Course Code: CHE026L

LABORATORY ACTIVITY SHEET #9

Name: Group number:

Section: Schedule: Date:________________

ACTIVITY NO. 9
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Learning objectives:
 To be able to demonstrate precipitation, neutralization & reduction-oxidation reactions.

Discussion:
Chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or
more different substances, the products. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. A chemical
reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products. It is usually
accompanied by easily observed physical effects, such as the emission of heat and light, the formation of a
precipitate, the evolution of gas, or a color change. Absolute confirmation of a chemical change can only be
validated by chemical analysis of the products.
A chemical reaction is typically represented by a chemical equation, which represents the change from
reactants to products. The left hand side of the equation represents the reactants, while the right hand side
represents the products.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Synthesis Reaction (Combination Reaction)
In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances combine to form a new compound. This type of reaction is
represented by the following equation.

A + B AB

A and B represent the reacting elements or compounds while AB represents a compound as the product. The
following examples are representative of synthesis reactions.

Decomposition Reaction
In a decomposition reaction, single compound undergoes a reaction that produces two or more simpler
substances. A decomposition reaction can be represented by the following equation.

AB A + B

Single-Replacement Reaction
In a single-replacement reaction (displacement reaction) one element replaces a similar element in the compound.
Single-replacement reactions can be represented by the following equation.

AB + C AC + B

Double-Replacement Reaction
In a double-replacement reaction, the ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form
two new compounds. A double-replacement reaction can be represented by the following equation.

AB + CD AC + BD

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 Course Code: CHE026L
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Types of Double-Replacement Reaction

1. Precipitation reaction is a chemical reaction occurring in an aqueous solution where two ionic bonds
combine, resulting in the formation of an insoluble salt. These insoluble salts formed in precipitation reactions
are called precipitates. Precipitation reactions are usually double displacement reactions involving the
production of a solid form residue called the precipitate. These reactions also occur when two or more
solutions with different salts are combined, resulting in the formation of insoluble salts that precipitate out of the
solution.

2. Neutralization reaction is a reaction occurring when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and
involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water. When a solution is neutralized, it means
that salts are formed from equal weights of acid and base. The amount of acid needed is the amount that
would give one mole of protons (H+) and the amount of base needed is the amount that would give one mole
of (OH-).

Other types of Reactions Combustion Reaction

In a combustion reaction, a substance combines with oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of
light and heat. For organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons, the products of the combustion reaction are
carbon dioxide and water.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Oxidation-reduction reaction
Oxidation-reduction reaction or redox reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a
participating chemical species changes. Most oxidation-reduction processes involve the transfer of oxygen atoms,
hydrogen atoms, or electrons, with all three processes sharing two important characteristics: (1) they are
coupled—i.e., in any oxidation reaction a reciprocal reduction occurs, and (2) they involve a characteristic net
chemical change—i.e., an atom or electron goes from one unit of matter to another. The term covers a large and
diverse body of processes. Many oxidation-reduction reactions are as common and familiar as fire, the rusting and
dissolution of metals, the browning of fruit, and respiration and photosynthesis— basic life functions.

Procedures:
A. Precipitation reaction
1. Mix 10 drops of each of the pairs of solutions in a test tube, respectively. Mix thoroughly with a stirring rod
and record any observed change. Write “NR” if there is no observable chemical reaction. Take a picture of
your work.
a. Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride
b. Silver nitrate + Hydrochloric acid
c. Silver nitrate + Sulfuric acid
d. Silver nitrate + Sodium sulfate
e. Silver nitrate + Sodium carbonate
f. Silver nitrate + Ammonium chloride
g. Silver nitrate + Potassium iodide
h. Silver nitrate + Barium chloride
i. Sodium sulfide + Lead (II) nitrate
j. Potassium hydroxide + Barium chloride
k. Potassium hydroxide + Copper (II) sulfate
l. Potassium hydroxide + Sodium carbonate

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m. Lead (II) Nitrate + Sodium chloride

n. Lead (II) Nitrate + Potassium iodide
o. Lead (II) Nitrate + Sulfuric acid
p. Lead (II) Nitrate + Barium chloride
q. Lead (II) Nitrate + Hydrochloric acid
r. Lead (II) Nitrate + Copper (II) sulfate
s. Barium chloride + Sodium carbonate
t. Barium chloride + Sodium sulfate
u. Barium chloride + Sulfuric acid
v. Barium chloride + Copper (II) sulfate
w. Sodium chloride + Sodium carbonate
x. Lead (II) Nitrate + Ammonium chloride

B. Neutralization reaction
1. Add 10 drops of 1M sodium hydroxide in a clean evaporating dish. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein.
Observe and record the color formed.
2. Add, drop by drop 1M hydrochloric acid until the color disappears.
3. Place the evaporating dish over a boiling water bath and evaporate the solution to dryness.
4. Turn off the hot plate and remove the evaporating dish from the water bath.
5. Examine the residue found in the evaporating dish.
6. Take a picture of your work.

C. Oxidation-reduction reaction
1. Place each sample of 0.1 g zinc powder, copper wire and lead piece in separate test tubes. Expose each
sample with 0.1 M copper (II) nitrate solution. Stand undisturbed for 10 - 15 minutes.
2. Observe and record the result on the activity sheet.
3. Repeat the process, this time using lead (II) nitrate, and zinc nitrate right after that.
4. Observe and record the result on the activity sheet.
Note: Do not contaminate the reagents by mixing the droppers.
5. Record the observation by briefly describing any evidence of a reaction. If no reaction is visible write “NR”.

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 Course Code: CHE026L
LABORATORY ACTIVITY SHEET #9

Name: ______________________________________________________ Group number: ___________

Section: ____________________________ Schedule: ________________ Date: ___________________
ACTIVITY NO. 9
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
A. Precipitation reaction
Paste a picture of your work.

Observation/s:
TEST TUBE OBSERVABLE RESULT BALANCED EQUATION OF THE REACTION

A NR AgNO₃+ NaCl → AgCl + NaNO₃

B NR AgNO₃+ HCl → AgCl + HNO₃
C NR SO₄→ Ag₂
AgNO₃+ H₂ SO₄↓
+ 2HNO₃
D NR SO₄→ Ag₂
AgNO₃+ Na₂ SO₄+ 2NaNO₃
E NR CO₃→ Ag₂
2AgNO₃+ Na₂ CO₃+ 2NaNO₃
F NR Cl → AgCl + NH₄
AgNO₃+ NH₄ NO₃
G NR AgNO₃+ KI → AgI + KNO₃
H White precipitate AgNO₃+ BaCl₂→ AgCl + Ba(NO₃
)₂
I White foggy liquid Na₂ )₂→ PbS + 2NaNO₃
S + Pb(NO₃
J White foggy liquid 2KOH + BaCl₂→ 2KCl + Ba(OH)₂
K blue percipitate 2KOH + CuSO₄→ K₂
SO₄+ Cu(OH)₂
L NR CO₃→ K₂
KOH + Na₂ CO₃+ NaOH
M White solid particles )₂+ 2NaCl → PbCl₂+ 2NaNO₃
Pb(NO₃

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N Yellow paint like liquid )₂+ 2KI → PbI₂+ 2KNO₃

Pb(NO₃
O White fine sunken powder Pb(NO₃ SO₄→ PbSO₄+ 2HNO₃
)₂+ H₂
P White percipitate )₂+ BaCl₂→ PbCl₂+ Ba(NO₃
Pb(NO₃ )₂
Q White foggy liquid )₂+ 2HCl → PbCl₂+ 2HNO₃
Pb(NO₃
R Blue cloudy percipitate )₂+ CuSO₄→ PbSO₄+ Cu(NO₃
Pb(NO₃ )₂
S White percipitate CO₃→ BaCO₃+ 2NaCl
BaCl₂+ Na₂
T White foggy liquid
SO₄→ BaSO₄+ 2NaCl
BaCl₂+ Na₂
U White foggy liquid SO₄→ BaSO₄+ 2HCl
BaCl₂+ H₂
V White foggy liquid BaCl₂+ CuSO₄→ BaSO₄+ CuCl₂
W NR CO₃→ 2NaCl + CO₂+ H₂
2NaCl + Na₂ O
X
White percipitate Pb(NO₃ Cl → PbCl₂+ 2NH₄
)₂+ 2NH₄ NO₃

B. Neutralization reaction
Paste a picture of your work.

Write the balanced equation of the neutralization reaction:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

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C. Oxidation-reduction reaction
Paste a picture of your work.

Copper (II) nitrate Lead (II) nitrate Zinc nitrate

Observation/s:
Copper (II) nitrate Lead (II) nitrate Zinc nitrate

Copper (s)

Lead (s)

Zinc (s)

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 Course Code: CHE026L
LABORATORY ACTIVITY SHEET #9

Guide Questions:
1. State the most important safety concern when handling acids and bases in the laboratory.
The most important safety concern when handling acids and bases in the laboratory is to prevent
contact with the skin, eyes, or clothing, as they can cause severe chemical burns. To ensure safety
this includes.Wearin appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety goggles, gloves,
and a lab coat, Work in a well-ventilated area to minimize exposure to fumes, Handle acids and bases
carefully to avoid splashes or spills, etc.
2. Write three properties of acids & bases. Tabulate your answers.

3. Give other ways of determining pH of a solution.

pH meters are precise equipment that directly detect the concentration of hydrogen ions in
a solution. They produce reliable pH readings over a wide range of pH values and are
widely used in laboratories and industry.
4. Write a balanced equation for the ff. neutralization reactions:
a. sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

b. carbonic acid and barium hydroxide H2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 → BaCO3 + 2H2O

c. hydrobromic acid and ammonia HBr + NH3 → NH4Br

5. Differentiate an oxidizing agent from a reducing agent.

An oxidizing agent is a substance that gains electrons during a redox reaction. While a
reducing agent is a substance that loses electrons during a redox reaction.

6. Which of the metals in the Oxidation-reduction experiment was the strongest reducing agent? Which of the
metals was the strongest oxidizing agent?

The strongest reducing agent is the metal that readily donates electrons, leading to oxidation of the
metal itself. In other words, it is the metal that is most easily oxidized.
The strongest oxidizing agent is the metal ion that most readily accepts electrons, leading to reduction
of the metal ion.

7. Why do some precipitates look coloured?

In some situations, the color of a precipitate may result from charge transfer
transitions between metal ions and ligands.

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