SCIENCES REVIEWER
The cervix has two main
Secondary Sex Characteristics in Males
1. Growth of Testicles
2. Growth of pubic hair
3. Chest becomes larger
4. Growth of armpit hair
5. Muscle growth
6. Voice becomes deeper
Parts and primary functions of male reproductive
system.
1. Scrotum – Carry and Support Testes
2. Penis – Deliver urine, copulating organ
3. Testes – Produce sperm and male hormones
4. Seminal Vesicles – Contribute to semen
production
5. Prostate Gland – Contribute to semen
production
6. Bulbourethral Gland – Clean urethra at
ejaculation
Blocked fallopian tube can make a women to be
infertile and makes the fertilized egg to get stuck.
Ovaries produce eggs for fertilization and they make
the hormones estrogen and progesterone. An ovary
releases an egg around the middle of your menstrual
cycle (around day 14 of a 28-day cycle) in a process
called ovulation.
Epididymis is a tube attached to each testicles that
carries sperm up to the prostate gland.
The scrotum is responsible for protecting the testes.
It helps with the thermoregulation of the testicles. It
keeps the temperature of the testis several degrees
below the average body temperature, which is an
essential factor for sperm production. The testes are
responsible for making sperm and are also involved
in producing a hormone called testosterone.
The female reproductive system is involved in
sexuality and fertility. It includes the vagina, womb
(uterus), fallopian tubes and ovaries. Menstrual
periods, ovulation, pregnancy, birth and menopause
are part of the reproductive cycle.
The cervix allows fluids, such as menstrual blood, to
pass from the uterus into the vagina. It also widens
during the birth of a baby.
parts, the ectocervix and the endocervix.
A women is prone be pregnant before and after the
3 days of menstrual period.
The length of the menstrual cycle varies from woman
to woman, but the average is to have periods every 28
days.
Combinations of estrogen and progestin work
by preventing ovulation (the release of eggs from the
ovaries). They also change the lining of the uterus
(womb) to prevent pregnancy from developing and
change the mucus at the cervix (opening of the
uterus) to prevent sperm (male reproductive cells)
from entering.
The menstrual cycle prepares your body for
pregnancy. If you are not pregnant, your hormones
send a signal to your uterus to shed its lining. This
becomes your period. Once you start your period, the
cycle starts again.
Too much stress can cause you to have trouble
sleeping, headaches, loss of appetite, or a tendency
to overeat—all of which can be harmful to you and
your developing baby. High levels of stress can also
cause high blood pressure, which increases your
chance of having preterm labor or a low-birth-weight
infant.
Getting pregnant can be more difficult if you have
irregular periods because you might not release an
egg (ovulate) regularly.
Parts of nervous system and function:
1. Central Nervous system
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
2. Peripheral Nervous system
• Autonomic Nervous system – Heart
muscle, smooth mucle, glands.
• Parasympathetic – Rest and Digest.
• Sympathetic – Active and Alert.
• Somatic Nervous system – Voluntary
skeletal muscles.
Region of the Brain
1. Cerebrum - Your cerebrum interprets sights,
sounds and touches. It also regulates
emotions, reasoning and learning.
2. Cerebellum - Your cerebellum maintains your
balance, posture, coordination and fine
motor skills.
3. Brainstem - Your brainstem regulates many
automatic body functions.
Parts of the brain
Homeostasis is defined as a self-regulating process
by which a living organism can maintain internal
stability while adjusting to changing external
conditions
The central nervous system is made up of the brain
and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is
made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal
cord and extend to all parts of the body.
Sympathetic (PNS) produces adrenaline and
hormones.
Adrenaline makes your heart beat faster and your
lungs breathe more efficiently. It causes your blood
vessels to send more blood to your brain and
muscles, increases your blood pressure, makes your
brain more alert, and raises blood sugar levels to give
you energy.
pituitary gland makes hormone that helps your body
regulate blood pressure, respond to infections, and
control sugar, fat and protein.
The mammary gland produces milk.
Milk Nutrients - Colostrum, calcium
Example of a stimulus and a response: If you
accidentally touch a hot object, you automatically
withdraw your hand. The heat of the hot object is the
stimulus and you, withdrawing your hand is the
response to the stimulus.
Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the
fundamental units of the brain and nervous system,
the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from
the external world, for sending motor commands to
our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the
electrical signals at every step in between.
Ten grams of essential amino acids or twenty-five
grams of a complete protein are sufficient to
maximally stimulate protein synthesis. Type, timing
and amount of protein are all factors in maximizing
muscle mass.
mRNA instructs cells in the body to make specific
proteins, and proteins play many essential roles in
our bodies. It copies the template of DNA
Transcription is the process by which the information
in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of
messenger RNA (mRNA).
mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino
acid chains that make up the synthesized protein.
Transcription, as related to genomics, is the process
of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence.
This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the
gene's protein information encoded in DNA.
Biochemical similarities indicate proteins and
nucleic acids. Many related DNA sequences species
are called close relatives or have originated from the
same ancestor. Hereditary material such as DNA and
RNA bears genetic material from generation to
generation.
Genetic material provides the information that allows
living things to function. Genetic information can be
passed on from generation to generation. The passing
on of this genetic information will be different in
asexual and sexual reproduction and cloning.
Definitions of homologous. adjective. corresponding
or similar in position or structure or function or
characteristics; especially derived from an organism
of the same species.
evolution refers to genetic change in species or and other species that compete for the same food
populations over time. and space. Increased genetic diversity leads to
increased chance of species survival.
Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck Theory of Evolution
As the population nears the carrying capacity,
1. The theory of need – in order for an organism
population growth slows significantly.
to evolve a structure, it must need the
structure.
2. The theory of use and disuse – If an organism
continues to use an particular structure, it
will continue to evolve. If not use it will
disappear.
3. The theory of inheritance of acquired and
characteristics – If an organism acquires a
characteristic, it can pass this characteristic
on to its offspring.

Lamarck also said that body parts that are not being
used, such as the human appendix and little toes are
gradually disappearing.
People's genetic information is increasingly being
used for a wide range of non-clinical purposes, such
as solving crimes, determining paternity, and
exploring one's ancestry.
Adaptation is the act of changing something or
changing your behavior to make it suitable for a new
purpose or situation. Most living creatures are
capable of adaptation when compelled to do so.
Benefits of Renewable EnergyGenerating energy that
produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil
fuels and reduces some types of air pollution
Trees contribute to their environment by providing
oxygen, improving air quality, climate enhancement,
conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting
wildlife.
Population density is the number of people per unit
of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer"
or square mile.

Five types of evidence for evolution are discussed
in this section:
1. ancient organism remains, fossil layers,
2. similarities among organisms alive today,
3. similarities in DNA,
4. and similarities of embryos.
Biodiversity is the variety of all living things and their
interactions. Biodiversity changes over time as
extinction occurs and new species evolve.
As the population gets larger and approaches the
environment's carrying capacity, resources become
more scarce and the growth rate slows.
Epidemics have ravaged humanity throughout its
existence. However, infectious disease outbreaks
have been increasing over the last decades [1]. The
exponential growth of human population has led
to increased urbanization.

Greater biodiversity in ecosystems, species, and

individuals leads to greater stability.

Increasing species diversity can influence ecosystem

functions — such as productivity — by increasing the
likelihood that species will use complementary
resources

All organisms need to adapt to their habitat to be able

to survive. This means adapting to be able to survive
the climatic conditions of the ecosystem, predators,
Araling panlipunan
Konsepto ng Gender, Sex at Gender Roles
Ang konsepto ng gender at sex ay magkaiba. Ayon sa
World Health Organization (2014), ang sex ay
tumutukoy sa bayolohikal at pisyolohikal na
katangian na nagtatakda ng pagkakaiba ng babae sa
lalaki.
Katangian ng Sex
Ang sex ay ang bayolohikal, pisyolohiko at natural na
katangian ng isang tao mula kapanganakan. Ito ay
tumutukoy kung lalaki o babae ang isang tao.
Katangian ng Gender
Ang gender naman ay isang social contract at
nakabatay sa mga salik panlipunan (social factors).
Malaki ang epekto ng mga salik na ito sa katangian ng
gender katulad ng mga sumusunod:
• Ito ay natutunan. Ang mga gender roles ay
natutunan sa pamamagitan ng iba’t-ibang
social institutions kagaya ng pamilya,
eskuelahan, massmedia, relihiyon,
estado, at lugar ng trabaho.
• Ito ay puedeng magbago sa pag-usad ng
panahon.
• Ito ay iba-iba sa bawat kultura at lipunan.
Isa sa mga halimbawa nito ay ang pag-aresto at
pagkulong sa isang Saudi Arabian women's rights
activist na si Aziza Al Yousef.
Mga Simbolo
Gender Roles
Ang gender role sa salitang tagalog ay tungkulin o
gampanin base sa kasarian. Ito ay ang itinakdang
pamantayan na basehan ng tungkulin o gampanin ng
babae at lalaki batay sa tinatanggap ng lipunang
ginagalawan.
Oryentasyong seksuwal
Tumutukoy kung kanino ka naaakit, kung siya ay
lalaki o babae o pareho o wala.
Gender identity and expression
ay nagsasaad ng identipikasyon o pagkakakilanlan o
pagpapahayag sa sarili. Ito ay depende sa tao at
karanasan nya sa lipunanag ginagalawan nya.
Uri ng Gender at Sex
• Heterosexual – tao na nagkakagusto o
naaakit sa taong hindi kahalintulad ng
kanyang kasarian.
• Homosexual – tao na nagkakagusto o
naaakit sa taong kahalintulad ng kanyang
kasarian.
• Bisexual– tao na naaakit sa parehong
babae at lalaki. Ang ibang tawag sa kanya
ay AC-DC, silahis, atbp.
 • Intersex – tao na ipinanganak na may
reproductive o sexual anatomy na hindi
akma sa lalaki o babae. Ang halimbawa
ay ipinanganak na babae ngunit mayroon
syang male reproductive organ. Ang ibang
tawag sa kanya ay hermaphrodite.
• Lesbian– babae na nagkakagusto o
naakit sa kapwa babae. Ang ibang tawag
sa kanya ay tibo, tomboy, lesbiyana, atbp.
• Gay – lalaki na nagkakagusto o naakit sa
kapwa lalaki. Ang ibang tawag sa kanya ay
bakla, beki, bayot, bading, paminta,
sirena, atbp.
• Transgender – tao na kinikilala ang
kanyang kasarian na maaaring taliwas sa
ari nung ipinanganak siya o yung inatas sa
kanya ng lipunan. Ang ibang tawag sa
kanya ay transwoman, transman, atbp.
• Queer – tao na may sexual orientation o
sexual identity na hindi nakapirmi o nag-
iiba o maaring hindi limitado sa dalawang
kasarian lamang.
Gender Roles sa Ibang Bahagi ng Daigdig
Ikalawang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo nang payagan ng
ilang bansa sa Africa at Kanlurang Asya ang mga
babae na makaboto.
Ang kaharian ng Saudi Arabia sa paghihigpit sa
kababaihan hanggang dumating ang taong 2015 nang
pormal na naibigay sa mga kababaihan ng Saudi
Arabia ang karapatang bumoto ayon sa ulat ng BBC
News, Disyembre 12, 2015.
Ang Female Genital Mutilation o FGM ay isang
proseso ng pagbabago sa ari ng kababaihan (bata o
matanda) nang walang anomang benepisyong
medikal.
ang Antropologong si Margaret Mead at ang kanyang
asawa na si Reo Fortune ay nagtungo sa rehiyon ng
Sepik sa Papua New Guinea upang pag-aralan ang
mga pangkulturang pangkat sa lugar na ito.
Idineklara ni Kofi Annan, ang Kalihim-Panlahat ng
Nagkakaisang Bansa sa isang ulat noong 2006 na
matatagpuan sa websayt ng United Nations
Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
diskriminasyon laban sa kababaihan tulad ng
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discriminations Against Women (CEDAW) na
pinagtibay noong 1979
Mga kilalang personalidad sa iba’t ibang larangan
• ELLEN DEGENERES (lesbian) - Isang artista,
manunulat, stand-up comedian at host
• TIM COOK (gay) - Ang CEO ng Apple Inc.
• DANTON REMOTO (gay) - Isang propesor sa
kilalang pamantasan, kolumnista,
manunulat, at mamamahayag.
• MARILLYN A. HEWSON (babae) - Chair,
Presidente, at CEO ng Lockheed Martin
Corporation
• CHARICE PEMPENGCO (lesbian) - Isang
Pilipinang mang-aawit
• ANDERSON COOPER (gay) - Isang
mamamahayag at tinawag ng New York Time
• PARKER GUNDERSEN (lalaki) - Siya ang Chief
Executive Officer ng ZALORA
• GERALDINE ROMAN (transgender) - Kauna-
unahang transgender na miyembro ng
Kongreso.
Ang diskriminasyon ay ang anumang pag-uuri,
eksklusyon, o restriksiyon batay sa kasarian na
naglalayon o nagiging sanhi ng hindi pagkilala,
paggalang, at pagtamasa ng lahat ng kasarian ng
kanilang mga karapatan o kalayaan.
si Malala Yousafzai habang lulan ng bus patungong
paaralan, nang siya ay barilin sa ulo ng isang
miyembro ng Taliban noong ika-9 ng Oktubre 2012
dahil sa kanyang paglaban at adbokasiya para sa
karapatan ng mga batang babae sa edukasyon sa
Pakistan.
Mga Karahasan sa mga kababaihan, kalalakihan at
LGBT
Ang “foot binding” ay isinasagawa ng mga
sinaunang babae sa China. Ang mga paa ng mga
batang babae ay pinapaliit hanggang sa tatlong
pulgada gamit ang pagbalot ng isang pirasong bakal.
Ang breast Ironing/ breast flattening sa Africa ay
isang matandang kaugalian sa bansang Cameroon sa
kontinente ng Africa. Ito ang pagbabayo o
pagmamasahe ng dibdib ng batang nagdadalaga sa
pamamagitan ng bato, martilyo o spatula na pinainit
sa apoy.
noong ika-6 hanggang ika-9 ng Nobyembre, 2006
upang pagtibayin ang mga Yogyakarta Principle na
makatutulong sa pagkakapantay- pantay ng mga
LGBT. Narito ang ilan sa mga mahahalagang
Yogyakarta Principle. Mga Batayang Simulain ng
Yogyakarta sa Oryentasyong Seksuwal,
Pangkasariang Pagkakakilanlan at Pagpapahayag
(SOGIE).
Ang HeForShe.org ay pinag-isang kampanya ng UN
Women para sa pagkakapantay-pantay ng kasarian.
Ito rin ay naglalayong isama ang kalalakihan sa laban
sa di-pantay na pagtrato sa kababaihan at para rin sa
karapatan ng kababaihan. Noong ika-20 ng
Setyembre taong 2014 sa punong tanggapan ng
United Nations, pinangunahan ni Emma Watson ang
isang kampanya para sa HeForShe.org.

YOGYAKARTA PRINCIPLES: Layon ng RA 6725 na labanan ang diskriminasyon sa

kababaihan pagdating sa mga kondisyon sa trabaho.
• Principle 1 - ANG KARAPATAN SA UNIBERSAL
Nakasaad din sa Magna Carta of Women na dapat ay
NA PAGTATAMASA NG MGA KARAPATANG
walang diskriminasyon sa mga empleyada.
PANTAO
• Principle 2 - ANG MGA KARAPATAN SA
PAGKAKAPANTAY-PANTAY AT KALAYAAN SA
DISKRIMINASYON
• Principle 4 - ANG KARAPATAN SA BUHAY
• Principle 12 - ANG KARAPATAN SA TRABAHO
• Prinsipyo 16 - ANG KARAPATAN SA
EDUKASYON
• Prinsipyo 25 - ANG KARAPATANG LUMAHOK
SA BUHAY-PAMPUBLIKO

CEDAW ay ang Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

Inaprubahan ng United Nations General Assembly

ang CEDAW noong Disyembre 18,1979

Ang Anti-Violence Against Women and Their

Children Act of 2004 ay isang batas na nagsasaad ng
mga karahasan laban sa kababaihan at kanilang mga
anak, nagbibigay ng lunas at proteksiyon sa mga
biktima, at nagtatalaga ng mga kaukulang parusa sa
mga lumalabag dito.

Ang Republic Act 9710 o Magna Carta of Women ay

isinabatas noong Agosto 14, 2009 na naglalayon na
alisin ang lahat ng uri ng diskriminasyon laban sa
kababaihan at sa halip ay itaguyod ang
pagkakapantay-pantay ng mga babae at lalaki sa
lahat ng bagay,

Loren Legarda (Senate Women's Month Privilege

Speech, 2011) ang papel na ginagampanan ng mga
babae sa ating lipunan ay patuloy na nagbabago.

hakbang ng ilang bus companies na kumuha ng

babaeng driver na tinuruang magmaneho ng
Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) at rekomendado ng Metro
Manila Development Authority.
Filipino reviewer
MITOLOHIYA NG AFRICA AT PERSIA
PAGKAKAIBA
• Aprika - Nakabase sa pang araw-araw na
buhay ang mitolohiya ng Aprika na siyang
sumasalamin sa paraan ng kanilang kultura.
Tumutukoy sa pangkalahatang tema ang
sinasalamin ng mtolohiyang Aprika gaya ng
pinagmulan ng mundo, ang posibleng
mangyare pagkatapos mamatay, at ang
kabilang buhay.
• Persya - Sa Persya naman ay mayroon mga
kakaibang nilalang ang kasali sa kanilang
mitolohiya. Matindi ang kanilang paniniwala
sa mga Ddiyos at diyosa na siyang mga
tagapangalaga ng kalikaan at may-ari ng
kalawakan.
PAGKAKATULAD
• Itinataglay ng dalawa ang kultural na
pagsasalamain sa kanilang mga gawi.
• Mga sinaunang tao at gawi ang pokus ng
kanilang mga kwento.
• Ang mga mitolohiyang ito ay sumasalamin sa
kaugalian ng mga tao ng kanilang lipunan.
• Ang mga mitolohiyang ito ay may bahid ng
pambihirang kapangyarihan mula sa mga
diyos at diyosa na siyang tumutulong upang
maging balanse ang kalawakan.
Ang anekdota ay isang kuwentong nakawiwili at
nakatutuwang pangyayari sa buhay ng isang tao.
Layon nitong makapagpabatid ng isang Magandang
karanasan na kapupulutan ng aral. Ito’y magagawa
lamang kung ang karanasan o mga pangyayari ay
makatotohanan.
Ang panlapi ay kataga na ikinakabit sa isang salitang
ugat upang makabuo ng ibang salita. MAG, UM, NAG.
Ang matatalinghagang salita ay inilalarawan bilang
mga malalim na mga salitang mayroong mas
simpleng kahulugan.
Mga Elemento ng Tula:
Sukat – Tumutukoy ito sa bilang ng pantig sa bawat
taludtod.
Halimbawa:
Mula sa tanaga ni Ildefonso Santos
1. Tugma - ang tunog ng mga huling pantig sa bawat
taludtod.
2. Kariktan - ang pagpili at pagsasaayos ng mga
salitang ilalapat sa tula at ang kabuoan nito.
3. Talinghaga - ito ang pinakapuso ng tula sapagkat
ito ang kahulugan ng tula o ang ipinahihiwatig ng
may-akda.
Analohiya (Palasurian) – Ito ay ang tawag sa proseso
kung sinusuri o pinagkukumpara ng dalawang bagay,
lugar, ideya o katangian na magkaugnay o
magkatumbas.
HALIMBAWA NG ANALOHIYA:
SAKNONG = TULA GULONG=KOTSE
TEORYANG PAMPANITIKAN
1. REALISMO Ang layunin ng panitikan ay
ipakita ang mga karanasan at nasaksihan ng
may akda sa kanyang lipunan. Samakatuwid
ang panitikan ay hango sa totoong buhay.
• PAKSA: kahirapan, kamngmangan,
karahasan, krimen, bisyo, katiwalian,
kawalan ng karunungan atbp. ANG
MATANDA AT DAGAT
2. FEMINISMO Ang layunin ng panitka ay
magpakilala ng kalakasan at kakayahang
pambabae at iangat ang pagtingin ng lipunan
sa mga kababaihan. Madaling matukoy ang
panitikan ay feminism dahil ang sentro ng
kwento ay ang magagandang katangian ng
mga babae.
• PAKSA: inilalarawan ng ilang
manunulat ang babae bilang mahina,
marupok, tanga, sunud-sunuran,
maramdamin, emosyonal,
pantahanan at masama.KWENTO NI
MABUTI Teoryang Pampanitikan
3. KLASISMO Ang layunin ng panitikan ay
maglahad ng mga pangyayaring payak, ukol
sa pagkakaiba ng estado sa buhay ng
dalawang nag-iibigan, karaniwan ang daloy ng
mga pangyayari, matipid at piling-pili sa
paggamit ng mga salita at lagging natatapos
nang may kaayusan.
• HALIMBAWA: Florante at Laura
 4. SOSYOLOHIKAL Binibigyang-diin ang Ang Di-Tuwirang pahayag ay binabanggit lamang
pagtalakay sa kapaligirang panlipunan na muli kung ano ang tinuran o sinabi ng isang tao. Hindi
nagpapalalim at nagpapatingkad sa paksa. ito ginagamitan ng mga panipi. Madalas rin ay
• PAKSA: mga usapin tungkol sa ginagamitan ito nga mga pang-ukol tulad ng
kahalagahan at pananagutang alinsunod sa/kay, batay sa/kay, ayon sa/kay atbp.
panlipunan. TATA SELO Teoryang
Pampanitikan
5. HUMANISMO Ang layunin ng panitikan ay
ipakita na ang tao ang sentro ng mundo;
binibigyang tuon ang kalakasan at
mabubuting katangian ng tao gaya ng talino,
talent atbp.
• HALIMBAWA: AKO ANG DAIGDIG
6. HISTORIKAL Ang akdang susuriin ay dapat na
maging epekto ng kasaysayan na
maipaliliwanag sa pamamagitan ng
pagbabalik-alaala sa panahong
kinasangkutan ng pag- aaral.
• HALIMBAWA: Noli Me Tangere at El
Filibusterismo

Ang pagsasaling-wika ay ang paglilipat sa

pinagsasalinang wika ng pinakamalapit na katumbas
na diwa at estilong nasa wikang isasalin. Ang isasalin
ay ang diwa ng talata at hindi ng bawat salitang
bumubuo rito.

Dalawang Uri ng Sanaysay

1. Pormal - Tumatalakay ito sa mga seryosong

paksa na nagtataglay ng masusing
pananaliksik ng sumulat. Kadalasan itong
nagbibigay ng impormasyon tungkol sa isang
tao, bagay, lugar o pangyayari. Ang tono nito
ay siryoso at walang halong biro.Isang uri ng
pormal na sanaysay ang editoryal sa mga
pahayagan. Ito ay tungkol sa opinyon ng
sumulat sa mga maiinit na balita.
2. Di-pormal - Ito naman ay tumatalakay sa mga
paksang karaniwan, personal at pang araw-
araw na nagbibigay-lugod o mapang-aliw sa
mga mambabasa. Binibigyan diin nito ang
mga bagay-bagay at karanasan ng may akda
sa isang paksa kung saan mababakas ang
kanyang personalidad na para bang
nakikipag-usap lamang siya sa isang kaibigan
kaya naman ito ay madaling maintindihan.

Ang tuwirang pahayag ay naglalahad ng ensaktong

mensahe o impormasyon ipinahayag ng isang tao.

ESP REVeiwer
Ang pagmamahal ng Diyos sa tao ay madarama
lamang kaugnay ng mga personal na karanasan ng
tao. Kumikilos Siya sa bawat yugto ng buhay ng tao
mula sa kaniyang pagsilang, kabataan, katandaan,
at hanggang kamatayan.
KAHULUGAN AT KALIKASAN NG PAGMAMAHAL NG
DIYOS
Ang Diyos ang unang nagmahal sa tac sa mula't mula
ng kanyang pagkalikha. Ang Kaniyang kagandahang
loob ay naipahiwatig Niya sa kasaysayan ng tao at
ganoon din sa kaniyang pagkaloob ng biyaya sa
bawat isa.
Narito ang ilan sa mga katangian ng
pagmamahal ng Diyos:
• Ang pagmamahal ng Diyos ay nagbubuklod sa
lahat ng tao
• Ang pagmamahal ng Diyos ay biyayang espiritu.
Ang pagmamahal ng Diyos ay banal at walang
hanggan. Ang pagmamahal ng Diyos ay nagbibigay
ng lunas o kagalingan at pagbabago sa buhay ng
tao. Ang pagmamahal ng Diyos ay banal at walang
hanggan.
KAHALAGAHAN NG PAGMAMAHAL NG DIYOS
Narito pa ang ilan sa mga ito:
• Sa tulong ng pagmamahal sa Diyos, nagagabayang
magpasiya at kumilos ang tao batay sa mga
pagpapahalagang moral at pagsasabuhay ng mga
birtyu.
• Ang pagmamahal ng Diyos ay mababakas sa
kasaysayan ng tao mula sa paglikha ng mundo at
pagbibigay-buhay sa mga tao at halaman upang
mapaliwanag ang buhay ng tao at matugunan ang
kaniyang mga pangangailangan.
HAKBANGIN UPANG MAPAUNLAD ANG
PAGMAMAHAL SA DIYOS
1. Buksan ang kaisipan at pukawin ang kamalayan
upang masuri ang bawat karanasan at sitwasyon sa
buhay.
2. Suriin ang mga potensiyal na karanasan at
kaalaman na maaaring magbunga ng pagmamahal
sa Diyos.
3. Isaalang-alang ang lahat ng kaalaman at
pagmamahal sa anomang hakbangin tungo sa
pagpapaunlad ng pagmamahal sa Diyos
4. Maglaan ng regular na panahon upang paunlarin
ang pagmamahal sa Diyos.
5. Makilahok sa mga pangkatang gawain ng iyong
simbahan.
ANG KAHALAGAHAN NG BUHAY
MGA BATAYAN NG ETIKAL NA PAGPAPASIYA
Batay sa pag-aaral ni Bernard Williams (1997),
isang pilosopo na malawak ang impluwensya sa
pilosopikang etika sa huling kalahati ng ika-
dalawampung siglo, may tatlong batayan kung
paano nahuhubog ang paninindigan tungo sa moral
na pagpapasiya:
• personal
• institusyonal o propersyonal
• at ang unibersal/natural
Ito ay kumakatawan sa pansariling paghubog ng
tamang katwiran at mapanuring kaisipan.
Napapaloob dito ang personal na pag-unawa at
pagkilos o aksiyon batay sa konsepto ng tama at
mali.
PERSONAL NA BATAYAN
Ang kawalan ng matibay na personal na
panindigan tungo sa moral na pagpapasiya ay
kadalasang nagbubunga ng suliranin at kawalan ng
malinaw na tunguhin sa buhay.
Naniniwala si Michael Shermer (2015), isang
manunulat at mananalaysay ng agham, na ang
makatwirang kaisipan ay ang paglalapat ng kritikal
na kaisipan at makatutulong ito upang makabuo ng
paninindigan batay sa impormasyon at totoong
ebidensya sa halip na opinyon o pakiramdam.
INSTITUSYONAL O PROPESYONAL Ayon kay
Stephen Satris isang propesor sa departamento ng
Pilosopiya sa Pamantasan ng Clemson sa Amerika,
ang paghubog ng moral na paninindigan ay isang
panlipunang proseso.
MGA ISYUNG MGA MORAL KAUGNAY SA
KAHALAGAHAN NG BUHAY ANG PAGGAMIT NG
IPINAGBABAWAL NA GAMOT
• ito ay isang estadong sikiko(psychic) o pisikal na
pagdedepende sa isang mapanganib na gamot, na
nangyayari matapos gumamit nito nang paulit ulit
at sa tuloy-tuloy na pagkakataon.
• Ang pagkagumon sa ipinagbabawal na gamot ay
nagdudulot ng masasamang epekto sa isip at
katawan.
• Ilan sa kanila ay naimpluwensyahan sa
pamamagitan ng kanilang mga kaibigan o mga
taong nakakasalamuha sa kanilang paligid.
ANG PAGGAMIT NG IPINAGBABAWAL NA
GAMOT
• Dahil sa droga, ang isip ng tao ay nagiging blank
spot.
• Nahihirapan ang isip na iproseso ang iba't ibang
impormasyon na dumadaloy dito na karaniwang
nagiging sanhi ng maling pagpapasiya at pagkilos.
• Ito ay kadalasang nauuwi sa paggawa ng mga di
kanais- nais na bagay na higit na nakaaapekto sa
ating pakikipagkapwa tulad ng pagnanakaw at
pagkitil sa buhay.
• Malaki ang nagiging epekto nito sa pagkamit ng
tunay na kaganapan bilang tao.
ALKOHOLISMO
• Ito ay ang labis na pagkonsumo ng alak ay may
masamang epekto sa tao. Ito ay unti-unting
nagpapahina sa kaniyang enerhiya, nagpapabagal
ng pag-iisip at sumisira sa kaniyang kapasidad na
maging malikhain. Dahil sa kaibahan ng kanilang
pag-uugali at kawalan ng pokus, nababawasan ang
kakayahan sa paglilnang ng makabuluhang
pakikipagkapwa ang mga nagugumon dito.
ABORSIYON
Ang aborsiyon o pagpapalaglag ay pag-alis ng isang
fetus o sanggol sa sinapupunan ng ina. Dilation and
Evacuation Abortion (D&E) of a 23 Week Old Fetus
The Sa ilang mga bansa, ang aborsiyon ay
itinuturing na isang lehitimong paraan upang
kontrolin o pigilan ang paglaki ng pamilya o
populasyon ngunit sa Pilipinas, itinuturing itong
isang krimen.
Ang isyu sa aborsiyon ay nagbigay-daan upang
magkaroon ng dalawang magkasalungat na
posisyon ang publiko: ito ay ang Pro-life at Pro-
choice
Posisyon ng mga Pro-life
• Ang sanggol ay itinuturing na isang tao mula sa
sandali ng paglilihi; itinuturing na pagpatay ang
pagpapalaglag sa kanya na tuwirang nilalabag ang
mga pamantayang moral.
• Kung ang pagbubuntis ay resulta ng kapabayaan
ng ina dapat nyang harapin ang kahihinatnan nito.
• Kung magiging katanggap tanggap ito sa lipunan,
maaaring gamitin ito ng mga tao bilang regular na
paraan para hindi ituloy ang pagbubuntis.
• Ang lahat ng sanggol ay may mahusay na
potensyal; bawat isa na ipinalalaglag ay maaaring
lumaki at maging kapaki-pakinabang sa lipunan
• Ang sinumang nabubuhay ay mga anak ng Diyos.
Ang pagkitil sa buhay ng isang anak ng Diyos ay
masama.
Posisyon ng mga Pro-choice
• Ang bawat batang isinisilang sa mundo ay dapat
mahalin at alagaan. Ang tamang pagpaplano sa
pagkakaroon ng anak ay karaniwang nagbubunga
ng mas magandang buhay para sa mga bata.
• Ang katawan ng isang babae au bahagi ng
kaniyang sarili, at nararapat siyang maging malaya
na gawin kung ano sa palagay niya ang
kinakailangan para sa kaniyang katawan at
pangkalahatang kalusugan sa anumang sitwasyon.
• Ang sanggol na ipinanganak bunga ng rape o
incest ay nahaharap sa mataas na panganib ng
kapabayaan o pang-aabuso mula sa kanilang mga
ina.
• Kung dadalhin sa bahay-ampunan marami dito
ang kulang sa kapasidad na magbigay ng
pangunahing pangangailangan ng mga bata.
PAGPAPATIWAKAL
ito ay sadyang pagkitil ng isang tao sa sariling
buhay at naaayon sa sariling kagustuhan. dapat
may maliwanag na intensiton ang isang tao sa
pagtatapos ng kaniyang buhay bago ito maituring
na isang gawain ng pagpapatiwakal. Ang kawalan
ng pag-asa (despair) ay isa sa mga karaniwang
dahilan bakit may ilang taong pinipiling kitlin ang
sarili nilang buhay. Ang pagkawala ng tiwala sa
sarili at kapwa, gayundin ang pagkawala ng
paniniwala na may mas magandang bukas pang
darating. At tinuturing ang sarili na wala ng halaga.
• Ayon kay Eduardo A. Morato sa kaniyang aklat na
Self-Mastery (2012), upang mapigilan ang kawalan
ng pag-asa, kinakailangang mag-isip ang isang tao
ng mga malalaking posibilidad at natatanging mga
paraan upang harapin ang kaniyang kinabukasan.
EUTHANASIA O MERCY KILLING
• isang gawin kung saan napadadali ang kamatayan
ng isang taong may matindi at wala nang lunas na
karamdaman.
• Ito ay tumutukoy sa paggamit ng mga modernong
medisina at kagamitan upang tapusin ang
paghihirap ng isang maysakit.
• Tinatawag ding assisted suicide, sa kadahilanang
may pagnanais o motibo ang isang biktima na
wakasan ang kaniyang buhay, ngunit isang tao na
may kaalaman sa kaniyang sitwasyon ang gagawa
nito para sa kaniya.
MGA HAKBANGIN TUNGO SA PAGPAPATIBAY
NG MORAL NA PANININDIGAN
1. Kilalanin at pag-aralang mabuti ang isyu.
2. Suriin ang mga potensiyal na isyu.
3. Balikan ang mga kaugnay na etikal na
pamantayan mula sa institusyonal hanggang sa
unibersal.
4. Sumangguni sa iba't ibang tao.
5. Isaalang-alang ang lahat ng posibleng hakbangin
na maaaaring maisagawa.
6. Itala ang lahat na kahihinatnan ng bawat
hakbangin (positibo o negatibo) at posibleng mga
aksiyon.
7. Magpasiya tungo sa pinakamabuti at angkop na
hakbangin o aksyon.
Ang pagmamahal sa bayan ay isa sa mga
pinakamahalagang magagawa ng isang mamamayan
para sa kanyang bayang sinilangan at tinitirhan. Kung
tutuusin ito ay dapat natural para sa isang
mamamayan bilang pagtanaw ng kanyang pagkilalala
sa nagawa at ginagawa at ng kanyang bansa para sa
kaniya. Subalit tila hindi ganito ang nangyayari sa
kasalukuyan para sa maraming Pilipino. Kung
susuriin ang nangyayari sa bansa, makikita na ang
pagmamahal na inaasahan sa mga mamamayan at
ang kakayahang maipakita ito ay nawawala.
Sa aklat na Filipino Pride (2009), binanggit ni Dale
Dennis David ang kaniyang karanasan ukol sa mga
Pilipino na kaniyang nakasalamuha na itinatanggi na
sila ay Pilipino. Ang tanong na, "Ipinagmamalaki mo
ba ang iyong pagka-Pilipino?" ang siyang nagtulak sa
kaniya upang isulat ang aklat. Ang karanasang ito ay
masasabing hindi nalalayo sa nakikita at naririnig mo
sa iyong paligid. Maaaring ikaw man ay nakagagawa
ng mga bagay na kukuwestiyon sa iyong pagmamahal
sa bayan. Hindi man itinatanggi o ikinahihiya ng iba
ang kanilang pagka-Pilipino, subalit maaaring ang iba
ay may mga kilos at salita na hindi makabayan.
Ang PATRIYOTISMO ay nangangahulugang
"pagmamahal sa bayan".
Sa mga leteratura, inilalarawan ang isang taong may
pagmamahal sa bayan (patriot) bilang tao na
nagpapakita ng pag-uugnay ng sarili sa bayan at
pagkakaroon ng malasakit sa kapakanan nito. Upang
maunawaan ang kahulugan ng patriyotismo,
mahalagang suriin ang ilang bahagi ng paglalarawan
ng isang tao na nagtataglay ng katangiang ito.
Kahalagahan ng Pagmamahal sa Bayan
Ang bansa na iyong kinabibilangan ang pinag-
uugatan ng iyong pagkakakilanlan. Bago ka naging
mamamayan ng mundo, una kang naging
mamamayan at bahagi ng iyong sariling bansa. Kung
sino ka man ngayon bilang indibidwal, malaking
bahagi nito ay bunga ng pagkupkop sa iyo ng iyong
bayan. Hindi mo dapat tingnan ito na tungkulin
lamang, sa halip ay dapat na gawin mo ito ng kusang-
loob.
• Ang pagmamahal sa bayan ay daan sa
pagpapabuti nito.
• Ang pagmamahal sa bayan ay
nagbubuklod sa mga mamamayan.
• Sa pamamagitan ng pagmamahal sa
bayan, naipagpapatuloy ang mga
ipinaglaban at ipinamana ng mga
ninuno.
Palabag sa konsepto ng Patriyotismo sa Lipunan
Maipapakita ang mga paglabag na ito sa mga Pilipino
na pinipilit dayain ang pamahalaan sa pamamagitan
ng pag-iwas sa pagbabayad ng tamang buwis, sa mga
motorista at pasahero na lumalabag sa batas trapiko
upang mapabilis ang kanilang paglalakbay, sa mga
ordinaryong tao na pipiliing magbigay ng "padulas",
"lagay", o "regalo" upang makuha ang kanilang nais, bahagi ng pagtatakip sa ginawang katiwalian
sa mga manggagawa ng pribado o pampublikong ng isang taong may puwesto sa pamahalaan.
sektor na dinaraya ang kanilang oras o trabaho upang 4. KICKBACK - Bahaging napupunta sa isang
kumita nang mas malaki. Makikita ang paglabag sa opisyal mula sa mga pondong itinalaga sa
konsepto ng pagmamahal sa bayan sa mga taong kaniya. Isang halimbawa nito ang paghiling ng
pinipilit ibagsak ang kapwa nila na nagtatagumpay, isang opisyal ng pamahalaan sa isang
maging sa mga politiko na ibinubuhos ang kanilang negosyante na magbigay ng trabaho sa isang
lakas at oras sa paninira, pagganti, at pakikipag-away kamag-anak ng opisyal na kumokontrol sa
sa halip na harapin ang mga proyekto o batas na mga regulasyon na umaapekto sa negosyo.
magpapabuti sa kalagayan ng taong kanilang 5. NEPOTISMO - Ang lahat ng paghirang o
pinaglilingkuran. pagkiling ng kawani sa pamahalaan, maging
pambansa at sa alin mang sangay o ahensiya
Ayon kay Niels Mulder. sa kaniyang artikulong "The
nito, kabilang ang mga korporasyon na ari o
Insufficiency of Filipino Nationhood," ang kakulangan
kontrolado ng pamahalaan, na igagawad sa
ng pagkakabuo ng konsepto ng patriyotismo o
kamag-anak na hindi dumaraan sa tamang
pagmamahal sa bayan ay nakaugat sa pagkabigo ng
proseso.
mga mamamayan na linangin ang mentalidad na ang
bawat tao ay iisa bilang mamamayan ng iisang MGA ISYU SA MALING PAGTRATO SA KALIKASAN
bansa.
• Maling Pagtatapon ng basura
Ayon pa kay Mulder, naging limitado sa pagsasaulo
• Ilegal na pagpuputol ng puno
ng mga sagisag o simbolo ng bansa (watawat,
bulaklak, hayop, laro, at iba pa) at pagbikas ng panata • Polusyon sa hangin, tubig at lupa
ang pakahulugan ng mga Pilipino sa pagiging
makabayan. • Pagkaubos ng mga natatanging species ng hayop at
halaman sa kagubatan.
Ang isang bansa ay umuunlad at lumalago sa
pamamagitan ng kaniyang mamamayan. Ang MGA ISYU SA MALING PAGTRATO SA KALIKASAN
kahihinatnan niya ay nakasalalay sa klase ng mga • Malabis at mapanirang pangingisda
taong kaniyang kinukupkop. Isa sa magagawa upang
matulungan ang bansa ay ipakita ang pagmamahal • Ang pagko-convert ng mga lupang sakahan, iligal na
dito. Mayroong dapat gawin ang isang taong pagmimina, at quarrying.
makabayan. • Global warming at climate change
MGA ISYU SA PAGGAMIT NG KAPANGYARIHAN • Komersyalismo at urbanisasyon
1. KORAPSYON - Ito ay isang sistema ng
pagnanakaw o pagbubulsa ng pera.
Tumutukoy ito sa espiritwal o moral na
kawalan ng kalinisan at paglihis sa anumang
kanais-nais na asal.
2. ΡΑΚΙΚΙΡAGSABWATAN O KOLUSYON - Ito ay
iligal na pandadaya o panloloko. Pagtatakda
ng mga presyo, limitahan ang mga
oportunidad, pagtatakda ng sahod, mga
kickback, pandaraya sa halalan
3. BRIBERY O PANUNUHOL - Isang gawain ng
pagbibigay ng kaloob o handog sa anyo ng
salapi o regalo pamalit sa pabor na ibinigay
ng tumanggap. Ang mga suhol na ito ay

TLE REVIEWER
Ip address: A number that is used to identify a device
on the network.
Types of IP Address:
• Static Ip Address - Fixed, Never
changes
• Dynamic Ip Address - Temporary o
Nagbabago (nag relapse)
2 Standards of Ip Address:
1. IPv4 - 32 bit binary bits 4 groups of binary
numbers separated by dots(.) Example:
192.168.0.1
2. IPv6 - 128 bit binary bits Eight group of
hexadecimal numbers separated by colons(:)
Example:
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
IP address is divided into two parts
1. Network ID-It’s a ID of the network and
resembles the network
2. Host ID-It’s a identification of host on the
network
Ip Address:
*Consists of a series of 32 binary bits (1s and 0s)
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
*32 bits are grouped into four 8-bits called octets
10101010 10010011 10101011 00101101
Class A - Used for large networks, implemented by
large companies and some countries (16 million host
Per Net.) Start and Ending: 1.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255
1st octet: network ID 2nd 3rd 4th: Host ID
LoopBack- 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B - Used for medium-sized networks,
implemented by universities (65K Host Per Net.) Start
And Ending:128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255 1st 2nd
Octet: Network ID 3rd 4th: Host ID
Class C-Used for small networks, implemented by
ISPs for customer subscriptions (254 Host per net.)
Starting And Ending:192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255 1st
2nd 3rd: Network ID 4th: Host ID
Class D- Used for special use for multicasting(254
host per net.) Starting And Ending:224.0.0.0 –
239.255.255.255
Class E- Used for experimental testing (254 Host Per
net.) Starting And Ending:240.0.0.0 –
254.255.255.254
Subnet Mask-Indicates the network portion of an IP
address.
Bits-The smallest unit of data in computing,
representing either a 0 or a 1 in binary code.
Octet-A group of 8 bits, commonly used as a basic
unit of digital information in networking, especially in
IPv4 addresses.
IP Range-A contiguous block of IP addresses defined
by a starting and ending address, often used to
specify a range of available addresses within a
Network.
Subnetworks-Divisions of a larger network created
by partitioning the network address space into
smaller, more manageable sections, each with its
own unique address range.
IP ADDRESSING
Its development began in 1974, led by computer
scientists Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf. It is frequently
used in conjunction with the Transmission Control
Protocol, or TCP. Together they are referred to as
TCP/IP.The first major version of the Internet Protocol
was version 4, or IPv4. In 1981, it was formally
defined in RFC 791 by the Internet Engineering Task
Force, or IETF. The successor to IPv4 is IPv6, which
was formalized by the IETF in 1998. It was designed to
eventually replace IPv4. As of 2018, IPv6 governs
approximately 20% of all Internet traffic.

An IP address is a number identifying of a computer

or another device on the Internet.

It is similar to a mailing address, which identifies

where postal mail comes from and where it should
be delivered. IP addresses uniquely identify the
source and destination of data transmitted with the
Internet Protocol.

Packet- The packet is a term first coined by Donald

Davies in 1965 that is used to describe a segment of
data sent from one computer or device to another
over a network. You can think of it as a package filled
with data being delivered to another area. A packet is
used because it divides data into easier-to-manage
"chunks," which move information more efficiently
and keep network resources from being tied up by a
single, larger file.
Data transferred over the Internet is sent as one or
more packets. The most common packet sent is
the TCP packet.
Static vs. dynamic IP addresses - IP addresses are
assigned in two different ways. They may be
dynamically assigned (they can change
automatically) or statically assigned (they're intended
not to change and must be changed manually). Most
home networks use dynamic allocation. Your router
uses DHCP to temporarily assign, or "lease," an IP
address to your device. After a period of time, this
lease "expires," and the router renews your old
address or assigns you a new one, depending on the
needs of the network and the configuration of the
router .If you have ever tried to change the settings on
your router, you may be familiar with the address
192.168.1.1. Commonly, this is your router's address,
If you enter this address into the address bar of your
web browser, you can open your router's
configuration interface. (Your router's address may be
different - check your manual.)
ASSIGNING IP ADDRESS - When organizing your
home network, it’s easier to assign each computer its
own IP address than using DHCP. Here we will take a
look at doing it Windows 7, Windows 8.x, and
Windows 10.
This configuration is applicable in most of windows
operating system. In this lesson I used windows 10
version build 14393. In configuring static IP address
we need to remember some key points such as,
gateway and dns ip address. We could not create
different range of IP addresses that contrast to
current network configuration if we are going to
connect our computer to an existing WAN. However,
we can skip DNS and default gateway if just wanted
to test the connectivity of two or more different nodes
in a standalone LAN connection and without having
router, gateway or any ISP modem.
A router is a networking device that forwards data
packets between computer networks.
A router helps you connect multiple devices to the
Internet and connect the devices to each other.
Also, you can use routers to create local networks of
devices. These local networks are useful if you want
to share files among devices.
PARTS OF A ROUTER

How data is sent to an IP address on another

network - The following diagram illustrates how your
home computer might obtain an IP address and send
data to an IP address on another network.
 1. Antenna - helps transmit and receive
wireless signals, enabling devices to connect
to the router via Wi-Fi.
2. LAN Port (Local Area Network) - These are
used to connect devices within your local
network, such as computers, printers, or
smart home devices.
3. Power Connector - This is where you
connect the power adapter to supply power
to the router.
4. WAN Port (Wide Area Network) - This is
where you connect your router to the internet,
typically using an Ethernet cable from your
modem.
5. Reset Button - is a physical button that,
when pressed, restores the router to its
original factory settings.

Router Configuration - it involves setting up various

settings on a router to ensure it functions correctly
within a network.

Troubleshooting Tips

1. Forgot Password - If you forget the router's

password, you can reset it to its default
settings by pressing the Reset button. This
will erase all custom settings, so you'll need
to reconfigure the router afterward.
2. No Internet Connection - Ensure all cables
are securely connected to the router.
- Turn off both devices, wait for a few
seconds, and then turn them back on.
- Contact your internet service provider (ISP)
to see if there are any outages in your area.
3. Creating a Strong Password - Use a mix of
uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers,
and special characters.
- Avoid using easily guessable information
such as birthdays or names.
- Make it at least 8-12 characters long.

English reviewer
Critique shares a root with the word "criticize." Most
of us tend to think of criticism as "being negative or
mean...."but in the academic sense, doing a critique
is not being negative. It is a constructive way to better
explore and understand the material we are working
with.is also known as ANALYTICAL WRITING which
analyzes, interprets, or examines an artwork a film, a
literary work, a song, a composition, or a media text.
MOVIE REVIEW - It sums up the author's personal
impressions and critical evaluation of the film and its
elements organized in paragraphs.
PURPOSE OF MOVIE REVIEW
informative - A movie review informs potential
viewers about the film's quality, content, and overall
worth
Guidance - It provides readers with guidance on
whether the film aligns with their preferences and
interests.
Critical Analysis - Reviews critically assess the film's
strengths and weaknesses, offering a deeper
understanding of its impact on audiences.
MOVIE REVIEW
TITLE OF THE FILM (HEADLINE)
1. FILM INTRO - introduce the film by saying
that you have just watched it and would like
to share your opinion on it. Indicate a few
details that will help the reader understand
what type of film you are referring to.
2. PLOT SUMMARY Summarize the plot of the
movie. Indicate its setting and main
character. Remember, a summary has to be
brief but contain the necessary details. DO
NOT include spoilers of any kind on any part
of the movie.
3. CHARACTER LIMELIGHT Talk about the
actors/ actresses and how they portrayed
their characters and how the actors are
effective or not in giving justice to their roles.
4. LIKES AND DISLIKES Talk about the parts of
the movie that you like and/or dislike. Be sure
to include specific details or scenes from the
movie.
5. LESSON LEARNED - Share lessons learned
from the movie (theme/moral). What do you
think other do you audiences will learn from
it?
6. RECOMMENDATION Identify the group of
people who would like and enjoy seeing the
movie. To whom would you recommend it to?
To whom would you not recommend it to?
• sums up the author’s personal
impressions and critical evaluation of
the film and its elements organized in
paragraphs.
• writing a critique is to evaluate the
quality of a material or work and
understand its purpose. We also
criticize the find out its strengths and
weaknesses.
• A critique is not an exercise in finding
fault with the text, or simply reviewing
it according to preference or taste
But, it is an EVALUATIVE ANALYSIS,
where the text is examined closely
and its strengths and weaknesses are
appraised.
LITERARY CRITICISM - refers to the act of analyzing,
interpreting, and studying literature.
Purpose: to know its overall value and determine its
strengths and weaknesses
LITERARY APPROACHES - sometimes called
“LENSES”, are the different perspectives we can
consider in analyzing or interpreting a text.
1. structuralist/formalist- a.k.a the
“structuralist” approach
• It discovers the true meaning of a text
through close reading – focuses on
specific details.
• It analyzes the form or structure,
elements, and literary devices
operating in it.
• It considers the work in isolation,
disregarding the author’s background,
context, and anything else outside the
work itself.
• Literary Genre: prose, poetry,
narrative, novel, fiction, play, etc.
• Elements: character, setting, tone,
point of view, theme
 • Language: literary devices and sound
devices LITERARY DEVICES are tools
used by writers to hint at larger
themes, ideas, and meaning in a story
or piece of writing. Some of them are
as follows: simile, metaphor,
imagery, symbolism, and
personification
2. Feminist-the gender relationships of
characters in the story. It advocates gender
equality especially towards women.
• Feminist Criticism is literary criticism
based on feminist theories.
• It considers texts with the knowledge that
societies treat men and women
inequitably
3. moralist- judges the value of literature based
on its moral or ethical teachings.
• describes or evaluates a work in
terms of the ideas and values it
contains.
• conveys a lesson or message
4. Marxist - reads the text as an expression of
contemporary class struggle.
• concerns with understanding the role
of power, politics, and money in
literary texts
• Literature is NOT simply a matter of
personal expression or taste. It
investigates literature's role in the
class struggle.
• KARL Marx as the father of
5. historical-biographical - a literary analysis
method that focuses on understanding an
author's work by examining their personal life,
historical context, and societal influences.
• To do a historical-biographical
reading, you must research the
personal life and the historical time
period of the author to determine
what ends up being reflected in the
literature.
6. reader-response- is a literary theory that
focuses on the individual reader’s experience
and interpretation of a text. It asserts that the
meaning of a text is not fixed and objective
but rather subjective and dependent on the
reader’s interpretation and response to it.

MAPeh reviewer
MUSIC
New Music Composers
• A musical style where composers retained the
Filipino spirit by incorporating traditional music
form as well as indigenous rhythms and
instruments in their compositions.
Song Composers
• Another category of the 20th Century Filipino
Musicians are well known song Composers and
lyricists. They produce a memorable output of
traditional Filipino Love Songs, music for the
movies, and materials for contemporary
arrangements and concert repertoire.
Sa ugoy ng duyan
• Composition of Lucio San Pedro. The lyricist is
Levi Celerio.
Contemporary music
• Compositions that have adopted ideas and
elements from the 20th century art music in the
West, as well as the latest trends and musical
styles in the entertainment industry.
Auit
• One of the most popular compositions of
Josefino Toledo.
Antonio Molina
• Born on Dec. 26, 1894 (Quiapo, Manila). First
national artist for music. He is also a member
of Triumvirate of Filipino Composers. His
career began as an orchestral soloist at the
Manila Grand Opera House. He also became a
dean of the Centro Escolar University
Conservatory of Music from 1948 to 1970. His
compositions are: Hatinggabi, Batingaw,
Kundiman-Kundangan, Amihan, Awit ni Maria
Clara, etc.
Francisco Buencamino
• Born on Nov 5, 1838 (Bulacan). He studied in
Liceo de Manila but he was not able to finish his
studies. He taught at Ateneo de Manila, Centro
Escolar de Señoritas – conservatory of music he
founded. Nicanor Abelardo was one of his
students at his school – the Buencamino Music
Academy. He composed film music for
sampaguita pictures, lvn, and excelsior. His
piano music became a staple part of the
country's repertoire of today's students,
especially Mayon, Larawan, and Maligayang
Bati. His musical compositions are: Harana,
Pandanggo ni Neneng, Collar de Sampaguita,
Mi Bandera, etc.
Leopoldo Silos Sr.
• Born on March 6, 1925. His music touches the
sentiment quite deeply with his lyrical and
appealing melodies being complemented by
exotic harmonies. He was a composer, singer,
and arranger. He composed and recorded a
number of romantic songs like Dahil sa Isang
bulaklak, and Hindi kita malimot. He was the
award winning musical Director of the long-
running tv musical program, aawitan kita, which
starred Armina Siguion-Reyna. Some of his
works are: Aling Kutsero, Anong Saklap, Basta’t
Mahal Kita, Halina Halina, etc.
Felipe De Leon Sr.
• Born on May 1, 1912 (Nueva Ecija). He took
Fine Arts at UP. Played a trombone in Dance
Orchestras. His teachers were Col. Antonio
Buenaventura and Antonio Molina. He is also a
writer for the Manila Times and Taliba. He
studied in Julliard School of Music in New York,
USA. He was known as a nationalist composer
who expressed the country's cultural identity
through his compositions. His two operas, El
Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere, are
considered his masterpieces. He wrote Tindig,
Aking Inang Bayan, and Bagong Lipunan.
Jose Maceda
• Born on January 17, 1917 (Manila). The first
Filipino Avant Garde Composer. He worked in
Paris. Conferred the honor of national artist for
music in 1997. Some of his compositions are:
Ugma-ugma, Angungan, Pagsamba, Cassettes
100, Ugnayan, and Udlot-udlot.
Ryan Cayabyab
• His real name is Raymundo Cipriano. Born on
May 4, 1954 (Manila). His compositions are
mostly traditional western influences. His
compositions are: Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika,
Limang Dipang Tao, Da Coconut, Alikabok,
Spolarium, Kumukuti-kutitap, etc.
Levi Celerio
• Born on April 30, 1910 (Tondo, Manila). Studied
at the Academy of Music. He translated folk
songs to traditional melodies such as Maliwanag
na Buwan from Ilocos. His achievements include
a citation in the Guinness Book of World
Records for being the only person to make
music with a mouth-blown leaf. Some of his
compositions are: Ang pipit, Sa ugoy ng duyan,
Misa de Gallo, Itik Itik, Tinikling, Alembong,
Galawgaw, etc.
Francisco Santiago
• Born on Jan 29, 1889 (Sta. Maria Bulacan). He
is known as the Father of Kundiman. He also
belongs to the Triumvirate of Filipino
Composers. He finished his music
 specialization in Chicago. He is the first Filipino
director of the University of the Philippines
Conservatory of Music. His musical
compositions are: Pakiusap, Madaling Araw,
Sakali man, Hikbi ng Pilipinas, Kundiman,
Pilipinas Kong Mahal, etc.
Lucresia Kasilag
• Born on Aug 31, 1918 (San Fernando, La
Union). Her compositions demonstrated a fusion
of Eastern and Western Styles in using
instruments, melody, harmony, and rhythm,
particularly for incorporating indigenous Filipino
instruments into orchestral productions. Some of
his compositions are: The legend of Sarimanok,
Toccata for Percussion and Winds, Dularawan,
and Divertissement and concertante.
ARTS
Komiks
• Another field of print media that highlights the
artistic gifts of Filipinos.
Kenneth Cobonpue
• a multi-awarded designer and the creative
director of Hive, a design and manufacturing
facility for designers of interior accessories and
lighting. His concepts are fresh and exciting as it
is showcasing excellent craftsmanship that
made him prominent around the World including
for those Hollywood Celebrities.
Urduja
• An animated film adaptation of the legend of the
warrior princess of Pangasinan, produced by
APT Entertainment, Seventoon, and Imaginary
Friends. It is the first fully animated Filipino Film
and it is hand drawn by Filipino animators.
Photography
• From a Greek word ‘photos’ (light) and by
‘graphos’ (writing) states this process literally. It
was viewed as a purely technical process that
records visible images materialy.
Film Editing
• The art of selecting the precise sections of film,
sequencing and joining them to achieve the
director's desired visual and emotional effect.
John K Chua
• known as an advertising and commercial
photographer, with over 40 years of experience.
He has applied his photo artistry to showcase
the beauty of the Philippines.
Lulu Tan Gan
• Known for her fashionable knitwear lines since
1985. She is known as The Queen of Knitwear
in the country. She is known for the hand-woven
line or Indigenous Couture, that blends
Philippines artisan crafts, fabrics, fibers, and
other local materials. Her creations are 95%
hand-made-hand-loomed (knitted and woven) by
Philippines Artisan.
Tony Velasquez
• He is recognized as the Father of Filipino
Comics and he is the author of Mga Kabalbalan
ni Kenkoy (The Misadventures of Kenkoy).
Dita Sandico Ong
• Known as the Wrap Artiste for her famous bold-
colored wraps. She experimented first with the
weave of Ilocos Sur, known as Inabel, as well as
pineapple fibers. Virgilio Apanti introduced the
use of abaca to her.
Kinetoscope
• a peepshow cabinet with an eye hole through
which these earliest ‘movies’ could be viewed
one person at a time.
Into the green zone
• A photograph that was taken by George Tapan.
George Tapan
• An award winning travel photographer who has
won two Pacific Asia Tourism Association
(PATA) Gold Awards, ASEAN Tourism
Association Award, and the first place in the
2011 National Geographic Photo Contest. His
works have been published in five travel
photography books.
Rajo Laurel
• Known as a judge in the TV Series Project
Runway PH. He is a much admired Filipino
Fashion Designer. He trained at New York's
Fashion Institute of Technology and at Central
Saint Martin's in London. His creations maintain
a Filipino sensibility, incorporating embroidery
beadwork, and hand-painted prints while also
offering limited edition pieces. He co-pioneered
Rags2Riches that enables women from poor
communities across our country to earn through
creating fashion and home accessories out of
recyclable materials.
Muro Ami
• It was directed by Marilou Diaz Abaya. This film
bravely exposed the deadly practice of using
child-divers to pound for fish in the Philippines’
coral reefs.
Laurice Guillen
• She earned International acclaim at the Toronto
International Film Festival. Her films are Tanging
Yaman (2001), American Adobo (2002), Santa
Santita (2004), and Sayo Lamang (2010).
PE
Krumping
• Originated in the African-American Community
of Central Los Angeles. A relatively new form of
the ‘urban’ black dance movement. It is a dance
style that used to release anger. It is free,
expressive, and highly energetic and most
people paint their faces in different designs.
Recreation
• A therapeutic refreshment or relaxation in the
body and mind. Its main goal is to revitalize the
physical, mental, social, and emotional aspects
of a person.
Street Dance
• Dance styles that have evolved outside of dance
studios. Performed in streets, dance parties,
parks, school yards, or any available space.
Power moves
• Comprise full-body spins and rotations that give
the illusion of defying gravity.
Popping
• Was popularized by Samuel Boogaloo, Sam
Solomon, and his crew – the electric boogaloos.
The technique of quickly contracting and
relaxing muscles to cause a jerk in a dancer's
body. It forces parts of your body outwards to
look like an explosion within parts of your body .
Top rock
• Oriented steps performed while standing up.
Punk dance
• One of the street dance styles.
Lifestyle
• The way we live. Composed of a variety of
elements and habits; what we eat, drink, our
level of exercise, how we sleep, how we
manage stress, our behavior, how we interact
with people, and not forgetting our sense of
belonging and purpose in life. Defined by
physical, mental, emotional, social, financial,
and spiritual aspects
Rockers
• People who dance the shuffle (shuffling).
Hip-hop dance
• Street dance styles primarily performed to hip-
hop music or that have evolved as part of hip-
hop culture.
Locking
• Campbellocking was created by Don
Campbellock Campbell in 1969 in Los Angeles.
It was popularized by his crew – the lockers.
Usually performed by stopping the fast
movement that you are doing, locking your body
in a position, holding it, and continuing at the
same speed as before.
Dancing
• A lifetime habit will help in sustaining fitness. It
can be a way to stay fit and have benefits in
physical, mental, and social aspects.
Waacking
• An African American form of street dance that
originated from the 1970’s disco era of the
underground club scenes in Los Angeles and
New York City. A stylized posing and fast
synchronized arm movements to the beat of the
music.
HEALTH
MDG 3
• Promoting Gender Equality and Empower
Women
MDG 4
• Reduce Child Mortality
MDG 5
• Improved Maternal Health
Global Health
• The health of the world as a whole; the area of
study, research, and practices which gives
priority on improving and achieving equal health
for all people worldwide.
MDG 7
• Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Communicable Disease
• Any diseases transmitted from one person to
another by direct or indirect contact.
Sub-Sahara Africa
• It is one of the main focus of MDG 1 (Eradicate
Extreme Poverty and Hunger) which mainly
focuses on the developing countries in Africa
and Asia.
Global Health Initiatives
• A program or strategy which addresses global
health issues, concerns, and trends.

Millennium Development Goals

• Also known as MDG; are eight Goals of the
United Nations to address global health issues
and concerns. Should be achieved by 2015.

Diabetes
• A non-communicable disease characterized by
abnormally high blood sugar level with
symptoms like excessive urination and
persistent thirst.

Roll back Malaria

• A global effort to reduce the number of deaths
from Malaria infection through heightened
prevention tools, rapid response to outbreaks,
development of new antimalarial products, and
effective treatment of the infection.

QUICK WINS
• Actions that can be immediately used within the
community or locale to produce effective results.
It aims to withstand crises, empower lives, and
improve the quality of life for all. It is a way to
achieve the 8 MDG of UNDP.

Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunization

• The global strategy to strengthen children's
immunization programs and introduce a new
generation of licensed vaccines into use in
developing countries. These could help reduce
the number of deaths in children aged 5 and
below. It includes vaccines for Hepatitis B,
Childhood meningitis, Yellow Fever, Influenza,
and Pneumonia.

STOP TB
• A global effort to prevent further transmission of
TB around the world. One of its programs is the
implementation of TB DOTS.

Immunization
• The act of making a person immune from a
certain disease.

World Health Organization

• The primary international body responsible for
developing leadership in Health, setting norms
and standards, and providing health support
among nations around the world.