2023/2024TERM 2 RESL STUDENT NOTES

TEACHER’S NAME AJIMOTOKAN M. O.

SUBJECT PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION
CLASS YEAR 8 (JSS 2)
LIST OF TOPICS COVERED WEEK TOPIC
1 Sports And Society
2 Human Trafficking
3 Sports Law
4 Game Of Basketball
5 Game Of Basketball
6 HALF-TERM
ASSESSMENT
7 HALF-TERM BREAK
8 Gymnastics
9 Martial Arts [Judo]
10 Martial Arts [Judo]
11 Martial Arts [Karate]
12 Martial Arts [Karate]
13 FULL TERM
ASSESSMENT

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WEEK 1 NOTES

SPORTS AND SOCIETY

What is Society?

Society can be defined as group of people living in an organized community.

Individuals are constantly in interaction or communicating with others in the
community. Sport has been identified as part of the society in the sense that it
provides opportunity for interaction with many social institutions. Sport plays a
very vital role in the society.

Functions of Sports in the Society

1. It is used to reduce tension

2. It is used to divert aggressive behaviour to an object instead of a friend or

fellow man

3. It is used as desire to compete with others and defend oneself, tribe and

country

4. The martial art or combative like sports like karate, judo, wrestling, and

boxing are used to avoid defeat and to subdue opponents/attack.

5. It is used to create excitement, amusement, fun, enjoyment, strength, and

physical fitness.

6. It is used for both economic and political gains

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7. Countries use sport as a legitimate instrument of foreign policy and a

medium of showing countries mood towards another

8. Victory in sports has some national impact like prestige, enhanced status

and respect.

9. It serves as an avenue to unite various ethnic groups

10. It boosts the economy of the country that is awarded a hosting right of an

international competition via the tourism centres and hotel industry.

11. It affords the opportunity for individuals from different countries to

exchange knowledge, which in turn would assist in the education of their

people.

12. It acts as a social institution, by helping in the teaching of societal beliefs,

norms, values, and thereby assisting in socializing the athletes.

13. It serves as safety value to dissipate excess energy, tension and hostile

feeling in a socially acceptable manner.

14. It serves as a means of livelihood and offers career opportunities in many

areas such as becoming professional athletes, coaches, sports managers

and administrators.

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WEEK 2 NOTES

HUMAN TRAFFICKIANG

WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?

Human trafficking can be defined as the act of recruiting, transporting, or receiving a

person through force, coercion or through other means for the purpose of exploiting
them. It is the trade in humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery,
forced labour or commercial sexual exploitation for the traffickers. Put simply,
human trafficking denotes exploitation which includes;

1. Sexual exploitation
2. Forced labour
3. Slavery
4. Removal of organ
5. Trafficking for early marriage
6. Child soldier recruitment
7. Beggars

CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

The following points below are causes of human trafficking,

1. Poverty: This is a situation where a person lacks the basic human want which
are clothing, food and shelter. A person who is poor can easily be deceived to
come over to another place with the promise of getting a good job and
become a victim in the hands of the traffickers.

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2. Lack of employment opportunities: Due to the bad economic situation of
some countries that made some people jobless, these people therefore get
lured and deceived by traffickers because they want to get out of the country
and thereby using them as slaves and prostitutes in other countries.

3. Profit: Because of the profits the trafficker wants to make from doing
trafficking business make them to engage themselves in such evil business all
because of profit.

4. Low self esteem: Many people because they do not know their worth and
value, they see themselves as nobody thereby making them vulnerable and
they fall into the hands of traffickers and because they have low self esteem,
they allow any body to direct them to anywhere.

5. Illiteracy: due to inability to read or write, illiteracy has made so many people
to become a victim of trafficking, for instance, signing on a paper you do not
have any knowledge about. They deceived them by telling them they will
enrol them into school and teach them many things, because they want to be
educated, they then fall victim of trafficking.

6. The search for greener pastures: Some people believes that it is by travelling
and relocating to another place before they can make it in all aspects of life.

7. Economic system: Because of poor economic system of some countries the

citizens prefer to live somewhere else and would not mind to go anywhere
and because of this they become a victim.

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8. Greed: Some people are not satisfied with what they have, because of the
love to earn more than what they can have they end up falling into the hands
of traffickers.

Other causes are:

1. social discrimination
2. political instability
3. corruption in government
4. insufficient penalty against traffickers
5. armed conflict

CONSEQUENCIES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

1. Sexual and reproductive health problems (e.g. STIs)

2. Some victims may die during the journey because of health problem they
developed during the journey

3. The victims are stigmatized when they are with their masters and even
when they return home due to the inhuman acts they are exposed to.

4. The victims of trafficking experience poor mental health including

depression and thoughts of suicide.

5. Social isolation – they are separated from their loved ones through
restriction and prevention from family contact.

6. The victim experiences economic exploitation. Trafficked people have no

say on what they earn; they are only given token as it pleases their master.

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7. They are denied access to quality education, by this they are denied access
to everything education has to offer them.

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WEEK 3 NOTES

SPORTS LAWS

WHAT ARE SPORTS LAWS

Law means rules and regulation governing an association, sport, or physical

activity. Sports law refers to a specialized practice focused on legal issues
pertaining to the sports industry. Sports Law can be roughly divided into the areas
of amateur, professional, and international sports.

LEGAL LIABILITY IN SPORTS?

Legal means connected with, in accordance with, authorized or required by the

law. Liability means the state of being liable, that is responsible according to the
law. Legal Liability is an offence action or situation for which court action may be
taken. The offences situation or action that can bring above liability are cases of
tort, negligence and assault

Tort: A tort is defined as a legal wrong resulting direct or indirect injury to another
individual or to property. A tortuous is a wrongful act and damages can be
claimed through court actions.

Negligence: Negligence is common legal system usually used to achieve

compensation for injuries (not accidents). Careless conduct that results in damage
to another is negligence. Negligence is the failure to follow the degree of care

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that would be followed by a reasonably prudent person in order to avoid
foreseeable harm.

Actions that can result in negligence

1. Not taking appropriate care

2. Allowing students to use gadgets which they are not capable of using or

operating
3. Not giving adequate warming exercise

4. Acting without sufficient skill

5. Not looking for pupil who are in danger

6. Not making corrections

7. Lack of progressive teaching

8. Students are over worked to exhaustion

9. Failure of a sport to give adequate instruction on how to use equipment in

the gymnasium.
10. Failure to examine equipment and remove he bad ones before they are

used by the students.

11. Failure to clear the playground for possible hazards before it is used.

12. Allowing a sick child to perform strenuous activity

13. Lack of guidance and support for beginners in gymnastic exercise

Assault in sports: It occurs when a person commits the offence of assault to an

opponent or official. The following therefore constitutes assault in sport;

1. Purposely causing reasonable apprehension of bodily injuries in sports

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2. Knowingly making physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature with

an official or opponent
3. Negligently causing bodily injury to an official or opponent with a weapon.

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST LIABILITIES IN SPORTS (HOW TO AVOID LEGAL

LIABILITIES)

The physical educator can take some precautions, in other to avoid possible legal
suits. The following precautions are therefore recommended

1. Every instructor or educator should be properly trained and qualified to

perform specialized work.

2. Be familiar with health status of each child

3. Be sure that both equipment and facilities are safe to use

4. Regular inspection should be made on equipment, apparatus and taking

precautions to make sure they are safe

5. Group students of equal ability on the same competitive level.

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WEEK 4 NOTES and WEEK 5 NOTES

HISTORY

Basketball was invented by Dr. Naismith in 1891. He developed a set of thirteen

rules and the first match was held on December 21 st, 1891 among two teams of
nine players each at Springfield College. Fédération Internationale de Basketball
Amateur (FIBA) is the international regulating body of basketball. It is based in
Geneva.

NATURE OF THE GAME

Basketball is a team sport played by two teams of five players each. It is played
on a rectangular court. The players try to score by shooting a ball through a hoop
elevated 10 feet above the ground. The main objective of basketball is to make a
goal and score points. A goal is made by shooting the ball through the basket or
hoop. Each team may have twelve players entitled to play the game. Five players
from a team can play at any time in the court and they may be substituted at any
time during the play.

The game is started with a jump ball at the centre. The ball is tossed in the air to
start the game. In the international sport, each game is divided into four quarters
of 10 minute each. However, if there’s a tie between the teams, they play for an
extra period of 5 minutes. After the first period and after the third period, the
players take a 2-minute break. After the second period the players take a 15-
minute break and exchange baskets. After a break, the last player holding the
ball throws the ball in and starts the next period.

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FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

THE COURT: A standard international basketball court is an indoor, rectangular

court with dimensions 28m × 15m. The court is divided into two halves, one for
each team.

THE BASKET: A hoop or basket with net around its circumference and of 18 inch
diameter is firmly hung horizontally from a rectangular backboard of 3.5 feet
height and 6 feet width on either sides of the court. The rim of the hoop is 10 feet
above the ground. The backboard in various international competitions is
transparent for better visibility.

THE BALL: Basketball is an orange-coloured and rough-textured spherical ball with

black contours usually made of leather or composite tough materials.

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RULES OF THE GAME

• Any player possessing the ball cannot stay inside the foul ring of the court
with his back to the basket for more than three seconds

• No player should touch the ball, basket or its rim while the ball is passing
through the basket.

• Players are allowed to make a brief contact with an opposing player trying
to pass the ball or make a goal, but cannot obstruct them.

• Players making more than five fouls are removed from the game.

• Fouls as per the situation, grant free throws to the opposing team and the
ball is handed over to them.

• Players cannot carry the ball with them and walk or run. This is called
travelling.

• When a player is surrounded by opponents, within one meter radius, trying

to get hold of the ball, he/she cannot have the ball for more than five
seconds. Such player is considered to be close guarded.

• Players of the team possessing the ball shouldn’t stay in the restricted area
of the opponent’s team for more than three seconds.

• They should shoot the ball before the shot clock clicks.

A player should not:

• Throw the ball away out of the court boundaries.

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• Step on a foul line while free throwing the ball.

• Step on the end or side line while passing the ball to a teammate.

• Kick the ball.

• Dribble or hit the ball with their fist.

• Double dribble the ball.

• Hold the ball and stay in the backcourt that contains their basket for more
than 8 seconds, else the team responsible should bear a foul.

If a team or player violates any of the rules mentioned above, the team loses the
ball and the ball is handed over to the opponent team. Rules for women are
slightly modified to lessen strain on players. Clara Baer, who introduced
basketball for women, published a set of rules for women players in 1895.

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WEEK 6 HALF TERM

ASSESSMENT

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WEEK 7 HALF TERM

BREAK

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WEEK 8 NOTES

GYMNASTICS

HISTORY AND NATURE OF GYMNASTICS

The sport has its origins in ancient Greece, where young men underwent intense
physical and mental training for warfare. The word stems from the Greek
word gymnos, or “naked, “since the youths trained in the nude, performing
floor exercises, lifting weights, and racing one another and all exercises are
practiced in the gymnasium.

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn is the acknowledged “father” of gymnastics. The governing

body for competition in gymnastics throughout the world is the Fédération
Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Eight sports are governed by the FIG,
including gymnastics for all, men's and women's artistic gymnastics, rhythmic
gymnastics, trampolining (including double mini trampoline), tumbling, acrobatic,
aerobic, and parkour.

BRANCHES OF GYMNASTICS

The most common form of competitive gymnastics includes the following

1. Artistic gymnastics: Artistic Gymnastics is usually divided into Men's and

Women's Gymnastics. Men compete on six events: Floor Exercise, Pommel
Horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and Horizontal Bar, while women
compete on four: Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise.
2. Rhythmic gymnastics: This is a sport that combines elements of ballet,
gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the

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performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball,
ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area. According to FIG rules, only
women compete in rhythmic gymnastics.
3. Tumbling: In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and
twists down a sprung tumbling track.
4. Trampolining: Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual
and synchronized trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also
known as power tumbling or rod floor).
5. Acrobatic Gymnastics: Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly Sport Acrobatics) is a
group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats in groups of
two, three and four perform routines with the heads, hands and feet of
their partners. They may, subject to regulations (e.g., no lyrics), pick their
own music.
6. Aerobic Gymnastics: Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves
the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios, groups with 5
people, and aerobic dance and aerobic step (8 people). Strength, flexibility,
and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills are emphasized.
[23]
Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor. Routines
generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine
category.

GYMNASTIC APPARATUS

1. Vault
2. Uneven bars
3. Balance beam

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4. Floor
5. Parallel bars
6. Pommel horse
7. Horizontal bar
8. Rings
9. Ball
10.Ribbon
11.Hoop
12.Clubs
13.Rope

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WEEK 9 NOTES and WEEK 10 NOTES

MARTIAL ART: JUDO

Judo is a combat game founded by the Japanese. It is a complicated and skilful

form of wrestling designed for self-defence without the use of weapon. It was
originated and developed by Prof. Jigoro Kano, in 1882 in Tokyo, Japan. He
developed Judo from a more dangerous and deadly martial arts, called Ju-jitsu in
a school called Kodokan, which he established. He introduced his own type of
fight techniques called Judo (Gentle art) which is mild.

The first world Judo Championship was held in Tokyo, in 1956. Judo was
competed for in the Olympic Game in 1964, in Tokyo, Japan.

JUDO ART IN NIGERIA

Judo sort was made possible in Nigeria by a group of Japanese coach who gave
coaching courses in Judo in Lagos in 1972. Judo was left in the hands of private
clubs like Ikoyi, Apapa and police clubs. Nigeria first participated in Judo, in 1973,
All African Games, held in Lagos in 1993, Nigerian Judo Federation (NJF) oversee
the game of Judo in Nigeria.

NATURE OF JUDO

Judo is an individual game and a martial art that is performed on the mat. It is
done in a building called Dojo. To start the contest, contestants face each other at
a distance or 4m, take a standing bow and begin the fight when the referee calls
“Hajime”. Each tries to defeat each other using different skills in Judo. Once the

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contest is over and the referee has awarded the result, the Judokas has to take a
step back bow to each other.

Various techniques like Strangulation, lock, choke or hold down are applied. This
is to place the opponent in a position to submit or to behold for a terminal thirty
seconds. A score of Ippon or Full point of 10 is obtained by well executed
throwing techniques. Less points like Waza-ari (7points), Yuko (5 points) and Koka
(3 points) could also be scored, dependent on the quality of attack and degree of
fall of opponent. The contest last for 5 minutes for men and 4 minutes for
women. Two corner judges, a centre referee and a timekeeper officiate the game.

JUDO FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

1. Dojo:- This is a building where Judo is done, it is an open spaced building devoid
of sharp corner pillars, which has changing rooms with wooden floor, the contest
area is covered with mats, which must be entered bare footed.

2. Mat:-

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3. Stop watch

4. Scoreboard

5. Bell

6. Flags: There are four flags, they are:

i. Yellow flag: used for stopping the contest.

ii. Green flag: used for holding down duration.
iii. Blue flag: used for decision making by the judges.
iv. White flag: used by judges sitting diagonally opposite each other in
decision making.

6. Chairs

7. Red bean bag: used by the time keeper to indicate the end of the contest by
throwing it into the contest area.

8. Judoka’s outfit

9. Belt

RULES OF JUDO

1. The Judokas should be properly dressed by wearing jacket and trouser

without shoes.
2. An Ippon (Full point) is awarded for a submission from an arm lock
3. Half point (Waza-ari) is scored if the opponent is thrown by using Judo
techniques which is the opinion of the judge.

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4. The referee calls “Hajime” to start the contest.
5. The contest duration is 5mins for women and 10mins rest period.
6. At the beginning and end of each bout, the two judokas must bow to each
other and the contest area.
7. Punching or putting a hand, foot, leg or arm on an opponent’s face is
prohibited.
8. Refusing to attack or not showing enough aggression can result in a penalty.
9. Winning a point is called an ippon.
10.Judoka must not make a derogatory remark or gestures to their opponents.
Deliberately going to the floor can warrant a penalty.
11.Judokas must be clean, have dry skin and short nail on both feet and hands.

SKILLS IN JUDO

The following are the skills in Judo.

Stance:- The Judokas assumes erect standing position, with one foot steeped
forward bent with trunk inclined a little forward.

Grip:- the Judokas holds the opponent’s sleeve with his right hand and the
opponent’s right lap with his left hand. The grip should be firm to enable him
throw the opponent.

Movement: In standing position and holding each other, the judokas try to
unbalance each other, to unbalance the opponent, the trunk should be pushed or
pulled as fast as possible. The Judokas doing so, moves his feet with short and
smooth steps.

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Throw:- Throws are used to beat an opponents. There are four different ways
through which you can beat your opponent, there are throwing, holding, chocking
and arm-looking.

Break falling:- This is a way of protecting self when taking a fall from a throw of
an opponent.

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WEEK 11 NOTES and WEEK 12 NOTES

MARTIAL ARTS (KARATE)

HISTORY OF KARATE

The word karate is a combination of two Chinese characters: “kara” meaning

empty, and “te” meaning hand; thus, karate means "empty hand’. It is a Japanese
martial art. The earliest Karate Practices was in 400BC when Buddhist Monks in
India used a form of Karate to defend themselves against wild animals and to
protect themselves when it is impossible to carry weapon.

The modern type of Karate was developed in 17 th century on a Chinese Island of

Okinawa by Gichin Funakoshi in 1917. In 1922, Funakoshi moved to Japan

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permanently and built a school in 1939, where he taught karate style known
as Shotokan. In 1970, the World Karate Federation (WKF) was formed.

Karate came to Nigeria in early 1960s, when the Japanese and Chinese textile
traders were actively involved. Organized Karate started in 1976 and sensei,
(instructor) Jack Mbom. In 1980, the Nigerian Karate Association was formed with
Jack Mbom as the president. In 1991, the name of the Association was changed to
Karate Federation of Nigeria (KFN). Shotokan is the karate style practiced in
Nigeria.

NATURE OF KARATE

Karate is a martial art in which the karateka uses the knees, bare feet, to kick and
hands, elbow to strike. The targets of strikes and kicks are, the eyes, nose, throat,
stomach, groin and knees. There are two types of karate competition
namely: non-contact (Kata) and partial contact (Kumite). These are done before
the referee and judge who scores according to how effective the strikes and kicks
were delivered. Today there are four main styles of karate:

1. Shotokan
2. Goju-ryu
3. Shito-ryu
4. Wado-ryu.

KARARTE FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

1. Dojo: - This is a gymnasium or hall where karate is practiced. The floor is
made of wood and the contest area is covered with mat. It also has
changing room and other conveniences.

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2. Mat: - The mat is a smooth, spongy foam laid on a wide even floor, it has a
blue mat of 8X8m contest area, which is surrounded by a safe zone of blue
mats of 3m wide. The entire mat area is 12m square.
3. Scoreboard: - This is an electronic board that is placed on one side of the
square mat.
4. Stop watch: - It is used to time the contest.
5. Flag: - They are provided for the judges to take decision.
6. Chairs: - There are placed at the corners of the mat and are used by the
judges.
7. Outfit: - It is a clean loose cotton long sleeve Jacket worn over a clean white
trouser, half way the shin, with the belt.
8. Belt (Obi): - It is a long cotton fibre material woven into a belt, 2m long by
5.5cm wide. It is used to the Jacket loosely. White belt is for beginners,
black for experts, while brown, blue, green, orange, yellow and red colours
are for seniority.

Other protective gears that should be worn are – Mouth guards, hand guards,
groin guards, chest guards, shin and in – step.

KARATE BASIC SKILLS,

Straight punch (Choku Zuki)

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Front lunge punch (Jun-Zuki)

Front kick (Mai-Geri)

Back stance (Kokutsu Dachi)

Roundhouse kick (Mawashi-Geri)

Front stance (Zenkutsu Dachi)

Side stance (Kiba Dachi)

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Down block (Gedan Barai)

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WEEK 13 FULL TERM ASSESSMENT

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