.
Decentralisation of Power

Central
Government
Power
Local Government

State
Government
 What is Decentralisation?

• The process of distributing functions and powers is called decentralisation.

Rural local government Urban local government

Zila Municipal
Parishad Municipality
(District level) Corporation

Panchayat Samiti
(Block level)

Gram Panchayat
(Village level)
 Democratic Decentralisation in India

 In India, power is decentralised and shared

among the union, state, and local
governments.
 However, before 1992, elections to local
governments were not held regularly
and they had little power of their own.
 In 1992, the Constitution was amended
to make the local governments more
powerful and effective.
 Strengthening of Local Governments

 Conduction of elections to local bodies at regular intervals has

been made Central
constitutionally mandatory. Government

 Seats are reserved for weaker sections of society such as the State
Governments
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other
Backward Classes. Local
Governments
 At least, one-third of the seats are reserved for women to
encourage their participation in decision-making.
 The State Governments are now required to share power and
revenue with the local government bodies.
 An independent State Election Commission operates in each
state; they conduct free and fair elections for all local bodies in
the state.
 Greater autonomy to Panchayats in Kerala to manage
healthcare is one of the examples of the success of the
Panchayati Raj.
Which one of the following is an example of 'coming together
federation'?

A India

B USA

C Belgium

D Spain
Which one of the following is an example of 'coming together
federation'?

A India

B USA

C Belgium

D Spain
Identify the administrative level of Indian Government with the
help of the information given in the box and choose the correct
option:

1. Power shared between Central to Local Government.

2. The state Government are required to share some powers
and revenue with them.
3. It is called a thee tier government.

A Dictatoiral System C Decentralized System

B Unitary System D Imperialistic System

Identify the administrative level of Indian Government with the
help of the information given in the box and choose the correct
option:

1. Power shared between Central to Local Government.

2. The state Government are required to share some powers
and revenue with them.
3. It is called a thee tier government.

A Dictatoiral System C Decentralized System

B Unitary System D Imperialistic System

 Confidence Board

Lost! Many doubts! Almost there! I’m confident!

 Chapters Covered

01 Power−Sharing

02 Federalism

03 Gender, Religion, and Caste

04 Political Parties

05 Outcomes of Democracy
 Chapter Covered

Gender stereotypes

Communalism in politics

Secularism in India

Gender, Religion, and Politics in caste system

Caste
Revision
 Gender Stereotype
• Literacy rate among women is only
54% while men have 76%.
• According to the Equal Remuneration
Act, of 1976, equal wages should be
paid for equal work irrespective of
gender.
• In many parts of India the sex ratio is • As of October 2021,
declining because parents prefer a women represented 10.5%
male child over female child of the total members of
the Parliament of India.
• Regarding the State
Assemblies they hold less
than 5% reservations.
 Communal Politics

• Political parties associated with a certain

religion.
• Use of political power to favour a religious
group.
• Disadvantageous to minorities.
• Communal politics is based on the idea
that religion is the basis of social
community.
• Communalism can take an ugly path
which can lead to violence.
Secularism in India

• No religion has official status.

• Freedom to profess, practice
and propagate any religion.
• No discrimination based on religion.
 Caste and Politics

• Caste too has been influenced by politics.

• New caste groups have emerged – ‘backward’
and ‘forward’.
• The terms, 'Scheduled Castes' and 'Scheduled
Tribes' are mentioned in the constitution.
• Development of democratic values like the
right to vote and one vote, one value has
compelled political leaders to mobilise support
from different caste
• Political parties try to make appeals to
caste sentiments.
• Nomination of candidates from different castes
and tribes to garner support.
 Caste in politics

Caste can take various forms in politics

 Caste composition of constituency and nomination

of candidates accordingly.

 Political parties and candidates appeals to caste

sentiment to muster supports.

 Universal adult franchise and principle of one person

one vote had brought new consciousness among the
caste that were earlier treated inferior and low.
 Caste in politics

Are elections about caste and nothing else?

 No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear

majority.

 No party wins the votes of all the votes of a caste or community.

 Many political parties may put up candidates from the same

caste ( if that cases I dominate the electorate in a particular
constituency).

 The ruling party and sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections

in our country.
 Caste in Politics
Casteism is caused by the belief that caste is the sole basis of
social community, Caste can take both negative and positive
forms in politics.

Negative Aspect
(i) While choosing candidates, parties keep in mind the caste
composition of the electorate
(ii) When governments are formed, political parties usually take
care that particular representatives of different castes and
tribes find a place in it.
(iii) While campaigning for parties, political leaders are trying
to get support from their own community.
(iv) Some political parties are known to favour some castes and
seen as their representatives.
 Caste in Politics

Positive Aspect
(i) Universal Adult Franchise" and the principle of one-person one-vote
compelled political leaders to gain the political support.
(ii) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one
single caste. Every party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste
and community to win an election.
(iii) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When
people think a particular caste is their 'Vote bank', it means a large
proportion of the voters from that caste vote for that party.
(iv) Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste. Some
voters have more than one candidate from their caste, while many voters
have no candidate from their caste. It is the very essence of a democracy
where all castes have some importance.
(v) The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our
country. This could not have happened if all caste and communities
restricted their political preferences.
 Politics in Caste
Politics too influences the caste system and caste identities by bringing
them into the political arena.
Thus, it is not politics that gets caste-ridden, it is the caste that gets
politicised.

 Each caste groups tries to become bigger by incorporating within it

neighboring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.

 Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other
castes or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.

 New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like
backward and forward caste groups.
 Politics in Caste
Does it have any advantages??

 Helped people from Dalits and OBC castes to gain better access
to decision making.

 Still this can divert attention from other important issues like
poverty, development and corruption.
 Politics in Caste

Politics in Caste
There is not a one-way relation between caste and politics.

As casteism influences politics, i.e. Politics too influences

the caste system and caste identities by bringing them
into the political arena. Thus, it is not politics that gets
caste-ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised.
It takes several forms
(i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by
incorporating within it other subcastes.
(ii) (ii) Various caste groups are required to enter an
alliance with other castes or communities.
(iii) (iii) New kinds of caste groups like 'backward' and
'forward' caste groups have come up in the political
field.
 Confidence Board

Lost! Many doubts! Almost there! I’m confident!

 Chapters Covered

01 Power−Sharing

02 Federalism

03 Gender, Religion, and Caste

04 Political Parties

05 Outcomes of Democracy
 Concepts Covered

Introduction to Functions of
political parties political parties

Political Parties

Challenges and reforms

for parties Party system in India
Introduction to Political Parties
Political parties: A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in
the government.

Components of Political Parties

Leaders Active members Followers

Take all Spread the ideas and Support and vote

major decisions agenda of the party for their party
 Functions of Political Parties

In most democracies, Parties put forward

elections are fought mainly various schemes and Parties form and run
between candidates of programs before the the government.
different parties. voters.

Functions of Political Parties

Parties shape public Opposition parties criticise Political parties play an

opinion. They raise and the ruling government and important role in making
highlight issues concerning raise the issues and laws for a country.
the common citizens. demands of people.
 Types of Party System

Single-party system: Only a single

party contests wins elections and forms
the government
Example: Cuba and China

Types of Party Two-party system: Only two parties have a

Systems serious chance
of winning elections
Example: USA and UK

Multi-party system: More than two parties have a

serious chance
of winning elections
Example: India and France
 Types of political parties
in India

National political parties Regional political parties

• Participate in different elections • Participate in

all over India elections within a region or
• Must be strong in at least a state
four states across the country • Electoral symbol reserved for
• Have an exclusive them in respective states
electoral symbol • Examples: DMK, AIADMK,
• Examples: BJP, INC, and NCP BJD, and RJD
National Political Parties: Criteria

Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3

• Need to secure at least • Need to secure at least • Need to be recognised

6% of the votes in
the last Lok Sabha
elections or state
assembly elections in
at least four states
• Need to win at least
four seats in the last
Lok Sabha polls from
any state or states
2% of the total number as a state party in at
of Lok Sabha seats least four states
• These Members
of Parliament should
be elected from at least
three states

Note: A party needs to fulfil any one of the above three criteria.
State Political Parties: Criteria

Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3

Secure at least 6% votes
in the state legislative
assembly elections
Win at least 2 seats in the
state legislative assembly
Win at least one Lok Sabha Win at least 3% of total
seat for every 25 seats number of seats or 3
seats in
the legislative assembly

Note: A party needs to fulfil any one of the above three criteria.
 Types of Political Parties

Political party

National party State party

 National Parties

• These political parties that participate in

different elections all over India.

• They have exclusive electoral symbols.

• A party that secures 6% of the BJP INC

total votes in Lok Sabha or Assembly
elections in 4 states and wins
at least 4 seats in Lok Sabha is
recognised as a national party.
 National Parties

All India Trinamool Congress (AITC):

• It was launched on 1 January 1998 AITC
under the leadership of
Mamta Banerjee.

• Its symbol has flower and grass,

committed to secularism
and federalism.

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP): BSP

• It was formed in 1984 under the
leadership of Kanshi Ram.

• It stands for the cause

to secure the interests of Dalits
and other oppressed groups.
 National Parties

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP):

• It was founded in 1980 by reviving the
former party Bhartiya Jana Sangh
formed by Syama Prasad Mukherjee in
1951.

• It wants to build a strong and modern

India derived from ancient
cultures and Deendayal Upadhyaya's
ideas of integral humanism and BJP
Antyodaya.

• Cultural nationalism or Hindutva is an

important element in its conception.
 National Parties

Indian National Congress (INC):

• It is one of the oldest parties in the
world founded in 1885 and has
experienced many splits. It played
a significant role after India’s
independence.

• Under the leadership of INC

Jawaharlal Nehru, the party
aimed to build India into a
secular democratic republic.
 National Parties

Communist Party of India (CPI):

CPI
• It was formed in 1925. S.V. Ghate
was the first General Secretary of
CPI.

• It believes in Marxism-Leninism,
secularism and democracy.

Communist Party of India –

CPI - M
Marxist (CPI-M):

• It was formed in 1964.

• It enjoys strong support in West

Bengal, Kerala and Tripura.
 National Parties

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP):

• It was formed in 1999 by Sharad
Pawar, P.A. Sangma, and Tariq
Anwar following a split in the
Congress party.

• It is a major party in Maharashtra NCP

and has a significant presence in
Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam.
 State Parties

• A party that secures at least 6% of

the total votes in a state legislative SP
assembly election and wins at
least 2 seats in the state assembly
is recognised as a state party.

• For example, Rashtriya Lok Dal and

Samajwadi Party.
RLD
• Over the last three decades,
the number of state parties
has increased resulting in political
diversity in the Parliament of India.

• Since 1996, state parties have

actively formed coalition with
national parties.
 Lack of internal Dynastic succession: In many
democracy: In most parties, parties, the top positions are
power is concentrated in the occupied by members of the same
hands of a few leaders. family.

Challenges to Political Parties

Lack of meaningful Money and muscle power:

choices: Most of the time, Rich people who fund parties
the contesting parties vary tend to have an influence on
very little in their ideologies. the decisions of the parties.
 The anti-defection law Contesting candidates
prevents defections from A law should be made
have to disclose their
one party to another for to regulate the internal
property details and
political or monetary affairs of parties.
criminal records.
rewards.

Reforms for Political Parties

There should be state Parties should reserve at

funding of elections. The Holding organisational
least one-third of tickets elections should be made
government should give for women candidates.
parties money to support compulsory.
their expenses.
Which of the following States is ruled by a regional party?

A Haryana

B Madhya Pradesh

C Odisha

D Rajasthan
Which of the following States is ruled by a regional party?

A Haryana

B Madhya Pradesh

C Odisha

D Rajasthan
Which one of the following countries adopted multi-party
system?

A USA

B India

C China

D United Kingdom
Which one of the following countries adopted multi-party
system?

A USA

B India

C China

D United Kingdom
 Confidence Board

Lost! Many doubts! Almost there! I’m confident!

 Chapters Covered

01 Power−Sharing

02 Federalism

03 Gender, Religion, and Caste

04 Political Parties

05 Outcomes of Democracy
 Concepts Covered

Outcomes of Democracy

How do we assess
Merits of
democracy’s
democracy
outcomes?
Promotes equality among Enhances the dignity of the Improves the quality of
citizens individual decision making

Merits of Democracy

Allows room to correct Provides methods to resolve

mistakes conflicts
Democratic Governments

Democratic Governments

Accountable Responsive Legitimate

People have the right to choose their rulers and they have control over their rulers.

Citizens have a say in the decision making.

Thus, democracy is a government that is accountable to the citizens.

Democratic Governments

Democratic Governments

Accountable Responsive Legitimate

Democracy ensures that decision making is based on norms and procedures.

Citizens can find out if the decision was made through established norms.

However, democracies often frustrate the needs of people and ignore their demands.

Routine instances of corruption are also a major challenge to democratic governments.

Democratic Governments

Democratic Governments

Accountable Responsive Legitimate

Democracy is a form of government where the leaders are elected by the people.

It is people’s own government and they have the authority to change it at regular
intervals.

There is an overwhelming support for democracy all across South Asia.

Economic Growth and Development

Economic development of a nation depends on:

Population International relations Economic priorities

In a democracy, all individuals However, democracies do not A small number of ultra-rich
have an equal weight in appear to be very successful in enjoy a highly disproportionate
electing their representatives. reducing economic inequalities. share of wealth and incomes.

Reduction of
Inequality and Poverty

Incomes of those at the bottom

In Bangladesh, more than half of
strata have been declining
its population lives in poverty.
constantly.
 Accommodation of Diversity and Enhancement of Dignity

• Majority: A large group of people who agree

with a decision or have similar views which
are reflected in regular elections.
• Religious or linguistic majority should not
influence decision making.
 Accommodation of Diversity and Enhancement of Dignity

Democracy must ensure:

• Decision-making is not influenced by a
majority based on religious, racial, or ethnic
identities.
• Majority should take views of the minority
into consideration.
• Everyone should have the chance to be a
part of the majority.

• Room for dialogue.

• Accommodation of social diversity.
Which one of the following is not true about a democratic
government?

A Democratie government is a legitimate government.

B Democratic government is a responsive government.

C Democratic government is the people's own Government.

D It does not allow room to correct mistakes.

Which one of the following is not true about a democratic
government?

A Democratie government is a legitimate government.

B Democratic government is a responsive government.

C Democratic government is the people's own Government.

D It does not allow room to correct mistakes.

Which one of the following 1s the most popular form of
government in the Contemporary world ?

A Dictatorial Government

B Constitutional Monarchy

C Military Government

D Democratic Government
Which one of the following 1s the most popular form of
government in the Contemporary world ?

A Dictatorial Government

B Constitutional Monarchy

C Military Government

D Democratic Government
'Democracy accommodates social diversities.' Support the
statement with examples.
 Democracy

Democracy accommodates social diversities:

i Democracies develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces

the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.

ii No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different

groups. But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and can evolve
a mechanism to negotiate these differences.

iii Ability to handle social differences divisions and conflicts is thus a definite
plus point of democratic regimes.

iv Example: Belgium - has successfully negotiated differences among its ethnic

population. This reduces the possibility of tensions.
'Democracy accommodates social diversities.' Support the
statement with examples.
Democracy accommodates social diversities:

i Democracies develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility
of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.

ii No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can
certainly learn to respect these differences and can evolve a mechanism to negotiate these
differences.

iii Ability to handle social differences divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of
democratic regimes.

iv Example: Belgium - has successfully negotiated differences among its ethnic population.
This reduces the possibility of tensions.
"Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government". Support the statements with arguments.
 Democracy

A democracy produces an accountable responsive and legitimate government

as:

i People have a right to choose their rulers and have control over the rulers.

ii Whenever possible and necessary they should participate in decision-making

on issues that affect them all.

iii Democracy produces a government which is accountable to the citizens.

iv Democracy is based on the idea of liberation and negotiation.

v Decision-making is based on norms and procedures and its transparency.

"Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government". Support the statements with arguments.

A democracy produces an accountable responsive and legitimate government as:

i People have a right to choose their rulers and have control over the rulers.

ii Whenever possible and necessary they should participate in decision-making on

issues that affect them all.

iii Democracy produces a government which is accountable to the citizens.

iv Democracy is based on the idea of liberation and negotiation.

v Decision-making is based on norms and procedures and its transparency.

"There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all
over the world." Support the statement with examples.
 Democracy

There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the
world because:

i A democratic government is peoples own government.

ii The evidence from South Asia shows that the support exists in countries
with democratic regimes.

iii People wished to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

iv People believe that democracy is suitable for their country.

v Democracy has the ability to generate its own support which in a itself is
an outcome that cannot be ignored.
"There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all
over the world." Support the statement with examples.

There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world because:

i A democratic government is peoples own government.

ii The evidence from South Asia shows that the support exists in countries with
democratic regimes.

iii People wished to be ruled by representatives elected by them.

iv People believe that democracy is suitable for their country.

v Democracy has the ability to generate its own support which in a itself is an outcome
that cannot be ignored.
 Confidence Board

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