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    CamScanner 09-14-2021 18.21

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    CamScanner 09-14-2021 18.21

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    CamScanner 09-14-2021 18.21

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    Wo TTC AH SS @ Calculate the momentum of an object: @ Explain how momentum is gained or lost. t's motion, It is quite difficult to define momentum {tum is a measure of an object a Im in wong bat igves an idea of what will be required to stop the object moving. The best definition is mathematical: ‘momentum (kgms~!) = mass (kg) x velocity (m“!) pemxv ‘As momentum the product of mass (a scalar) and velocity (a vector, momentum is vectoe Ty means its direction is very important and must be remembered. The direction willbe the same x that of its velocity. figA Which object moves with the greatest momentum? AM HINT | VTS ey ia Sa s standard) and can be released at he solution inthis worked ‘athletics hammer (see fig A) has a mass of 7.26 kg (men's competition !) speeds in excess of 25 ms”. Its momentum at 25.0 ms" would be nple are suitable for pemxy P=7.26% 250 P=182kgms? i Abaseball has —_ ‘of 145 grams. A fast, pitcher can throw it at 40m: 5-1, Ifthis baseball is released} 40m" its momentum is: p=mxy P=0145 x40 1 p=S8kgms? thletics hammer than to stop a “These example show that itis much more dificult to stop a wel/-thrown at | Baseball Think about what more difcut? means in this case. Scanned with CamScanner ‘SECOND LAW OF MOTION NEI ant o bring an object to rest orto accelerate it up toa Te city, the requirements wil be different for different i A got balls accelerated ina very different way to a io cof the forces needed and the time for which they act. fo) ngs sto another way of thinking about momen Itis ere ofthe accelerating force, and the ime its applied fo, raed to bring an object upto the speed its moving at ames thatatvel its the fce required, and for how Tong, to bring a evi object 10 rest eax OMe LEGES MOTUS —e 1h figB Neyton laws of motion ashe originaly wrote ther. Newton's second law can be written mathematically as F= ma. Infact thet formula is only true if the mass remains constant. When Newton originally wrote his second law in the 1687 book, Phiosophie naturals principia mathematica, he actualy wrote it as: Therateof change of momentum of « body is directly proportional tothe resultant force applied to the body, and is in the same direction asthe force. ‘This can be written mathematically as: Investigating momentum change ‘motion sensor taptop talon A fig Measuring how a force changes the momentum of a tralley You can investigate the rate of change of momentum in the school laboratory. A trolley starts from rest and as a force acts upon itits ‘velocity increases. you record the trolleys movement over time, You can find the velocity each second. f you then calculate the momentum each second, you will be able to plota graph of ‘momentum against time. It should be a straight line. As p = Ft, the gradient ofthis line wll be equal tothe accelerating force. a Tr “a. fig Accelerating from rest, momenta wile propartior Safety Note: Place trotleys and runways. cause injuries. For large masses, place « catch box filed with ‘rumpled paper or bubbled plastic in the “rop zone’ toavold jury to feet. i [ED rronatsoume Calculate the momentum in each of these examples: (@) an ice skater with a mass of 64 kg glides at 3.75 ms" (b)a rugby player of mass 120kg runs ata speed of 49:ms"* {¢) an ant of mass 5 milligrams moves ata speed of S centimetres per second. 2. Estimate the momentum of the motorcyclistand the skateboarder shown in fig A. 3, Using the ideas of Newtor's second law, explain why hitting an airbag will cause less injury than ifa passenger hits the dashboard. 4. Estimate the force applied by a person throwing a Frisbee. RTSA SHA Le aN | omentum (kg ms") = mass (kg) x velocity ms") | p=mxv ‘Momentum attoume so they cannot fall and Scanned with CamScanner TEARNING/OBJECTIVES a Explain the principle of conservation of linear Make calculations based on the conservation momentum. of linear momentum. the laws of physics to calculate where the objects will go ater, nservation of linear momentum to predict the moa Je tells us that if we calculate the momentum of each obj. se momenta (accounting for their direction) will be thes When objects collide, we can us collision. We can use the principle of e of objects after a collision. This principl before they collide, the sum total of the as the sum total afterwards. = i is is all about objects moving in straight lines. There g The word linear appears here to remind us that this is a ¥ | Grnar physics principles about rotating objects, but they use diferent equations forthe calculations ig book we will only consider linear momentum. “This principle depends on the condition that no external force acts on the objects in question. An | external force would provide an additional acceleration, and the motion of the objects would nt figa Newtons cacle dependent on the collision alone. As we saw in the previous section, a resultant force will cause csenamethealscolise. | change in momentum, soit makes sense that momentum is only conserved if no external fore a (oaeto arather but the tell Imagine if a juggler's ball moving upward collided with one coming down. Momentum conservate momentum mains corsiant. would suggest that the one falling down would bounce back with an upward velocity after the collision. Common sense tells us that all balls will still end up back on the ground. The externa of gravity means that the principle of conservation of momentum alone cannot be used to predic cool eer the motions after the collision, conserved when no external forces (such as friction) act on the system. Scanned with CamScanner Er 2 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM 51 "For any exam question about j in American football match, the stationary quarterback is tackled by a defender who dives throu [ire 1 pus teen se ele i eetaee Oa cere earclanres ee ey ‘momentum in collisions and the airat4ms" and, in mid-air, grabs the quarterback and the two move quickly backwards together. “explosions, make sure you state: toesing any friction effect calculate how fast the hwo will Move back the acller ha amassof kg exPISONS, v state: ‘and te stationary player has a mass of 95kg, Consider the entire situation to be happening horizontally, ‘tal momentum before = total | before merback stationary so zer0 momentum (au pe # Y= 140% 4 = 560 | momentum before = S60kgms* “ater: | gmomentum after = momentum before = 560kgms") ‘na colision in which two objects join together to become one and move off together, they are often said to ‘coalesce t EXPLOSIONS ae L fig In this illustration, these trapeze artists are stationary. If they let go of each other, they will ‘explode’ - they will fy apart with equal and opposite momenta. a stationary object explodes, then the total momentum of all the shrapnel parts added up (taking count ofthe direction of their movements) must be zero. The object had zero momentum at the ion of linear momentum tells us this must be the same total after the nt is termed an explosion, although it may not be very dramatic. sin fig C simply let go their hands and swing apart, they have have equal and opposite momenta afterwards, which when Scanned with CamScanner Meas. CUuaes has a mass of 55kg and steps forward ata speed ose ‘what will happen to the boat which has a mass of 36g? (Ignore friction effects) This situation is an explosion, so: total momentum before = total momentum after = zero EXAM HINT, a Note that the steps and layout Pron * Peoy= 0 Of the solution in this worked 2. Poot “Poy ‘example are suitable for So when the two are added up. the total momentum is conservation of linear sil zero ‘momentum questions in the Prout -(55# 15) = -825kgms" an ‘Moa * Vous * “82.5 kgs" 825-825 Voost™ oat 36 Van ® 23m" 4 fig Caution: eposionsny 0 the boat moves at 2.3 ms"tin the opposite direction to the boy. make you wet! PRACTICAL SKILLS transfer of momentum Safety Note: Place trolleys and runways so they cannot fall and cause injuries. A. fig Venting the principle of conservation of linear momentum. ‘You can investigate the transfer of momentum in collisions in the school laboratory using trolleys, orslides ‘on an alrtrack. By recording the movement of one trolley crashing into another, you can find the cecum ofeach ‘one before and after the collision. The calculation of adding up the total momenta Gifercat an COlision wl allow you to prove the principe of conservation of linear momentum. Ty Giferent types of colision and trolleys with different masses. You could also t r which the rolleys come apart from a stationary position, oe Inexperim fr creatives sng rol Wwe often find that momentum is actually not conserved in the measuremers omentum theory, Whee mons the measurements match very closely or exactly wth the conservation! rome ny What might be the reasons for this difference between the two types of experiment? Scanned with CamScanner ded 1€.2 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM ) } "NEWTON'S THIRD Law “Conservation of momentum is directly responsible for Newton's | irae Remember this told us tha for every force, theres SKILLS) eee | an equal and opposite force. If we think ofa force as a way to change 'A movie stuntman with a mass of 90g stands on a stationary ep, 1gsateboard. An actor tows a 34kg brick tthe stuntman momentum (F= 2) then a force changing momentum in one wo eather The bricks twaveling at 4.15 when caught rection must be Cbuntered ; : 2. Aboyina stationary boat on sill pond has ot his asin the yan equal and opposite one to ensure that overall momentum wrter. In order to get the boat moving again, he hows his - Pi Snserved. For example ifthe gravitational pul of the Earth ‘ucksack horizontally out of the boat witha speed of 4s is fse8 an apple to fll from a tree, the apple gains momentum asitsu scien: abs Saieae :

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