Turkie Child Care

Machine Translated by Google
Strategy Development Directorate
Department of EU and Foreign Relations
CHILD CARE AT HOME PROJECT
IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT
HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS PROJECT TEAM

Prof. Dr. Fuat OÿUZ
(Project manager)
Assoc. Dr. Halime ÜNAL, Dr. Koray GÖKSAL, Dr. Serpil OÿUZ, Gamze KARGIN AKKOÇ
This study was carried out by Fidecon Regulation and Competition Consultancy Ltd. as the Impact Analysis study of the Project, within the scope of the Supporting Registered Women's
Employment through Home Child Care Services Project, based on the supply contract dated 10.03.2017 signed with the Department of EU and Foreign Relations of the Social Security Institution
Strategy Development Directorate. Prepared by ÿti.

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ............... 4 3.3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Mothers............................................. ......................................... 51
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ............... 5 3.3.2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Caregivers ............................................. ......................................... 55 4. IMPACT ANALYSIS
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................ 6 RESULTS ........................................................ ........................................................ ......................................... 56
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ............... 8 4.1. Suitability ................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ........ 56
1. INTRODUCTION............................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ......................... 14 2. LITERATURE 4.2. Productivity................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ......... 58
RESEARCH ............... ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................ 18 2.1. Current Situation of Women's Employment 4.3. Activity ................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ........... 60
in the World................................................. ........................................................ ............ 18 2.2. Current Situation of Women's Employment in 4.4. Effect................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ .............61
Turkey ............................................... ........................................................ .......... 23 2.3. Women's Employment and Economic 4.4.1. Promotion of Mothers' Insurance ............................................... ........................................................ ......... 61
Development ............................................ ........................................................ ........................ 29 2.4. Factors Affecting Women's Employment in 4.4.2. Promotion of Caregivers' Insurance................................................. ........................................................ ............ 66 4.4.3. Direct and
Turkey............................................. ........................................................ ......... 30 2.4.1. Dissolution in Agricultural Induced Effects on the Country's Economy ............................................ ........................................ 67
Production ............................................... ........................................................ ............... 30 4.4.4. Institutionalization of Care Services................................................. ........................................................ .... 78 4.4.5. Obstacles to
2.4.2. Education level ................................................ ........................................................ ........................................ 30 Institutionalization ............................................... ........................................................ ....81
2.4.3. Marital status................................................ ........................................................ ........................................ 31 4.4.6. Unexpected Effects ................................................ ........................................................ ........................ 83
2.4.4. Informal Economy ............................................ ........................................................ ........................ 32 2.4.5. Division of Labor Based 4.5. Sustainability ................................................. ........................................................ ......................................... 83
on Gender .............................................. ........................................................ ........................ 33 2.5. Policies and Projects to Encourage 4.5.1. Mothers Remaining in Employment............................................................. ........................................................ ............ 83
Women's Employment in Turkey............................................. ........................................ 38 2.6. Policies and Projects to Encourage Women's 4.5.2. Child Care Service................................................... ........................................................ ........................ 85 5. FINDINGS AND
Employment and Child Care Supports in the World............................................. ........ 41 2.7. Effects of Child Care Supports on Women's RECOMMENDATIONS............ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................ 88
Employment............................................. .................................... 43 3. IMPACT ANALYSIS REFERENCES ................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................ 93
METHODOLOGY...... ........................................................ ........................................................ ................................... 47 APPENDIX-1: EXPERIMENT GROUP SURVEY QUESTIONS AND RESULTS ............................................ ........................................................ ............ 98
3.1. Definition of Impact Analysis and Evaluation Criteria ............................................ ........................................................ ...... 47 APPENDIX-2: CONTROL GROUP SURVEY QUESTIONS AND RESULTS............................................. ........................................................ ........ 109
3.2. Survey Study................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ 48
3.3. Key Findings of the Survey................................................. ........................................................ ........................................ 50
2 3
LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Labor Force Participation Rates of Men and Women by Income Classes............................................. ........................................... 18 Figure 2. Men
Table 1. Distribution of Persons Caring for Young Children in the Household ............................................ ........................................ 33 and Women Labor Force Participation Rates by Regions .............................................. .......................................... 19 Figure 3. Women by Country Labor
Table 2. Reasons for Women Not Working ............................................ ........................................................ .................................... 34 Table 3. Reasons for Force Participation Rates According to ............................................... ........................................................ ......... 21 Figure 4. Male Labor Force Participation
Rates by Country................................. ........................................................ ........................ 22 Figure 5. Labor Force Participation Rates of Non-Institutional
Unemployed Women Leaving Their Last Jobs .... ........................................................ ......................................... 35
Urban and Rural Population by Gender........... ......................................... 23 Figure 6. Non-Institutional Rural Population by Gender Labor Force Participation
Table 4. Distribution of Persons Caring for the Children of Working Women............................................. ........................................................ ...... 37
Rates According to ............................................... ........................ 24 Figure 7. Labor Force Participation Rates of Non-Institutional Urban Population by
Table 5. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Mothers Who Benefited and Did Not Benefit from the Project................................................. ............... 51
Gender ................. ........................................................ 24 Figure 8. Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and
Table 6. Occupational Distribution of Women Beneficiaries of the Project by Sector (%)............................................ ........................................ 52
Age............................................. ........................................................ .............. 25 Figure 9. Rural Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and
Table 7. Occupational Distribution of Women Who Did Not Benefit from the Project by Sector............................................. ........................................ 53
Age.......................... ........................................................ ......................... 26 Figure 10. Urban Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and
Table 8. Occupational Distribution of Women Benefiting from the Project by Education (%) ............................................ ........................................ 54
Age.......... ........................................................ ........................ 27 Figure 11. Employment Rates by
Table 9. Occupational Distribution of Women Who Did Not Benefit from the Project by Education (%) ............................................ ......................... 54
Gender ......... ........................................................ ........................................................ ............... 28 Figure 12. Rural Employment Rates by
Table 10. Number of Young Children of Women Benefiting from the Project (%) ............................................ ........................................................ ... 55 Gender ...................... ........................................................ ................................................... 28 Figure 13 .Urban Employment Rates by
Table 11. Average Working Hours of Mothers by Education ............................................ ........................................................ ........... 62 Gender............................................. ........................................................ ........................ 29 Figure 14. Urban Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and
Table 12. Average Working Hours of Mothers by Sector............................................. ........................................................ ........... 63 Education........................ ........................................................ ........................ 31 Figure 15. Urban Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Marital
Table 13. Average Working Hours of Mothers According to Their Occupations ............................................ ........................................................ ...64 Status............. ........................................................ ............. 32 Figure 16. Post-Project Work Desires of Mothers Who Did Not Work Before the
Project ........................ ........................................................ .... 60 Figure 17. Typology of Project Beneficiary

Table 14. Average Age of Caregivers by Insured Employment Status ............................................ ......................................... 66 Table 15. Project Direct
Mothers ............................................. ........................................................ ........................ 68 Figure 18. 20-Year Gross Income of Non-Working Mothers Before
Economic Impact on Mothers ............................................. ........................................................ 74 Table 16. Direct and Induced Economic Impact of the Project
the Project...... ........................................................ ......................................... 69 Figure 19. Non-Working Mothers Before the Project 10 Monthly Gross
on Mothers............................................ ........................................ 75 Table 17. Direct Economic Impact of the Project on Caregiver
Income ............................................ ......................................... 70 Figure 20. Direct Economic Impact on Non-Working Mothers Before the
Incomes ........................................................ .................................... 75 Table 18. Direct and Induced Economic Impact of the Project on Caregiver
Project ............................................. ................................... 70 Figure 21. Taxes and Premiums Received from Non-Working Mothers Before the
Incomes. ........................................................ .............76
Project... ........................................................ .................................... 71 Figure 22. 11-Year Survey of Mothers Who Would Have Stopped Working If the
Table 19. Total Economic Impacts ............................................ ........................................................ ......................................... 76 Table 20. Project Post-Project
Project Had Not Happened Gross Income............................................ ........................ 72 Figure 23. 10-Month Gross Income of Mothers Who Would Have
Child Care Preferences of Mothers Who Let Their Children Care for Grandmothers Before (%) .............................. 81 Table 21. According to the Ages of
Stopped Working If the Project Hadn't Happened............. ........................................................ ........ 72 Figure 24. Direct Economic Impact on Mothers Who
Caregivers Average Wages They Receive................................................. ........................................................ ..82 Would Have Stopped Working Without the Project............................ ........................ 73 Figure 25. Taxes and Premiums Received from Mothers Who Would
Table 22. Education Levels and Vocational Course Taking Status of Women Benefiting from the Program ............................................ ............. 84 Table 23. Have Stopped Working If the Project Hadn't Happened............. ........................................................ .73 Figure 26. Comparison of Public Expenditure and SSI
Child Care Preferences of Women Beneficiaries of the Program According to Their Pre-Project Working Status (%)............... ......... 86 Premium Income ............................................ ........................................................ ......... 77
4 5
ABBREVIATIONS
USA United States of America
UAE United Arab Emirates
CCDF Child Care Development Fund
CATOM Multi-Purpose Child Care Center
ECEC Early Childhood Education and Care Services
GAP Southeastern Anatolia Project
GDP Gross domestic product
ILO International Labor Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
ÿÿKUR Turkish Employment Agency
KAGIDER Women Entrepreneurs Association
KEDV Foundation for the Evaluation of Women's Labor
KOSGEB Small and Medium Scale Industry Development Administration
NUTS Türkiye Statistical Regional Units Classification
OECD Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation
SGK Social Security Institution
SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
TANF Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
TGMP Türkiye GrameenMicrocredit Program
TDHS Türkiye Population and Health Survey
TURKSTAT Turkish Statistical Institute
UNDP United Nations Development Program
6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
[13] The rate of mothers who, although they actually worked at a job before the project, would consider quitting working if the project did not exist, is 57 percent.
The project also convinced mothers who were thinking of quitting working, even though they were working before the project, to remain in the labor market.
[one] The main purpose of the "Supporting Registered Women's Employment through Home Child Care Services Project", which is jointly financed by the
Republic of Turkey and the European Union and implemented by the Social Security Institution (SGK); The aim is to reduce child care costs through [14] Mothers who did not benefit from the project stated that the most important reason for not giving their children to a babysitter, with a rate of 51 percent, was not
financial support given to mothers and thus to encourage the increase and continuity of registered women's employment. being able to afford the babysitter's fee. The reason why mothers do not employ caregivers is due to economic reasons and prevents mothers from
entering the labor market.
[2] The project also aims to ensure the registered employment of childminders, encourage certification in childcare and contribute to the establishment of [15] The project is aimed at the right target audience to increase registered women's employment. 56 percent of project beneficiary mothers think that the
childcare as a profession. project was successful in encouraging mothers to work.
[3] Within the scope of the project, 320 Euro monthly care support is paid to mothers who work full time in a registered job and have children between 0-24 [16] The project has made a significant contribution to the possibility of beneficiary mothers staying in business life. 74 percent of the mothers who benefited
months. In order to receive care support, mothers must also employ registered child caregivers, in addition to being registered workers. from the project stated that they would continue to work after the project is over. This shows that the project has a significant impact in terms of encouraging
mothers' tendency to work.
[4] [17] Before the project, 89 percent of beneficiary mothers employed their caregivers without insurance. With the project, all uninsured caregivers were directed
The total budget of the project is 49.6 million Euros, and approximately 40 million Euros is expected to be paid to mothers registered in the project by the
to registered employment. The project supported attracting uninsured caregivers to formal employment and raising awareness among mothers about
end of the project. To date, approximately 11,400 mothers and 14,400 caregivers have benefited from the project.
employing insured caregivers.
[5] Although various employment policies are implemented in different countries to bring women into employment, policies regarding child care are of particular
[18] Women mostly withdraw from the labor market when their children are between the ages of 0-3. The fact that the child is young is a factor that reduces the
importance. Because one of the most important problems for women to participate in the workforce is child care responsibilities.
mother's possibility of working. Three-quarters of the project beneficiary mothers' children were under one year old when they started receiving project
support. With the right approach, the project targeted mothers with young children and ensured the continuation of working life among those who are most
[6] Welfare states have been implementing child care policies for many years to keep women in the labor market or to encourage women who are not in the
difficult to remain in registered employment.
labor market to enter.
[19] Before the project, mothers who employed babysitters were paying them less than the minimum wage. During the project, the wages paid to caregivers
[7] Although there has been an increase in women's labor force participation in Turkey in recent years, the rate is still quite low. Women's participation in the
exceeded the minimum wage.
workforce not only affects women and their families at the individual level, but also has an important place in achieving the country's development goals
[20] 32 percent of mothers who plan to employ caregivers after the project plan to pay their caregivers the same wage they paid during the project. This shows
and reducing poverty. For sustainable growth and development, women must be active and productive in the labor market. Since the unregistered
that mothers maintain the awareness of employing registered caregivers that they acquired during the project and that the effects of the project are
caregiving sector in our
sustainable.
[8] country is much larger than the registered caregiving sector, the project has made a significant contribution to increasing registered women's employment.
[21] While 63 percent of caregivers look after the children at the mother's home, 37 percent look after them at their own home. The project contributed positively
to the institutionalization of the caregiving profession by allowing the caregiver to provide services outside of their own home.
[9] The main purpose of this report is to carry out the social and economic impact analysis of the Home Child Care Project. The extent to which the home
[22] One of the most important indicators of institutionalization is the clarification of job descriptions in the caregiving profession. 86 percent of the caregivers within
childcare project achieved its targeted goals, to what extent it increased registered women's employment, its contribution to the formation of awareness of
the scope of the project only perform child care work and do not do housework.
registered employment, and its impact on the institutionalization of the childcare profession were examined within the scope of the report.
[23] The financial support provided within the scope of the project encouraged mothers who had never employed a caregiver before the project to benefit from
[10] Within the scope of the impact analysis, a survey was conducted in the provinces of Izmir, Bursa and Antalya. Survey study; It was carried out on a total
this service. By removing babysitting from the network of informal relationships, the project supported the perception of babysitting as a registered
of 2,000 mothers, including 1,000 mothers who were project beneficiaries and 1,000 mothers who did not benefit from the project.
profession.
[11] The survey results are standardized by the OECD; criteria for suitability, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability of the project
[24] The education level of the caregivers from whom mothers who do not benefit from the project receive services is lower on average. While the rate of caregivers
evaluated in the report in its context.
of project beneficiary mothers with primary school education is 50 percent, this rate is over 60 percent among caregivers of mothers who are not project
[12] The rate of mothers who were not actually employed before the project was approximately 12 percent. The project encouraged these mothers, who were beneficiaries. The financial support provided by the project motivated mothers to find more educated and professional caregivers.
not actually employed before the project, to enter the labor market.
8 9
[25] Apart from the direct effects of the project on increasing registered women's employment, it is seen that its macroeconomic effects are also widespread and EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
important.
[26] The project provided direct and induced employment to approximately 29 thousand people. Employment will result in the generation of approximately 4.5 billion TL [one] The main objective of the “Project for Supporting Registered Employment of Women through Home-based Child Care”, jointly financed by the Republic of Turkey
of income in the national economy and an increase in the production of goods and services in proportion to this income. The state will collect 488 million TL in taxes and the European Union and carried out by the Social Security Institution (SSI) is to reduce the costs of child care with financial support given to mothers, and
from the increased income. thereby encouraging the increase of registered women employment and the maintenance of sustainability.
[27] Approximately 140 million TL expenditure, 21 million of which is public, for the execution of the project will provide SSI with a total premium gain of 1.3 billion TL,
depending on the increase in direct and stimulated revenues. Approximately nine times the expenditure will return to SSI as premium income. [2] The project also aims to provide registered employment of child caregivers, to encourage certification in child care, and to institutionalize child care as a profession.
[28] The project had a greater impact on the national economy than the public expenditure made on it, and the impact was ensured to be sustainable. [3] Within the scope of the project, a monthly subsidy of 320 Euros is paid to mothers who work full-time in a registered job and have children between 0-24 months.
In addition to the registered working conditions, child caregivers must also be employed as registered.
[4] The total budget of the project is 49.6 million Euros and it is expected that approximately 40 million Euros will be paid to registered mothers until the end of the
project. Up to now, approximately 11,400 mothers and 14,400 child caregivers benefited from the project.
[5] In addition to various employment policies in order to encourage women employment in different countries, the policies on child
care have a special importance. Child care responsibilities are one of the most important problems in joining the labor force for
women.
[6] Welfare states have been implementing child care policies for many years to encourage women to enter labor markets or to keep them in the labor market.
[7] Although the participation of women into the labor force has increased in Turkey in recent years, the rate is still very low.
Participation of women in the labor force will affect women and their families at the individual level, as well as having an important place in achieving the
development goals of the country and reducing poverty. For sustainable growth and development, women need to participate in the labor market.
[8] Since the informal child care sector in our country is much larger than the registered child care, the Project has made a significant contribution towards increasing
registered women employment.
[9] The main objective of this report is to carry out an analysis of the social and economic effects of the Project of Home-based Child Care. The extent of which the
home-based child care project at home has reached the intended goals, the extent to which the registered women employment has been increased, the contribution
to the registered employment perception and the institutionalization of the child care profession have been examined in the report
[10] As part of the impact analysis, a survey was conducted in the cities of Izmir, Bursa and Antalya. The survey was conducted on a total of 2,000 mothers, 1,000 mothers
who were beneficiaries of the project and 1,000 mothers who did not benefit from the project.
[11] Survey results were assessed in the context of conformity, productivity, efficiency, impact and sustainability criteria in the project standardized by the OECD.
10 11th
[12] The share of mothers who do not have actually a job before the project is about 12%. The project encouraged these mothers, [24] The level of education of child caregivers of mothers who do not benefit from the project are lower on average. While 50 percent of
who did not actually work at the beginning of the project to enter the labor market. child caregivers of non-beneficiary mothers have primary school education, this ratio is above 62 percent for child caregivers of
beneficiary mothers. The financial support provided by the project has motivated mothers to find more educated and professional
[13] The share of the mothers who are willing to stop working is 57 percent, despite working in a job before the Project. The project
child caregivers.
convinced them to stay in the labor market,
[25] Apart from the direct effects of the project on increasing registered women employment, macroeconomic impacts are also
[14] 51 percent of mothers, who do not benefit from the Project, indicate that the most important reason for not giving the child to child
Found to be widespread and important.
caregivers is that they cannot afford wages of child caregivers. The fact that mothers do not employ a child caregiver due to
economic reasons, and this prevents the entry of mothers into the labor market. [26] The project provided direct and induced employment for about 29 thousand people. Employment will create an income of around 4.5
billion TL in the national economy and this will cause an increase in the production of goods and services in proportion to the
[15] The project has targeted the right group to increase registered women employment. 56 percent of project beneficiary mothers
income. The state will collect 488 million TL tax from the increasing income.
Think the project is successful in encouraging mothers to work in a job.
[27] Expenditure of approximately 140 million TL for the execution of the project (public expenditure is 21 million) will provide a total of
[16] The project has made an important contribution to the likelihood of beneficiary mothers remaining at work. 74 percent of the mothers
1.3 billion TL of premiums to the SSI as a result of the increase in direct and induced income. Approximately nine times of the
who benefited from the project stated that they will continue to work after the project is over. This suggests that the Project has a
expenditure made will return to SSI as premium revenue.
significant influence on mothers in terms of promoting the tendency to work.
[28] The project has had a great impact on the national economy than the direct projects pending and provided the sustainability
[17] At the beginning of the project, 89% of beneficiary mothers were employed their child caregivers without insurance. With the of the effect.
project, all non-insured child caregivers were directed to registered employment. Project provided support for directing uninsured
child caregivers to registered employment and for the employment of a registered child caregiver.
[18] Women are mostly withdrawn from the labor market when their children are between 0 and 3 years old. Having a small child is a
factor that reduces the likelihood of employment of mothers. Approximately 75% of children in the beneficiary group were under
one year old when their mothers started receiving project support. With a correct approach, the project has directed the mothers
with younger children to continue working.
[19] Before the project, the mothers who employed child caregiver paid a salary under the minimum wage. The salary paid during the
project has been above the minimum wage.
[20] 32% of mothers who plan to employ a child caregiver after the project are considering paying the same amount to the child caregivers
as they paid during the project. The mothers gained an awareness of employing registered child caregivers.
[21] While 63 percent of child caregivers of the project beneficiary mothers take care of children at the mother's house, 37 percent are at
their own home. The Project positively contributed to the institutionalization of the child care profession by allowing the child
caregiver to serve outside her home.
[22] One of the most important signs of institutionalization is the clarification of job descriptions in the child care profession. 86
percent of child caregivers only does childcare and does not contribute to housework.
[23] The financial support provided by the project encouraged mothers who did not employ child caregivers before to take advantage of
this service as the project started. The project has supported the perception of childcare as a registered profession by removing
child care from the network of informal relationships.
12 13
1. INTRODUCTION
Working in a paid job outside the home allows women to realize their talents and strengths. With work, women's self-confidence increases, they become active
members of the public sphere (Bayisenge, 2010; ÿlkkaracan, 2012), their social status increases (Kabeer, Mahmud, and Tasneem, 2011), and they become involved
Increasing women's employment is one of the important problems facing the development of countries. There are studies on the necessity of integrating women into in social networks (Bayisenge, 2010; Person, May, and Mayer , 2016; Walter, 2005) and gain experience (Kabeer, Mahmud, and Tasneem, 2011). Sometimes, for
women, work and work become a way of individual success and self-proving (Altschuler, 2004; Walter, 2005). As a result, it can be said that; Women's participation
working life in order to accelerate development and increase GDP sustainably (Loko and Diouf, 2009; Dollar and Gatti, 1999). GDP losses per capita resulting from
in the workforce not only has an important role in the development of the country, but also brings with it their economic liberation, an increase in their social status
lower participation of women in employment markets have been found to be as high as 27% in some parts of the world (Cuberes and Teignier, 2012). It has been
and an increase in their self-confidence.
determined that when women's labor force participation rates approach men's, GDP will increase by 5% in the USA, 9% in Japan, 12% in the UAE, and 34% in Egypt
(Aguirre, et al. 2012). Having women work in a paid job outside the home will contribute to both development and the woman herself and her family. While women's
participation in the workforce is so important for the development of countries, the female workforce participation rate in Turkey in 2015 is 31%, lower than the In order for women to enter the labor market and for employees to remain in the market, child care responsibilities, which are the most important obstacles for women,
average of OECD countries (51.6%). There are various obstacles to women's participation in the workforce. Since the 1980s, the disintegration in agricultural must be alleviated and care costs must be reduced. As mentioned, the majority of women are employed in insecure and low-paid jobs, causing them to have
production in Turkey, the low level of education of women, their marital status and the limitations imposed by marriage and business life, the prevalence of the difficulties in covering child care costs. Considering the fact that the wage that women earn from their jobs and the wage they pay to a babysitter are almost close to
informal economy and the acceptance of gender-based division of labor as a norm in society have led to women's active participation in the labor market. and are the each other, and the difficulties they will have in paying the caregiver's wages due to their low job security, it is possible that women do not return to the labor market
main obstacles to their long-term stay. Employed women are predominantly in the informal or unregistered economy and are employed without security for low wages or employees leave their jobs.
(Dedeoÿlu, 2012; ÿlkkaracan, 2012; Kümbetoÿlu, User and Akpÿnar, 2012). Gender-based division of labor creates obstacles for women who enter the workforce to
stay in the labor market permanently, for those who have left, to return, or to enter for the first time. The fact that women are seen as solely responsible for child care,
Research shows that; The high elasticity of female labor supply to child care costs reveals that if child care costs are subsidized, women's participation in the
even if they are working, and that mother and child are identified with each other is an important problem for mothers who are working and planning to enter the labor
workforce and current working hours will increase. The elasticity of the change in female labor supply against changes in child care costs is between 0.13 and 0.2
market.
(Gong, Breuning and King, 2010; Kalb, 2009). Various policies and programs such as tax deductions, free care services, and financial aid are implemented in different
countries to reduce the cost of child care so that women can remain employed.
Women's identification with childcare responsibility also reduces their chances of acquiring the professional knowledge and skills required for jobs in the formal
Over the past 15 years, the labor force participation rate of women with children (aged 25-54) has increased in many countries. Policies towards women with children
economy. Childcare responsibilities interrupt women's presence in the labor market and prevent them from gaining work experience. When women return from their
have a significant share in this increase. Subsidies for child care and increased early education opportunities for preschool children are policies that support women's
jobs after having to leave their jobs due to childbirth, there is a loss of productivity as they are employed in lower-level jobs. These women, who previously worked in
employment. Child support programs that vary by country; i) universal and highly subsidized child care, as in Northern European countries such as Germany and
high-status jobs, have difficulty using their previous work experience because they work in low-status jobs after giving birth (Walby and Olsen, 2002). Caring
Denmark; ii) child care in Southern European countries such as Italy, which is publicly provided but not particularly available for children under 3 years of age; iii) We
responsibilities limit women's ability to attend various courses, weakening their opportunities to invest in themselves to acquire the skills required for secure jobs.
can divide them into 3 groups: child care programs in countries such as the USA, England and Canada, where it is aimed to subsidize high-priced and privately
Despite many problems in the labor market, paid employment is important for women. The contribution of work to women's lives can be examined in two dimensions:
provided child care, especially for single mothers. Various studies are being conducted to measure the impact of incentives given for child care, which vary by country,
economic and social. In the economic context, women working for wages feel
on women's employment. These studies show that incentives have little impact on employment in some countries such as Sweden, Norway, France and the
economically free. They can meet the needs of themselves or their families without being dependent on anyone and have a greater say in using economic resources Netherlands.
(ÿlkkaracan, 2012; Kabeer, Mahmud, and Tasneen, 2011). For many women, working economically is essential for their families' survival or escape from poverty
(Bayisenge, 2010; Erman, Kalaycÿoÿlu, & Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç, 2002). Sometimes working does not go beyond being a means of obtaining the income necessary to On the other hand, it is determined that the impact of incentives in countries such as Canada and the USA on women's employment is significant. It is possible to
meet needs (Person, May and Mayer, 2016; Walter, 2005), and sometimes it becomes a part of women's identities (Marks and Houston, 2002; Person, May and explain the small effect of supports for child care in European countries by the high level of support for child care in these countries and the already high level of
Mayer, 2016). 2016). Working enables women to see themselves as economically active and productive individuals (ÿlkkaracan, 2012; Ören, Negiz, and Akman, women's participation in the workforce (Vuri, 2016).
2012; Tömen and Savran, 2015).
When designing policies to support women's participation in the workforce, policy makers must first identify the most effective instruments. Support for child care is
especially important to encourage women with young children to participate in the workforce. The cost of child care and the availability of care opportunities are
factors that directly affect women's employment. These
14 15
In addition, women's working status before having children, average wages, social security system and social norms are important factors Within the scope of impact analysis, three main impact investigations were conducted. First, the impact of the Home Child Care Project on the labor force participation and
that indirectly affect women's participation in working life. It is possible that all these factors may weaken or strengthen the effectiveness return to work of mothers who have been out of business life because they have young children or have withdrawn from business life for a certain period of time; Secondly,
of policies aimed at promoting women's employment. Therefore, it is important to use the most effective instruments by taking these the impact of the project on the registered employment of childminders who are employed unregistered; Thirdly and finally, the impact of the project on the socio-economic
factors into account in policy design. income level of the family was examined for both project beneficiary mothers and project beneficiary caregivers.
The main purpose of the "Supporting Registered Women's Employment through Home Child Care Services Project", or simply "Home Child Care Project", which is jointly In order to examine these three effects, mothers were the focal point of the study. The main reason why mothers are the focus; Since the aim of the Home Child Care Project
financed by the Republic of Turkey and the European Union and implemented by the Social Security Institution (SGK), in terms of economic and social impacts; The aim is is to increase registered women's employment and, for the purposes of SSI, caregivers are people employed by mothers, focusing on mothers is the best method in terms of
to increase registered women's employment and encourage its continuity by reducing child care costs with the support to be given to mothers with children between 0-24 the purpose and efficiency of the project. The caregiver's working conditions and insured employment depend on the employer and the registered employment of the mother.
months. As side objectives of the project; These include registering child care providers, encouraging certification in child care, and contributing to the establishment of child As long as the mother is registered, the likelihood of the caregiver also being registered increases. An unregistered working mother is very unlikely to employ a registered
care as a profession. The Home Child Care Project has identified low-income women who have difficulty in covering child care costs as its target audience. In this context, caregiver. Because the wage earned by an unregistered mother will be low, she will not have the power to employ an insured caregiver. An uninsured working mother can,
the project has chosen mothers working in low-wage jobs as its target audience, stipulating that the woman's monthly wage should not exceed 2 times the minimum wage. however, employ an uninsured caregiver or receive unpaid support from her relatives. For these reasons, focusing on mothers constitutes a lower-cost and more efficient
For example, mothers who have a gross income of 3294 TL or less for 2016, work full-time in a registered job, and have children between the ages of 0-24 months, deserve alternative to measure the effects of the project's aim of increasing registered female employment. As a matter of fact, within the scope of this impact analysis, questions
to receive care support of 320 Euros per month (300 Euros per month until October 2016) from the project. Within the scope of the project, 416 Euros (390 Euros per month
about caregivers were also asked to mothers and the evaluations were included in the report.
until October 2016) are paid to mothers who are single parents, mothers who have 40% or more disabled children, or mothers who employ certified babysitters. Payments
are made to mothers until their children are 36 months old. In order for mothers to receive care support, they are required to employ registered child caregivers as well as
being registered workers. Mothers' child caregivers must be at least a primary school graduate and over 18 years of age, and the mother or father and the caregiver must not
be a first-degree relative. The impact analysis report consists of different sections. After this introductory section, in the second section, the current situation of women's employment in the world and
in Turkey and the factors affecting women's entry into the labor market are examined from different dimensions, and policies and projects and child care supports that
encourage women's employment in the world and in Turkey are revealed. has been placed. In the third section, the methodology of the impact analysis is explained. In this
The project started on March 6, 2015 and will end on November 5, 2017. The budget of the project is 49.6 million Euros in total, including 46.9 million Euros of grant support section, the definition of impact analysis and the evaluation criteria used are explained, and the main findings of the survey study are also included. In the fourth section, the
and 2.7 million Euros of other expenses. In the first phase of the project, financial support was given to registered working women in Antalya, Bursa and Izmir, and in the impact analysis results were analyzed under the headings of suitability, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. The report ends with the fifth and final section,
second phase, as of December 5, 2016, women in these three provinces were also included in Ankara and Istanbul. 30,883 mothers pre-registered for the project and findings and recommendations.
approximately 11,400 mothers benefited from the project. Payments have started to be made to mothers on the 15th of each month since September 15, 2015, and payments
will continue until October 2017. At the end of the project, a total payment of approximately 40 million Euros will be made.
This project, which aims to increase registered women's employment by supporting home child care services, also aims to register child care, where unregistered work is
intense. For the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (ÇSGB) and especially the Social Security Institution (SGK), domestic services, including babysitting, mean domestic
work that is performed by people outside the household for a fee and has legal rights and obligations due to being employed. Domestic services are an area where
unregistered employment is common (ILO 2013). The Home Child Care Project enables beneficiary mothers to transform unregistered employment into registered employment
by requiring their caregivers to be insured. Approximately 14,400 caregivers were registered within the scope of the project.
The main purpose of this report is to carry out the social and economic impact analysis of the Home Child Care Project. This impact analysis study was carried out in order
to measure the socio-economic effects of the home child care program, such as to what extent it achieved its goals, to what extent it increased the registered employment of
women, its contribution to the formation of awareness of registered work, and its impact on the institutionalization of the caregiving profession. This impact analysis also
evaluates the long-term consequences of the project.
16 17
2. LITERATURE RESEARCH
2.1. Current Situation of Women's Employment in the World Figure 2. Labor Force Participation Rates of Men and Women by Region
The labor force participation rate of women around the world has always been lower than that of men. According to 2017 data of the International Labor Organization (ILO),
the world average of women's labor force participation is 49.4%, while this rate for men is 76.1%. The average female labor force participation in low-income countries is
70.9%, in low-middle-income countries it is 37.9%, in upper-middle-income countries it is 55.9%, and in high-income countries it is 51.9% (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Labor Force Participation Rates of Men and Women by Income Classes
There are also differences in the labor force participation rates of women and men by region. According to ILO data, the female labor force participation rate is over 60% in
Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asian countries, and over 50% in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern, Southern and Western Europe and Eastern
Figure 3 shows the labor force participation rates of women and men in Figure 4 for the years 2000 and 2015. When women's labor force participation rates are examined in
European countries. However, in North Africa, Arab States and South Asian countries, this rate falls below 30% (see Figure 2). Male labor force participation rates vary
more detail according to OECD data, it is seen that there was an increase in women's labor force participation in many countries between 2000 and 2015. The country where
between 81% and 64%. Although women's labor force participation rates are relatively high in some regions, women's wage and salaried employment rates are lower than
women participated in the workforce at the highest rate (79.3%) in 2015 was Iceland. This rate is above 60% in Estonia, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada, Norway, the
men, especially in developing countries. In these countries, women mostly work as unpaid family workers (The World's Women, 2015). In Arab countries, Africa and Asia-
Russian Federation and New Zealand. The average female labor force participation in OECD countries was 51.6% in 2015. Women's labor force participation is above 40%
Pacific countries, women mainly perform housework and care work as unpaid labor (World Employment and Social Outlook-Trends 2017).
in Belgium, South Africa, Italy, Costa Rico, Mexico, Poland, Chile and Greece, which are below the average of OECD countries. The country with the lowest female labor
force participation rate is Turkey with 31%.
18 19
There is a decrease in men's labor force participation rates between 2000 and 2015. Iceland ranks first with 85.7% for men as well as for women. Although male Figure 3. Women's Labor Force Participation Rates by Country
labor force participation rates are above 70% or 60% in many countries, there is a 3-5 point decrease in labor force participation rates between 2000 and 2015. The
countries with the lowest male labor force participation rate in 2015 are Belgium with 58.9%, Italy with 59.6% and Greece with 59.8%. In Turkey, the male labor
force participation rate is over 70%, although it decreased between 2010 and 2015.
Although men's labor force participation rates are generally higher than women's, there is a tendency for women's rates to increase. This increase is more evident
in European countries. It is seen that the difference between the participation rates of men and women in the labor market is less in developed countries and higher
in developing countries.
20 21
Figure 4. Male Labor Force Participation Rates by Country

2.2. Current Situation of Women's Employment in Turkey
The labor market participation rates of women in other countries are higher than in our country. Figure 5 shows the labor force participation rates of men
and women between 1988 and 2013. There is a general decrease in the labor force participation rates of men and women. While male participation rates
were 81% in 1988, they dropped to 71.5% in 2013. Although there has been a decrease in women's labor force participation rates since 1988, there has
been an increase again in the last few years. While women's participation rates were 34.3% in 1988, they dropped to 24% in 2007 and increased to
30.8% in 2013.
Figure 5. Labor Force Participation Rates of Non-Institutional Urban and Rural Population by Gender
Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results
Figure 6 shows rural and Figure 7 urban labor force participation rates by year. A decrease has been observed in participation rates in rural areas over
the years. While male labor force participation rates in rural areas were 85% in 1988, it was 71% in 2012.
Women's labor force participation rates decrease more significantly in rural areas. While it was 52% in 1988, this rate decreased to 37% in 2013.
Participation rates in the urban labor market are also falling. While the male participation rate was 78% in 1988, it was 71% in 2013. It is seen that the
proportion of women in the urban labor market has increased especially in recent years. While the rates of women were 18% in 1988, this rate increased
to 28% in 2013. However, women's urban labor market participation rates are still lower than rural labor market participation rates.
22 23
Figure 6. Labor Force Participation Rates of Non-Institutional Rural Population by Gender When women's participation in the labor market by age is examined over time, as seen in Figure 8, it is seen that women between the ages of 20-49
participated in the labor market the most in 2013. The highest participation among men is seen between the ages of 25-49.
Figure 8. Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Age
Figure 7. Labor Force Participation Rates of Non-Institutional Urban Population by Gender
When rural labor force participation rates are examined by age, a decrease is observed. While 57.7% of women in the 15-19 age group participated
in the workforce in 1988, this rate was only 21.4% in 2013. There is a significant decrease in the labor force participation of women in the 20-39 age
group. In 2013, women in the 40-44 age group mostly participated in the workforce. Similar downward trends are also present in men's rates.
24 25
Figure 9. Rural Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Age Figure 10. Urban Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Age
Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results
When the urban labor force participation rates are examined in detail by age, as seen in Figure 10, there is a decrease in the labor force participation of men over Employment participation rates by years are shown in Figure 11. There is a decrease in the employment participation rates of both women and men. While the
time, while there is an increase in the labor force participation of women, except for the 15-19 age group. For example, while 26.3% of women in the 20-24 age group employment rate of men was 75.1% in 1988, it was 65.2% in 2013. The employment rate for women decreased from 30.6% to 20.7% between 1988 and 2005, but
participated in the urban workforce in 1988, this rate was 39.2% in 2013. A similar trend is seen in women in the 25-29 and 30-34 age groups. Among the main reasons started to increase since 2006. In 2013, this rate reached 27.1%. There has been an increase in women's employment rates for the last 6 years.
for the decline in the participation of women in the urban workforce in the 15-19 age group is the increase in time spent in education.
26 27
Figure 11. Employment Rates by Gender Urban employment rates are shown in Figure 13. According to the figure, while men's urban employment rates have been decreasing since 1988, women's rates
have been increasing. While urban employment of women was 12.7% in 1988, it was 23.4% in 2013.
Figure 13. Urban Employment Rates by Gender
As shown in Figure 12, rural employment rates of both women and men are decreasing. Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results
Figure 12. Rural Employment Rates by Gender 2.3. Women's Employment and Economic Development
There are many studies in the literature indicating that women's full participation in working life will provide significant economic gains to countries (Dollar and Gatti,
1999; Loko and Diouf, 2009). GDP losses per capita resulting from lower female participation in employment markets have been found to be as high as 27% in
some parts of the world (Cuberes and Teignier, 2012). Aguirre et al. (2012) calculated that when women's labor force participation increases to the same level as
men, GDP will increase by 5% in the USA, by 9% in Japan, by 12% in the UAE, and by 34% in Egypt. Additionally, Aguirre et al. (2012), based on ILO figures,
estimated that 865 million women in the world have the potential to contribute more to the economies of their countries, and 812 million of them live in emerging
and developing economies.
In rapidly aging economies, increasing women's participation in the employment force will contribute to increased growth by balancing the negative effects of
decreasing labor supply. A study by the IMF (2012) found that if the female employment participation rate in Japan increased to the average rate of G7 countries,
GDP per capita in Japan could permanently increase by 4%. Additionally, considering that women have a higher level of education, a higher participation of women
in the workforce will also increase the qualifications of the workforce (Steinberg and Nakane, 2012).
Giving women better opportunities to earn income will contribute to the economic development of developing countries.
28 29
For example, it will support girls to enroll in more schools. Compared to men, women can allocate a larger proportion of their family income for their children's education. Urban labor force participation rates by education are shown in Figure 14. Labor force participation rates among college and faculty graduates are high for both men and
According to the ILO, women's work, whether paid or unpaid, is the most important factor that can reduce poverty in developing countries (Heintz, 2006). More women women. 72.4% of women who graduated from college or faculty, 38.8% of women who graduated from a vocational school equivalent to high school, and 31.7% of
participating in employment and earning more will contribute to spending on sending more children, including girls, to school (Aguirrevd, 2012; Miller, 2008). women who graduated from general high school participate in the urban workforce. Labor force participation rates among graduates of other schools are quite low. In
urban areas, education level appears to have an important place in labor force participation rates.
Equal access to raw materials will increase the productivity of women-owned companies (Do, Levchenko, & Raddatz, 2011). It has been found that the difference in
Figure 14. Urban Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Education
productivity between companies owned by women and men is mainly due to differences in access to productive resources (Blackden and Hallward-Driemeier, 2013).
The World Bank (2011) found that reducing this difference in productivity would lead to significant production gains.
Employment of women under equal conditions will enable companies to make the best use of available resources, which will positively affect their growth (Barsh and
Yee, 2012; CAHRS, 2011). There is evidence that the inclusion of women in boards of directors and senior management positions positively affects the performance of
companies (IMF, 2013). In addition, companies in markets where women are dominant can perform better with female managers, and having women on the boards of
directors provides a broader perspective (OECD, 2012).
2.4. Factors Affecting Women's Employment in Turkey
This section focuses on the main reasons and determinants of low female employment in Turkey. Among the main reasons for low female employment in Turkey;
Dissolution in agricultural production due to mechanization, low education level of women, marital status of women and the limitations that marriage brings to business
life, the prevalence of the informal economy and the acceptance of gender-based division of labor as a norm in society. The negative effects of these main reasons on
women's employment in Turkey are explained in detail under the following headings.
2.4.1. Dissolution in Agricultural Production
One of the main reasons for the decrease in the labor force participation of both men and women in Turkey since the 1980s is the decrease in employment in agricultural
production. Considering that women are predominantly employed in the agricultural sector, the decrease in the need for labor in connection with mechanization in
agriculture has resulted in a decrease in women's participation in the workforce. Rural-to-urban migration following agricultural disintegration increased urbanization but
was not successful in increasing women's participation in the workforce. Women's labor force participation rates are lower in urban areas than in rural areas, and the
dissolution in agricultural production has not led to an increase in the urban female workforce. In 2013, female labor force in agricultural areas (36.7%) was higher than Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results
in urban areas (23.4%). The report titled "Determining Factors and Trends in Women's Participation in the Labor Force in Turkey", prepared in cooperation with the State
2.4.3. Marital status
Planning Organization and the World Bank, points out that in addition to the decrease in agricultural production, there are factors that prevent women from participating
in the labor force even though they want to work (Dayÿoÿlu and Kÿrdar, 2010). Another factor affecting women's participation in the workforce is marital status (Berber and Yÿlmaz Eser, 2008; Dayÿoÿlu and Kÿrdar, 2010; Kÿlÿç and Öztürk, 2014).
As seen in Figure 15, labor force participation rates for 2013 were highest among divorced women. Secondly, never-married women participate in the workforce more
than married and widowed women.
2.4.2. Education level
The main factor that prevents or makes it difficult for women to participate in the urban workforce is the low level of education (Dayÿoÿlu and Kÿrdar, 2010; ÿlkkaracan,
2012; Kÿlÿç and Öztürk, 2014; Korkmaz and Korkut 2012; Özer and Biçerli, 2004). in 2013
30 31
Figure 15. Urban Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Marital Status
Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç, 2002; Kocacik and Ayan, 2011). In such jobs, it is very difficult for women to ensure the continuity of the income they earn, and they are easily
fired and work long hours without security for low wages (Kümbetoÿlu, User and Akpÿnar, 2012).
2.4.5. Division of Labor Based on Gender
Another important challenge to women's participation in the paid workforce is the gender-based division of labor, which distinguishes the
work to be done by men and women through the distinction between public and private spaces. While men are identified with the public
sphere and held responsible for bringing home the bread or making ends meet, women are identified with the private sphere and held
responsible for the family. Traditionally, women are identified with the home and their main responsibilities are defined as housework and
care work for other members of the household, such as child, elderly and patient care, preventing women from devoting more time to
unpaid labor and participating in the paid labor market. Research findings have shown that women with children under the age of 6 are
less likely to participate in the paid workforce (Kÿlÿç and Öztürk, 2014). The fact that women generally have to spend more time on unpaid
care work than men restricts the time they spend on paid work and prevents them from actively participating in the workforce (Antonopoulus, 2009).
It also limits participating women's access to qualified jobs or causes those who have reached them to leave their jobs. While women in different geographies
around the world spend an average of 3-6 hours a day on unpaid care work, this rate for men varies between 30 minutes and 2 hours. (Ferrant, Pesonda and
Nowacka, 2014). Family Structure 2016 study conducted by TUIK (see.
According to Table 1), it has been determined that 86% of the day care for children aged 0-5 in the household is carried out by mothers.
Table 1. Distribution of Persons Caring for Young Children in the Household
The most important reason behind the low labor force participation rates of married women is that marriage has become a norm for women. Women marry at an Caregivers Mother %
earlier age than men and have children shortly after marriage. According to the results of the Family Structure 2016 research conducted by TUIK, 37.5% of first
86.0
marriages across the country occur between the ages of 20-24. While 62.5% of women make their first marriage before the age of 25, 46.9% of men make their first
Grandmother or grandmother 7.4
marriage before the age of 25. Three fifths of women marry at a young age.
Nursery or kindergarten 2.8
caregiver 1.5
2.4.4. Informal Economy
Other close relative or neighbor 1.3
One of the main reasons why women's participation rates in the urban labor market are low is that they are employed in the ever-growing informal or unrecorded
Having more than one day care 1.0
economy (Dedeoÿlu, 2012; ÿlkkaracan, 2012). Even though women define themselves as not working in official statistics, field research indicates that women work
Total one hundred
intensively in the informal economy (Dedeoÿlu 2010; ÿlkkaracan, 2012; Ustek, 2015). The transition to export-based industrialization in economies and the shift of
Source: TURKSTAT Family Structure Survey 2016
industry from developed countries to developing countries have led to the expansion of the informal economy. Women, who are seen as reserve labor, are employed
in low-paid and flexible jobs (Kümbetoÿlu, User and Akpÿnar, 2012). Kocacik and Ayan (2011). The fact that child care is carried out by mothers prevents women from participating in the paid labor market, even if they want to work. The findings of the Turkey
Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) 2013 in Table 2 show the difficulties experienced by women. In general, 21.7% of women cannot work because they are
According to the 2009 TÜÿK Household Labor Force Survey, among women employed outside agriculture, only 21% are registered with the social security institution housewives, 19.2% are looking after children, and 14.8% cannot work because their spouses or family do not allow it. Family responsibilities are the biggest
as paid daily workers, while 74% are employed unregistered as unpaid family workers. Jobs within the informal economy are generally insecure, irregular and low- obstacle to women's working life. Considering the age ranges, it is seen that child care is a determining factor in women's participation in the workforce. For
paid. The majority of women work in contract manufacturing companies in the textile industry, as well as doing piece work on a home-based basis, doing housework, example, 34.8% of women aged 25-29 and 37.9% of women aged 30-34 cannot work because they are taking care of their children. As shown in Table 2, for
office cleaning or other jobs, caring for children, the sick or the elderly, and doing and selling jobs such as knitting, lace and sewing (Dedeoÿlu, 2010; Erman, women aged 20-39, child care represents a significant barrier to participating in the labor market.
Kalaycÿoÿlu,
32 33
Table 2. Reasons for Women Not Working Table 3. Reasons for Unemployed Women Leaving Their Last Jobs
Failure to Work Basic Reasons for Leaving Work 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Cover.
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Cover.
Reason
Marriage 14.1 25.6 35 27.1 24.8 19.7 15.4 24.8
Student 65.9 20.6 3.4 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.0 16.5
Conception/child care 1.7 13.4 11.5 22.9 19 13.3 5.8 14.3

Housewife 3.1 12.1 19 23.4 30.7 38.7 41.5 21.7
Retired 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 6.3 0.7 Moved/Migrated 7.9 4.6 2.1 4.9 4.8 7.7 8.3 5.3
Patient/Disabled 0.7 1.4 0.6 2.0 4.8 8.2 13.8 3.7 4.7 3.4 3.9 4.1 3.4 0.9 1.8 3.2
Against Spouse/Elders
Elderly care 0.7 0.4 1.0 2.3 3.0 2.8 3.3 1.8 0.2 9.3 4.3 5.8 5.5 9.6 13 6.9
business closed
Childcare 1.9 17.9 34.8 37.9 26 9.9 1.6 19.2

Got fired 0.6 1.0 2.3 3.2 2.7 1.6 5.0 2.5
Looking for a job/unemployed

3.3 11.2 7.6 5.3 5.3 7.0 4.7 6.3 1.3 2.5 1.8 2.3 2.4 1.4 0.0 1.8
He found a better job
Spouse/Family
11.5 17.2 17 15.4 16.2 15.4 10.5 14.8 problems at work 7.3 12.4 11.4 6.3 10.3 8.8 5.7 9.1
does not allow
Moved/Migrated 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 20.1 3.6 4 3 1.3 2.2 2.1 3.7
Seasonal/Temporary worker
He does not need 7.5 8.4 8.7 5.8 7.3 10.5 13.1 8.4
Elderly/Sick care in the family 0.0 0.8 2.6 0.6 2.2 0.5 3.3 1.6
Pregnant/
0.5 4.0 3.8 3.1 1.7 0.1 0.0 2.0 Patient/Disabled 0.5 4.1 5.2 5.5 9.4 15 16 8.3
just gave birth
Pension 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 6.9 1.1
Other 4.8 5.9 3.3 3.8 3.7 6.1 4.4 4.6
Didn't have to work 1.9 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 4.1 6.3 2.6
Unanswered 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.3
Source: Health and Population Survey in Turkey, 2013 didn't want to work 16.7 8.8 10.1 8.3 8.9 9.5 7.4 9.3
Family responsibilities are one of the main reasons why working women leave the labor market. According to the findings of TDHS-2013 in Table 3, 18 6.1 2.6 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.5
Education
marriage, pregnancy and child care are among the top reasons for women to leave the paid labor market. 24.8% of women declared that they left their jobs
after marriage and 14.3% due to pregnancy and child care. The rates of leaving paid employment due to marriage and pregnancy and child care are quite Other 5.2 2.0 1.8 3.6 3.3 3.2 2.8 2.9
high among women between the ages of 20-34. When age groups are examined, the majority of women in the 20-44 age group leave their jobs due to
marriage, pregnancy or child care. Unanswered 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2
Source: Health and Population Survey in Turkey, 2013
34 35
Child care remains a significant problem for women who continue to work. TDHS-2013 data on who takes care of the children under 6 years of age of Table 4. Distribution of Persons Caring for the Children of Working Women
working women in Table 4 shows that mothers mainly carry out child care duties themselves during the time they work. Apart from themselves, the Girl woman's man's Male
Own Spouse Relative caregiver Nursery Not Working Other
children of working women are taken care of by their mother or their husband's mother. Even daughters take on the responsibility of caring for their kids his mother mother kids
mothers. The number of working women receiving institutional care services is quite low. Working women who receive institutional care services have
Residential area
high school education or higher. Women with education below high school level take care of their children under the age of 6 while working. Women
with low education levels are highly likely to work in the paid labor market in jobs that are predominately insecure, low-paid, and where there is a risk of
City 24.6 2.2 5.1 19 13.1 1.3 4.6 7.3 18.3 2.2 1.0
dismissal at any time. The wages they receive are also unlikely to cover institutional care services. While women with low welfare levels have difficulty
purchasing institutional care services, women with high welfare levels appear to be more likely to access these services. Almost half of the women Dirt 34.3 1.4 10.4 9.1 26 1.6 8.1 3.0 4.3 0.0 1.8
working in the industrial sector take care of their children themselves while working, while one in three women working in the agricultural sector takes
Education level
care of their children themselves. Women working in the industrial and agricultural sectors are very unlikely to benefit from institutional care or caregiver
services. It is observed that women working in the services sector benefit from institutional care and caregiver services more than other women. no education 39.7 2.6 22.4 7.4 15.6 0.8 7.7 0.9 0.5 0.0 1.1
Primary school 40 2.8 12.1 13 12.8 4.1 6.8 1.4 2.6 0.1 2.8
Middle school 38 0.4 2.4 8.4 34.4 0.0 3.9 5.2 5.5 0.3 0.0
High school and above 12.6 1.8 0.2 23 14 0.1 4.6 10.9 28.5 3.3 0.5
Welfare Level of the Household
Lowest 39.6 2.0 16.9 5.6 26.3 1.0 5.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.1
Low 38 2.8 5.3 16.1 21.1 5.0 6.6 0.6 1.2 0.2 1.3
Middle 35.5 2.6 10.8 16 9.9 2.2 9.0 3.1 4.6 0.7 2.5
High 32.1 0.0 5.6 13.5 13.4 0.3 2.3 6 22.1 3.7 1.0
Highest 9.1 2.3 0.1 23.9 13.3 0.0 4.9 13.7 29.3 2.5 0.2
Sector
Agriculture 33.1 1.1 14 6.0 32 2.4 8.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.7
Industry 49.5 0.0 4.4 26.6 9.0 2.3 3.1 1.9 2.3 0.8 0.0
Service 20.7 2.7 3.5 19.3 10.8 0.8 4.8 9.7 23.1 2.2 1.2
Total 27.1 2.0 6.5 16.4 16.4 1.4 5.5 6.2 14.7 1.6 1.2
Source: Health and Population Survey in Turkey, 2013
36 37
As these data show, it becomes almost impossible for women to participate in the workforce while caring for their young children. Therefore, working women Institutional structures such as cooperative associations, production centers or workshops have been established to ensure sustainability in the given subjects.
either withdraw from the labor market to care for their children or delegate care duties to other women in the family, relatives and neighbors. The lack of
The Innovations in Women's Empowerment Project in the GAP Region has been implemented since May 2008 with the technical financing of the GAP
widespread nursery and child care services and the high prices of commercial services make it difficult for women with young children to participate in the
Development Administration (GAP RDA), the technical financing of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the Swedish International Development
workforce. Therefore, incentives or supports to women for child care services will help especially low-income women to overcome the obstacles to entering the
Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The aim of the project is to ensure the social and economic empowerment of women in Southeastern Anatolia. The products
labor market. In countries where public child care services are accessible and widespread, it reduces the time women spend on care work at home and increases
produced within the scope of the project are offered for sale under the Argande brand. It is aimed to increase women's employment and income generation
their participation in the paid labor market (Antonopoulos, 2009).
opportunities by increasing women's business management and skills. Within the scope of this project, an early childhood care model was developed regarding
child care, which is an obstacle to women's participation in working life. Efforts have been made to provide child care services at the Multi-Purpose Child Care
2.5. Policies and Projects to Encourage Women's Employment in Turkey Center (ÇATOM) (Sulargil, 2015).
As the data indicate, although there has been an increase in women's labor force participation in Turkey in recent years, the rate is still quite low. Women's ÇATOMs, which were established in 1995 within the scope of GAP to achieve the development goals of the region, aim to improve women's social, economic
participation in the workforce not only affects women and their families at the individual level, but also has an important place in achieving the country's and individual skills. These centers provide training and skill development courses for the economic and social empowerment of women. In a study, it was
development goals and reducing poverty. For sustainable growth and development, women must be active and productive in the labor market. Governments determined that ÇATOM in the city increased gender awareness (Çabuk-Kaya, 2010).
have been developing various programs to increase women's participation in the workforce since 1995.
In addition to these programs, the Government sets various targets to increase women's participation in the workforce within the scope of development goals.
Measures to encourage women's employment were first taken in accordance with Article 20 of Law No. 5763, which came into force in 2008, with the temporary Within the framework of the Ninth Development Plan covering the period 2007-2013, emphasis is placed on increasing women's employment in order to achieve
article 7 of the "Unemployment Insurance Law" No. 4447, which includes incentives for women and youth employment. With this article, insurance incentive development goals. The National Action Plan for Gender Equality (2008-2013), developed in this context, determines strategies to achieve the goals set in the
premiums have started to be implemented to encourage the employment of women and youth. Then, this incentive was rearranged in 2011, in accordance with Development Plan for women's participation in the workforce. In the National Action Plan, it is stated that women's labor force participation rates are low, and it
Article 74 of Law No. 6111, with the Provisional Article 10 added to Law No. 4447. Accordingly, if male employees between the ages of 18-30 or female is emphasized that women's low education levels, inadequacy of public services in child, disabled and elderly care, and low wages paid in low-level jobs reduce
employees over the age of 18 are employed, insurance premiums from 24 months to 54 months are covered by the state, depending on their professional women's labor force participation. Women mostly work in the unregistered sector and cannot benefit from the opportunities provided by the social security
qualifications. These incentives were renewed and extended until 31.12.2020 by the Council of Ministers in 2015. Registered female employment increased institution. In addition to working as unpaid family workers in the agricultural sector, women also work as domestic workers, babysitters or caregivers, do home-
significantly during the period when the incentives were in effect. It has been reported that insurance incentives for women's employment increase women's based sewing and knitting, and work in clothing, textile, packaging and food production. The National Action Plan creates strategies to increase women's
employment in general, and in particular, create a higher employment effect in the industrial sector, married women and women with high school education or participation in the labor market and reduce the difficulties experienced in the labor market and to achieve the Development Plan targets. Some of these
less. After the incentive, it was observed that the participation of women in formal employment, especially in the 30-44 age group, increased compared to men in strategies are:
the same age group (Uysal, 2013).
Small and Medium Scale Industry Development Administration (KOSGEB) has been providing support for women to start their own businesses for many years. •Increasing women's employability through education, vocational training, entrepreneurship training, adult education and active workforce programs in line
The aim is to increase women's entrepreneurship and attract women into formal employment. It aims to increase women's participation in the labor market and with the needs of the labor market, as well as social and psychological counseling, meeting public institutions, gaining self-confidence, conflict resolution,
employment by organizing active labor force programs within the Ministry of Labor and Social Security Employment Agency (ÿÿKUR). For example, in 2009, the etc. Providing empowerment training on subjects,
Women's Employment Support Operation Grant Program was launched in partnership with the Ministry of Labor, the European Union and ÿÿKUR. 43 provinces • Dissemination of employment-guaranteed vocational courses for women, taking into account local characteristics,
in the NUTS II region, which have incomes less than 75% of Turkey's average, were included in the scope of the grant program. 131 projects have been
•Expanding and making accessible child, patient, disabled and elderly care services,
implemented in these provinces to increase women's employment. The target groups of the program are women who have been unemployed for a long time due
•Legal regulations on "Parental Leave" to share child care responsibilities between mother and father
to care responsibilities and women who have worked in the agricultural sector but are not included in the labor force living in urban areas who have become
to be done,
unemployed due to agricultural dissolution. A total of 9856 women benefited from the vocational training courses implemented within the scope of the projects,
914 women were employed and 113 women started their own businesses. In 52 of the projects, employment was provided after training, and in 27 of the projects, • Work on the employment of women within the social security system within the scope of combating the informal economy.
women established their own businesses as entrepreneurs. Training in 36 of the projects to be done,
38 39
• Carrying out studies to eliminate wage differences between men and women, In studies conducted with women, it has been determined that positive transformations have occurred in women's lives (Ören, Negiz and Akman, 2012; Tömen and
•To take necessary precautions against all kinds of discrimination that women face in employment and working life. Sarvan, 2015).
These policies are also included in the Tenth Development Plan covering the period 2014-2018. The Tenth Development Plan reveals the need to increase women's “Increasing Women's Access to Economic Opportunities Project” was carried out by the MoFSP General Directorate on the Status of Women, in cooperation with
participation in the workforce in order to achieve the 2023 targets. Aim; “In the context of gender equality, strengthening the role of women in social, cultural and the World Bank and with the financial support of the Swedish Development Agency (SIDA). The basic components of the five-year project, which started in 2012;
economic life, improving the status of the family institution by protecting it, and strengthening social integration” (Ministry of Development Tenth Development Plan, strengthening evidence-based policy making, sharing information and raising awareness, and supporting women's cooperatives. In addition, the training project of
p. 40). Among the policies determined to fulfill this purpose, women farmers in rural areas was carried out by the General Directorate on the Status of Women in 2012. 771 female farmers received training on agriculture,
gender, personal rights and freedoms. In 2015, idea camps and social entrepreneurship trainings were organized for women in certain provinces.
•Ensuring that women are more involved in decision-making mechanisms, increasing women's employment, and increasing their education and skill levels,
At the same time, there are various organizations operating to increase women's employment. For example, the Women Entrepreneurs Association (KAGÿDER)
•Expansion of secure flexible working, nursery and child care services to harmonize family and work life. provides training to women on establishing and developing their own businesses in many different provinces, especially in Istanbul, and supports women's
and making it accessible and implementing alternative models such as parental leave, employment with various consultancy services.
•It includes raising awareness about gender-sensitive budgeting and developing exemplary practices. Finally, within the scope of the "Grandmother Project to Support Women's Employment", which was launched by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security in 2017, it
(Ministry of Development Tenth Development Plan p. 41). is aimed to reduce women's child care burden and increase women's employment by providing financial support to grandmothers who are looking after their
grandchildren under the age of three. It is envisaged that the effects of the project, which is being implemented in 10 pilot provinces, will be analyzed and a decision
As stated in the development plan targets, child care services need to be expanded or supported in order to increase women's employment.
will be made on the continuation of the project.
2.6. Policies and Projects to Encourage Women's Employment in the World and Child Care Supports
In addition to employment incentives, many large-scale applications or research projects regarding women's employment have been implemented in Turkey. In 2013,
Turkey's first Women's Employment Action Plan was created within the scope of the "More and Better Jobs for Women: Empowering Women for Decent Work in Countries can resort to various fiscal policy measures in order to improve women's participation in the workforce. Reducing the income tax of the second employee
Turkey" project carried out in cooperation with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and ÿÿKUR. The action plan, prepared in of the family contributed significantly to the increase in the employment participation rate of women in Canada between 1995 and 2001 (Tsounta, 2006). The
cooperation with 20 institutions operating in Turkey, aims to provide women with vocational skills and increase their access to the labor market in order to increase increase in the female labor force participation rate in the Netherlands, from 35% in 1980 to over 80% in 2008, can be attributed to the removal of barriers between
women's employment. full-time and part-time work contracts and improved parental leave.
In the Netherlands, part-time workers have the same hourly wages, social security coverage, job protection and rules as full-time workers, as well as the right to
Many international projects, of which institutions in Turkey are beneficiaries and partners, have supported practices and research on women's employment.
switch from part-time to full-time status (ILO, 2010; Steinberg and Nakane, 2012).
“Operation to Support Women's Employment” increased the capacity of ÿÿKUR to monitor active labor force policies to promote women's employment in 2011. The
Within the scope of the Lisbon strategy, EU countries decided to implement active employment policies to increase the female labor force participation rate in the
"Women in Business Life" project, of which ÿÿKUR is also the beneficiary, provided favorable conditional loan opportunities and consultancy services to women's
EU-27 to 60% by 2010, and as of 2010, this rate came very close to the target and reached 58.3% (European Parliament, 2010).
businesses in 2013 and pioneered the introduction of women-oriented credit mechanisms in the market.
Since one of the main problems that prevent women from participating in employment in developed and developing countries is child care responsibilities (Razavi,
Microcredit practices developed by Bangladeshi economist Muhammed Yunus are also implemented in our country to enable women to participate in the labor
2007), countries try to attract women to employment by implementing various child care policies. Since high child care costs increase the possibility of women falling
market and start their own businesses. In Turkey, Women's Labor Evaluation Foundation (KEDV) and Turkey Grameen Microcredit Program (TGMP) were
out of the labor market or not entering the labor market at all, efforts are being made to reduce child care costs through different policies. In OECD countries, the
established in cooperation with the Turkish Waste Prevention Foundation and Grameen Bank and aim to increase women's entrepreneurship. For example, KEDV,
cost of caring for a two-year-old child in an approved care center is approximately 27% of the mother's average income. There are different practices in countries to
which has been working to ensure women's active participation in the economy since 1986, launched the microfinance institution MAYA Micro Economic Support in
ensure that low-income or single-parent families can access child care services. Most of the time, child care costs are tried to be reduced for these families with the
2002. It provides micro loans to low-income women who want to start their own business. Similarly, in 2003, in order to reduce poverty, TGMP provides microcredit,
support provided. It is aimed to reduce parents' child care costs through practices such as cash aid, reimbursement or tax deduction.
especially to poor women, to engage in income-generating activities on their own (Ören, Negiz and Akman, 2012). Benefiting from microcredit applications
40 41
Programs in social welfare countries such as Sweden, Norway and Finland have different practices towards women's participation in the labor market. For In both countries, poor women and women with low education levels have lower labor market participation rates than women with higher incomes and
example, state funding of child care programs in Sweden dates back to the late 1960s. In the 1970s, the state expanded the scope of child care programs. higher education levels. The lack of accessible and affordable child care services constitutes an obstacle for poor women with preschool children to enter
Because half of the mothers with children between the ages of 0-6 were working and existing programs were inadequate. Although the scope was the labor market. Even if these women are working, the money they earn is not enough to afford child care services. Both governments aim to increase and
expanded, most mothers with preschool-aged children met their child care needs informally. In the mid-1980s and early 1990s, all children between the strengthen the position of women in the paid labor market to prevent poverty and ensure economic growth. In order to achieve this goal, the contents of
ages of 1.5 and 7 with working or studying parents were included in public child care. Despite that; Since the balance between supply and demand could existing programs for the care of children under the age of four have been expanded and new programs have been launched. In Mexico, the Federal
not be established, local authorities were held responsible for providing child care services in 1995. Since the beginning of the 2000s, not only the children Daycare Program for Working Mother was launched in 2007, and in Chile, the scope of child care programs was expanded with the Chile Cree Contigo
of working and studying parents, but also the children of parents who are unemployed and on parental leave have gained the right to benefit from public program within ECEC (Early Childhood Education and Care Services) in 2006. While there were previously policies in Mexico aimed at the child care needs
child care services. of working mothers covered by the social security system, the new program in 2007 enabled working mothers not covered by the social security system to
benefit from child care services. While mothers within the scope of the social security system can benefit from public child care services, support has been
In 2011, 91% of 2-4 year old children and 97% of 5 year old children benefited from public care services. provided for low-income mothers outside this system so that their children between the ages of 1 and 3 can benefit from the services of day care centers.
These services are free for children aged 3, 4 and 5. Since parental leave is longer than 1 year, the care of children under the age of 1 is carried out by Low-income mothers who are working, looking for a job and studying constitute the target audience of this program. Instead of expanding public care
their parents who use their leave at home (Nyber, 2012). In Sweden, while the rate of mothers with children aged 0-6 in the labor market was 37% in 1963, services, a new area for home care has been created by subsidizing the supply and demand sides. Individuals who will provide home care services and
the rate was approximately 80% in 2008 (Nyber, 2012). The high female labor force participation rate in Sweden is due to policies such as high non-governmental organizations that will provide care services are given 35 thousand Mexican pesos, as well as assistance in making nursing homes or
comprehensive contribution to childcare, job guarantee and reduced working hours, together with a generous and flexible parental leave policy. Sweden, centers comply with the rules and providing appropriate furniture. Child care support is not given directly to the mother, it is paid by the state to the center
which is the country that allocates the highest share of GDP for child care and education of children under 5 among OECD countries, is the country where where the child is cared for, and the other part of the fee is paid to the mother care center.
young mothers participate in the workforce at the highest rate (Aguirre et al., 2012).
The support provided varies depending on the mother's income; However, a maximum monthly support of 700 Mexican pesos is provided. Caregivers must
In Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Malta and Norway, as in Sweden, early childhood care is provided universally for all children, and in many
have completed at least secondary school, undergo psychological tests, and participate in the program that includes program rules and basic child care. At
European Union countries early care services are provided free of charge from the age of 3 (European Commission, 2014.)
the end of the program, caregivers are given a child care certificate.
With this application, while low-income parents receive child care services, child care services are created as a job opportunity for unemployed women. In
Countries other than European and North American countries also encourage women to enter the labor market with child care policies. For example, Chile, while ECEC is a program carried out under the Ministry of National Education and whose educational purpose is at the forefront, in 2006, with the
various practices for child care are implemented in economically developed countries such as South Korea. Chile Grows with You program, children of poor families up to the age of 3 were sent to nurseries and nursing homes, and children between the ages of
The number of public and private nurseries has been increasing in South Korea since the 1980s. With the regulations made after the 2000s, new practices 4-5 were encouraged to go to nurseries and care homes. A program that enables students to participate in pre-school education has been implemented.
and support programs regarding early childhood education and care were initiated. Amendments were made to the Early Childhood Education Act in 2004 Although care services for children up to the age of 3 are provided in public care centers, the state provides support to municipalities and non-governmental
and the Child Care Act in 2005, and free education was required for all children under the age of 5. National and regional governments are responsible for organizations to open care centers (Staab and Gerhand, 2010).
the certification and support of teachers, caregivers and care providers in early education centres. More government investment in child care leads to a
2.7. Effects of Child Care Support on Women's Employment
decrease in the money out of families' pockets for child care. In 2007, parents spent 46% less money on child care. South Korea provides financial support
for child care and nursery services based on household income, provides subsidies up to age 2, and provides tax deductions based on income for preschool Social welfare programs generally aim to harmonize family and working life and try to reduce the tension between both areas. Although the contents of
children (Peng, 2009). practices such as parental leave, financial support for child care or tax deductions, and regulation of working hours vary by country, they are widely used.
Policies to harmonize family and working life support women, especially mothers with children, to remain or re-join the labor market. In their study evaluating
the findings of comparative studies conducted in OECD countries, Hegewisch and Gornick (2011) point out that in places where child care is widespread,
In many countries such as Turkey, where women mainly work as unregistered and agricultural labor force and where their participation in the workforce is
accessible, qualified and affordable, women are more likely to return to the workforce, stay and have a better job. In places where child care is not common,
lower than the OECD average, child care-related programs and policies have begun to be implemented to increase women's employment. For example,
very expensive and unqualified, women are more likely to go to work.
Mexico and Chile aim to increase women's employment with the programs they started to implement after the 2000s. While the labor market participation
rate of women in OECD countries was 57.5% in 2006, it was 48% in Mexico and 43% in Chile. Each
42 43
They found that they were less likely to return, and when they returned, they mostly worked in unqualified jobs, changed jobs frequently, and their While they were providing home care services for another child with their own child at home, they preferred to benefit from this assistance for their
salaries were low. In a study using Luxembourg Income Study data covering twenty-one countries (European countries, Australia, Canada and the own child and switch to a better-paid job, due to attractive subsidies. Kubota found a positive relationship between state and federal child care
USA), it was found that in countries where care policies for children under the age of three are widespread, mothers do not stay out of the labor subsidies and rising child care costs between 1990 and 2000. An important finding of the study is that excessive regulations aimed at improving the
market for long periods of time and the decrease in their wages is minimal. It has been determined that . Expanding and supporting the care of quality of child care negatively affect home care services.
children under the age of three gives the message that mothers should not break their ties with the labor market even if they have young children
Guner et al. (2014) used the life-cycle equilibrium model to measure the impact of more generous and universal child care support programs on
(Misra, Budig, & Boeckmann, 2011). In France, where children under the age of three are cared for in public centers or by approved caregivers with
the employment decisions of married couples in the USA. They found that subsidies had a significant impact on female employment supply. They
state support and where children between the ages of 3 and 6 are provided with universal pre-school education, child care support positively affects
found that support that would fully subsidize child care for all families would increase women's employment participation by 10.1% and total
the work of mothers (Givord and Marbot, 2015).
working hours by 1%. They found that there were large differences between families in terms of welfare gains, and that families with a small
number of the poorest children would benefit significantly, while others would lose out. Guner et al. (2014)'s study tested the expectation that fully
The results of research conducted in North American countries are also similar. For example, in Quebec Canada, mothers are entitled to universal
subsidizing child care expenses in the USA would significantly increase women's labor force participation and working hours, based on the finding
child care support whether they work or not. Universal child care support provides a significant increase (7.7%) in mothers' employment (Baker,
in the literature that child care expenses are the main determinant of women's employment supply. Child care subsidies in the US are much lower
Gruber, & Milligan, 2008). The prevalence of child care centers in Quebec positively affects the retention of mothers with preschool children in the
compared to countries like Sweden. Indeed, in 2008, Sweden allocated approximately 0.9% of its total production ($6000 per child at purchasing
labor market (Lebfebvre and Merrigan, 2008).
power parity) to child assistance, while the USA spent 0.1% of production (less than $900 per child) on child assistance. .
There has been a decline in the labor force participation rate of women in the USA since the 1990s. The study by Kubota (2016) shows that structural
changes in the child care market play an important role in the change in women's participation in the workforce. While average child care spending in
the United States increased by 32% between 1990 and 2010, child care hours in the formal market decreased by 27% during the same period.
Guner et al. (2014) established a heterogeneous life cycle model consisting of married and single people. Whether married and single women have
Increasing child care costs have led to the preference of unregistered alternatives, especially grandmothers, over nurseries, nannies and family care
children or not, and if they have children, they have them early or late in life; that people's employment qualifications differ and that women's
homes in the registered market. Between 1990 and 2010, unregistered family and relative care hours increased by 23%.
productivity is internal and depends on their past participation in the employment market; It was assumed that it was costly for women not to work
because it would blunt their abilities. In addition, the model takes into account the fact that married or single women will receive child care services if
Kubota (2016) examined the impact of increasing child care costs on women's employment supply with a calibrated life-cycle model. The model takes
they work, and that the care service will depend on the age of the child, and that married couples will decide whether both or one of them will work,
into account savings, employment supply and human capital accumulation with standard life cycle behavior in macroeconomics. Additionally,
depending on the duration of work, whether there are children, and the existence of child subsidies.
substitution between formal and informal care (family-relative) in the United States is also included in the model.
The model estimated that rising child care costs led to a 5% drop in women's total employment and a 13% drop in employment for women with
children under age 5. As a result of the model, it has been determined that if child allowance is given to all families with children by 50%, it will increase women's labor
force participation by 5.8% and total working hours by 0.9%. It was found that if child expenses were fully subsidized, women's participation rate
An important question that Kubota (2016) seeks to answer in the study is the main reason for the increase in child care costs. There was a significant
would increase by 10.1% and total working hours would increase by approximately 1%. Additionally, in this case, the labor force participation rate of
increase in child care assistance in the 1990s and 2000s. Subsidies such as the establishment of the Child Care Development Fund and an increase
married women with less than high school education will increase by a high rate of 32.3%; It has been determined that while the welfare of families
in pre-kindergarten programs at the state level are expected, in standard economic models, to reduce families' child care costs and increase child
with less than high school education and having a newborn baby will increase by 6.3%, the welfare gain of families with higher education will increase
care hours. However, there has been a reversal in the US child care market in terms of both price and quantity. It is stated in the study that the sharp
only by 1.8%. It is estimated that the welfare of families who do not benefit from the subsidy program will decrease by around 1% due to the additional
decrease in the supply of home child care played a role in the increase in costs and that there are two main reasons for this decrease in supply.
taxes imposed to finance the program. Subsidies for child care are expected to affect the future of these children as a result of the increase in time
These are 1) The increase in licenses in the home care sector, 2) The negative effects of subsidies on home care providers. As a matter of fact, while
and resources devoted to the child.
only 42% of home care providers were licensed in the 1990s, this rate reached 54% as a result of efforts at the state and federal levels. The study
estimated that 8% of the increase in child care costs was due to this increase in licenses. Those who have young children have previously In addition, women's participation in the labor market makes the employment supply of families more flexible and makes families stronger against
shocks in the employment market (Guner et al., 2014).
44 45
3. IMPACT ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

Studies conducted in the USA generally show the existence of a positive relationship between child care support and women's employment (Ahn, 2012; Blau
and Tekin, 2007; Gelbach, 2002; Meyer et al. 2002; Tekin, 2007). Mothers who receive support work full-time or can maintain their jobs for a long time
(Crawford, 2006; Danziger, Ananat, and Browning, 2004; Forry and Hofferth, 2011; Tekin, 2007). Receiving support for mothers causes them to have fewer
In this report, in order to evaluate the impact of the Home Child Care Project, the guide published by the OECD and used to carry out the impact and evaluation
problems in their jobs due to child care, which enables them to maintain their jobs (Forry and Hofferth, 2011). While some studies found a positive relationship
of publicly supported programs in a standard manner was used .
between child care support and mother's income increase (Ha, 2009; Ha and Miller, 2015), some studies did not find such a relationship (Brooks, 2002). Child
3.1. Definition of Impact Analysis and Evaluation Criteria
care support is not only effective in the employment of mothers, it also enables them to participate more in vocational courses (Blau and Tekin, 2007). The
presence of child care support increases the likelihood of low-income families using institutional care centers such as nurseries outside the home and receiving OECD defines impact assessment as follows: “The systematic and objective evaluation of an ongoing or completed project, program or policy design is called
more qualified care (Marshall, Robeson, Tracy, Frye, & Roberts, 2013). impact analysis (or impact assessment). The purpose of Impact Analysis studies is; "To determine the suitability of project, program or policy applications to
their objectives, their performance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability in achieving their objectives" (OECD, 2002).
Some studies also point out the negative effects of social welfare programs. For example, Kosonen (2014) examined how the support program for parents to
care for their children from 9 months to 3 years of age (Child home care allowance), which was introduced in Finland in addition to up to 9 months of paid Impact Analysis studies should present useful information, evaluations and experiences gained in a reliable and useful way for policy and program implementers
maternity leave, affected parents' participation in the labor market. Although both parents could benefit from this program, mothers primarily benefited from it, and beneficiaries to be used in decision-making processes. There are criteria determined to be applied within the scope of Impact Analysis studies and
and it was determined that there was a decrease in the return to the workforce of mothers who benefited. Long-term programs negatively affect mothers' return standardized by the OECD for each impact analysis study. According to this; The evaluation criteria determined within the scope of this impact analysis study
to the labor market. Similarly, the results of a study in which data from twenty-one countries were analyzed showed that policies covering children aged 4-6 and their meanings for this study can be summarized as follows:
were not effective in women's return to work (Misra et al., 2011). Since the working hours of nurseries are not compatible with the working hours of mothers,
1. Compatibility Criterion: It is the situation in which the objectives of a program or policy design are compatible with the wishes of the beneficiaries,
mothers have difficulty returning to work. Women are less likely to return to work during long-term parental leave. Kreyenfeld and Hank (2000) found that the the needs of the country, global priorities, and the policies of the implementers and stakeholders (OECD, 2002). Since the main purpose of the Home
prevalence of child care in West Germany did not affect the working rates of mothers. Child Care Project is to increase registered women's employment, it was first examined within the scope of the eligibility criteria whether the project
was designed in accordance with this purpose. In order to evaluate the project in terms of eligibility criteria, the report sought answers to the following
The reason for this is that women who want to work have to arrange other alternative care practices that will allow them to care for their children outside the questions: To what extent are the project objectives compatible with the needs of mothers and caregivers? To what extent have mothers and
hours of public care centers. Mothers having more than one child under the age of 6 reduces both part-time and full-time employment rates. caregivers benefited from the project? How relevant are the project's implementation processes, procedures and tools to the project's objectives and
how suitable are they for mothers and caregivers?
Research is mostly conducted in European and North American countries. Research on developing countries is quite limited. Two studies were found on 2. Efficiency Criterion: Effort, time, human resources, money, etc. spent in program and policy implementations. It is the measure of how much of
Argentina and Chile. These studies test whether children's participation in pre-school education or after-school education programs affects women's entry into resources such as these are transformed into results (OECD, 2002). In order to evaluate the project in terms of efficiency criteria, the report sought
the labor market. answers to the following questions: Is the implementation cost of the project at an acceptable level compared to the output, results and impacts
In Argentina, the participation of children aged 4-5 in pre-school education positively affects the participation of mothers in the labor market (Berlinksi, Galiana, produced by the program? Are the project's conditions, processes and procedures appropriate and sufficient to achieve the desired results? Has the
McEwan, 2009). After-school care programs implemented for children aged 6-13 in Chile increase women's labor force participation by 7% and their project used its resources correctly to increase registered women's employment?
employment by 5% (Martinez and Perticara, 2017).
3. Effectiveness Criterion: It is the evaluation of how much of the program objectives have been achieved and how much will be achieved in the
As a result, one of the main problems in employing women is their childcare responsibilities and high costs. Home Child Care Project aims to bring mothers future, according to their importance for the program (OECD, 2002). In order to evaluate the project in terms of effectiveness criteria, the report
into business life by reducing costs. The rest of the report includes the methodology and findings of the impact analysis carried out to measure to what extent sought answers to the following questions: To what extent were the objectives of the project achieved? Have the project achieved the expected
the project fulfills its objectives. results for the beneficiaries (mothers and caregivers)? Could more results have been achieved with different activities?
What different practices, approaches and behavioral changes did the program lead to in beneficiaries?
1 OECD, 2002. Development Assistance CommitteeWorkingParty on Aid Evaluation, Glossary of KeyTerms in Evaluation andResultsBased Management, Paris.
(Web address: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/21/2754804.pdf)
46 47
4. Impact Criterion: It is the analysis of the long-term primary or secondary social, economic and environmental benefits or possible harms of the They applied to benefit from the program but were not included in the program. Taking into account the age and income criteria, as in the experimental
program (OECD, 2002). In order to evaluate the project in terms of impact criteria, the report sought answers to the following questions: Did the group, project beneficiary mothers in the control group were sampled from the districts where the experimental group was selected in Antalya, Bursa and
project create the targeted social and economic benefits? Did the project contribute to solving the problems identified during the design phase? Izmir. 344 women who were not project beneficiaries in Antalya, 298 in Bursa and 358 in Izmir were included in the sample, and the research was
Have there been any unexpected impacts for the beneficiaries (mothers and caregivers) as a result of the project? Are the outputs, results and conducted with a total of 1000 women who were not beneficiaries.
effects obtained with the project the same outputs, results and effects that would occur in any case - even if there was no project?
Women in both groups were primarily contacted by the SSI project team by phone or SMS and were informed about the research. In the second stage, the
5. Sustainability Criterion: Questioning the continuity of the gains achieved after the termination of the program or policy implementation (OECD, interviewers responsible for conducting the survey called the women selected for the sample and made an appointment with them. If both groups of women
2002). In order to evaluate the project in terms of sustainability criteria, the report sought answers to the following questions: Does the need for included in the sample could not be reached or did not make an appointment after calling at least three times, that woman was replaced. The same
public intervention continue for the problem addressed by the project? How possible is the sustainability of the results and impacts achieved sampling criteria were applied again when selecting individuals for replacement.
through the project? Did the project result in sustainable changes in the beneficiaries (mothers and caregivers)? Will continuity of results and
Before starting the survey, meetings were held with the surveyors who would take part in the survey in the mentioned provinces. First of all, information
impacts be possible when the project ends?
was given about the purpose of the research. Secondly, the questionnaire was introduced and the interviewers were helped to become familiar with the
3.2. Survey Study questionnaire. If there were any unclear points regarding the questionnaires, they were explained to the interviewers. The problems that could be
The Home Child Care Project was evaluated in the context of the criteria explained above, and a survey was conducted to find answers to the questions encountered in the field were discussed with them and common solutions were produced so that the interviewers could approach the problems with similar
within the scope of each criterion. The population of the study consists of women with children aged between 0-24 months who applied to the Home Child techniques.
Care Project in Antalya, Bursa and Izmir. The main reason why Ankara and Istanbul provinces are not included in the impact analysis is that the beneficiary A small portion of the women who participated in the survey did not want to continue after answering a few questions. In this study, data was collected on
mothers have been benefiting from the project for a shorter period of time than mothers in other provinces, since the final registration process for the project a voluntary basis and other ethical principles. Therefore, women have the right not to respond or to continue the survey after a few questions. There is no
started in these provinces as of December 5, 2016. obligation to answer all the questions for both the project beneficiary and the non-project beneficiary group. Therefore, since those who did not answer
Women who have pre-registered in Antalya, Bursa and Izmir are divided into two groups: Project beneficiary women who are definitely registered differed on a question-by-question basis, the total number of answers could vary between questions.
(experimental group) and women who have pre-registered but did not benefit from the program (control group). As of July 2017, 6694 women in Antalya,
6385 in Bursa and 8256 in Izmir have pre-registered within the scope of the Project. As of the date in question, the number of actively registered women is While creating the questionnaire, the basic criteria of the impact analysis were taken into account. Therefore, the Project; Questions were selected to
2157 in Antalya, 1492 in Bursa and 2087 in Izmir. In order to provide ease of explanation in the following sections of the report; Those who have definitely evaluate the questions in the context of suitability, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability criteria. While project beneficiary women were asked
registered for the project will be referred to as beneficiary women, and those who have pre-registered but have not yet registered will be referred to as questions to understand their situation before, during and after the project, information about caregivers was also obtained from beneficiary mothers. A
women who do not benefit from the project. separate survey study was not conducted for caregivers. On the other hand, the Strategy Document prepared within the scope of the Home Child Care
As the sampling method of the study; The stratified proportional sampling method was chosen considering the number of women project beneficiaries in Project includes statistical information compiled from home visit reports conducted with caregivers. The statistical information in question largely overlaps
all three provinces. The mother's age and income were taken into account when creating the strata. In addition, the rates of project beneficiary mothers with the caregiver information collected from beneficiary mothers in the survey conducted within the scope of the impact analysis.
were determined on a district basis in each province, and a sampling frame was created from the districts with the highest concentration of beneficiary
mothers. According to the utilization rates in the districts, the proportional sampling method was used using age and income criteria. Five districts in Antalya Six questions in the questionnaire prepared within the scope of the survey study are aimed at determining the socio-economic status of the beneficiary
(Kepez, Konyaaltÿ, Muratpaÿa, Alanya and Manavgat), three districts in Bursa (Nilüfer, Osmangazi and Yÿldÿrÿm) and eight districts in Izmir (Bayraklÿ, mothers in the experimental group. These include questions such as mothers' education, professions, sectors they work in, household income, and number
Bornava, Buca, Çiÿli, Gaziemir, Karabaÿlar, Karÿÿyaka and Konak) was included in the scope of the research. 346 women in Antalya, 274 in Bursa and of children. There are nine questions to determine the working status of mothers. In this context, questions such as whether they worked before the project,
380 in Izmir were included in the sample, and a total of 1000 project beneficiary women were reached within the scope of the experimental group of the their working years, the reasons for working or not working before the project, whether they changed jobs or took a vocational course are included.
survey.
A control group is also needed to perform impact analysis. The control group consists of pre-registered women who do not benefit from the program. There are three questions to determine the child care preferences of beneficiary mothers before the project. In this context, who takes care of the child
Women who were definitely registered were removed from the universe list and a list was created only from mothers who were pre-registered. After actively before the project? How much is paid to the caregiver or nursery? Is the caregiver insured? etc. questions were asked. of mothers
registered mothers were removed from the list, there were 4510 women in Antalya, 4835 in Bursa and 6373 in Izmir.
48 49
Ten questions were asked to measure the caregivers within the scope of the project and their thoughts about the care service. In this context, questions such as whether Table 5. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Mothers Who Benefited and Did Not Benefit from the Project
the caregiver was changed after starting the project, the level of satisfaction with the caregiver, the criteria used when choosing a caregiver, the caregiver's age, education,
Benefit from the Project Not Benefiting from the Project
certificate, the place where the care work takes place, and the work the caregiver does outside of care work are included.
Average age of mother 32.78 32.04
After the project was completed, four questions were included to determine the situation of mothers in working life. In this context, does the mother plan to continue working
when the project is over?, What are the reasons for working for those who want to continue working?, Reasons for withdrawing from working life for those who do not want Mother's average income 1.937 TL 1.644 TL
to continue working, etc. questions were asked. Two questions were asked to determine the post-project child care preferences of beneficiary mothers who wanted to
Household average income 3.459 TL 3.800 TL
continue working. In this context, they were asked who would take care of the child while working and the fee that mothers who preferred a caregiver planned to pay to the
caregiver. Finally, three questions were asked to understand beneficiary mothers' policy preferences towards increasing formal employment. In this context, questions were 9.94 9.22
Mother's average working years
included regarding which policies would be more effective to increase women's insured employment, which policies would be more encouraging to ensure insured
employment of caregivers, and the benefits provided by the home care project. Average insured working years of the mother 9.27 8.88
The average age of women who benefited from the project is 32.78, and that of women who did not benefit is 32.04. 88% of the women who benefited were already working
In the question paper prepared for the control group, questions were selected following a similar method in order to make a comparison with the experimental group. before they started benefiting from the program, while 70% of the women who did not benefit were working. According to TURKSTAT's 2013 Household Survey, 39.2% of
Five questions were included to determine the socio-economic status of the mothers in the control group. In this context; Questions such as mothers' education, professions, women aged 20-24, 40.6% of those aged 25-29, 40.3% of those aged 30-34, 39.8% of those aged 35-39, 39.8% of those aged 40-44. 28.3% are in the labor market.
sectors they work in, household income, and number of children are included. There are seven questions to determine the working status of mothers. In this context; whether Considering that 40.3% of women between the ages of 30-34 in the labor market in Turkey are working, it can be seen that twice as many women participating in the
the mothers work or not, their working years, their reasons for working or not working, whether they changed jobs and took a vocational course, would non-working mothers program are involved in working life.
want to work if the project was included? There are questions such as.
The share of women in the total workforce in Turkey is low. According to TUIK, in 2013, the labor force participation rate of men was 71.5%, while the rate of women was
There are four questions to determine the child care preferences of working mothers in the control group. In this context; Questions such as who is looking after the child?, 30.8%. Since women's probability of finding a job is relatively low, women who already have jobs or have a high probability of finding a job applied for project support. The
reasons for not sending the child to a caregiver or nursery, the amount of payment made to the caregiver or nursery, and the insured employment status of the caregiver fact that the rate of unemployed women who did not benefit from the project is 30% is also an indication that women are less likely to find registered employment in the labor
were asked. Seven questions were asked to measure the thoughts of mothers who did not benefit from the project about their caregivers and care services. In this context, market.
questions were asked about the caregivers' age, education, salary, satisfaction level with the caregiver, the criteria used when choosing a caregiver, the place where the
The average income of women benefiting from the project is 1,937 TL. The average household income of women benefiting from the project is approximately 3,459 TL. The
care was provided, and the work the caregiver did outside of the care work. A question was asked to determine the amount of allowance that mothers in the control group
income of beneficiary women constitutes 56% of the household income. The average monthly income of working women who do not benefit from the project is 1,644 TL
would consider appropriate if they had benefited from the project.
and the average household income is 3,800 TL. It appears that the incomes of working women in both groups are important for the welfare of the household. The fact that
Finally, three questions were asked to understand policy preferences for increasing registered employment. In this context, questions about which policies would be more the income of the beneficiary women is slightly above the minimum wage and that the average household income is not high indicates that the project contributes to low-
effective to increase women's insured employment, which policies would be more encouraging to ensure insured employment of caregivers, and the benefits provided by income families.
the home care project were included in the survey. Among the women benefiting from the project, high school graduates come first with 37%, while university graduates come second (33%).
3.3. Key Findings of the Survey Among women, the proportion of primary school graduates is the lowest (16%) (see Annex 1 Question 1). Of the women who did not benefit from the project, 35% are
university graduates, 35% are high school graduates and approximately 10% are primary school graduates (see Annex 2 Question 1). The high education levels of women
This section briefly summarizes the findings obtained from the survey results and reflecting the socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and caregivers. Thus; By
who benefit from the project and those who do not benefit from the project increase their chances of staying in the employment market.
describing the general characteristics of the mothers and caregivers who are the subject of the impact analysis, a general framework will be drawn for subsequent analyses.
While trade ranks first among the sectors in which women in the project work intensively, the health sector ranks second (see Annex 1 Question 2) and as a profession,
women mainly work in offices and customer services (see Annex 1 Question 3). The sectoral and occupational distributions of women who did not benefit from the project
3.3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Mothers
are similar to the beneficiary women (see Annex 2 Questions 2 and 3).
The socio-demographic characteristics of mothers who benefited and did not benefit from the project for which the impact analysis was carried out are shown in Table 5.
50 51
When the occupational distribution of beneficiary women according to sectors is examined, it is seen that industrial workers are among those working in the textile and Table 7. Occupational Distribution of Women Who Did Not Benefit from the Project by Sector
automotive sectors, sales and marketing officers are among those working in the food sector, teachers are among those working in the education sector, private Job
security guards are among those working in the private security sector, and office and customer services are among those working in all other sectors. It is seen that
employees come first (see Table 6). The occupational distribution of women who did not benefit from the project is similar according to sectors (see Table 7). Office Sales
Agriculture industrial Cleaning Health
and and marketing Other Teacher Lawyer Engineer
worker worker attendant staff Private security
customer services
officer
Table 6. Occupational Distribution of Women Benefiting from the Project by Sector (%)
Sector
Job
Agriculture 25 50 25
Office Sales
Agricultural industrial Cleaning Health Textile 29 50 21
and and marketing Other Teacher Lawyer Engineer
worker staff staff Private security
laborer
customer services Tourism 35 26 28 7 2 2
officer
Trade (Sales and
Sector 3 31 57 5 4
Marketing)
Agriculture 25 50 25 Banking,
financial and 81 6 6 7
Textile 49 23 23 2 3
insurance services
Tourism 53 23 12 4 2 4 2
food 66 17 17
Trade (Sales and
one 43 48 4 4 Unemployed
Marketing)
Other 4 63 8 6 17 2
Banking,
financial and 87 8 4 one
Education 25 75
insurance services
Health 40 10 4 4 42
food 4 19 62 5 4 2 4
Law one hundred
Unemployed
28 28 6 17 11th 5 5
Building one hundred
Other 6 54 10 18 5 one 2 one 3

Automotive 38 25 25 12
Education 11th 4 5 80
Security 20 80
Health 4 54 7 5 one 29
Among the women benefiting from the project, primary school graduates primarily work in the textile sector, secondary school graduates work in the textile and trade sector,
Law 62 5 33 high school graduates work in the trade and health sector, associate degree graduates work in the trade and health sector, and university graduates primarily work in the trade,
banking, education and health sectors (see Table 8). Among the women who do not benefit from the project, those who are primary school graduates are concentrated in the
Building 8 75 17
tourism sector, those who are secondary school graduates are concentrated in tourism, textile and trade, high school graduates are concentrated in commerce and health,
Automotive 70 24 6 associate degree graduates are concentrated in health and commerce, and university graduates are concentrated in commerce, education and health sectors (see Table 9).
Security 6 94
52 53
Table 8. Occupational Distribution of Women Benefiting from the Project by Education (%) The high number of women's preschool children makes it difficult for them to stay in or enter working life. The average number of children under the age of 6 for women within
Primary school Middle school High school Associate Degree Vocational School University the scope of the project is 1.19. 82% of women have a child under the age of 6, and this child is the child within the scope of the project. It is seen that 17% of women have two
Agriculture one one

children (see Annex 1 Question 5). The average number of children under the age of 6 for women who do not benefit from the project is 1.11 and 11% have two or more children
Textile 25 23 10 10 5 under the age of 6 (see Annex 2 Question 6). Considering the high rates of formal employment for both groups of women, having a small number of young children increases the
likelihood of mothers entering and remaining in the labor market.

Tourism 7 9 6 7 7
Commerce (Sales and Marketing) 13 23 23 21 18
Banking, financial and insurance services 2 5 7 10 17 The number of children under the age of 6 of working and non-working women before the project is given in Table 10 below. There is no big difference in the number of children.
Food 15 10 6 4 5 Among the women benefiting from the project, 81% of currently working mothers have 1 child, 18% have 2 and 1% have 3 children.
Unemployed
4 3 2 2 3
Other 16 14 16 14 14 Table 10. Number of Young Children of Women Benefiting from the Project (%)
Education 2 3 5 3 10
Number of children under 6 years old
Health 10 5 16 20 10
Law 2 one 7 Before the project one 2 3
Construction 2 3 2
working 81 18 one
Automotive 4 2 2 3 one
Security 3 3 3 Not working 84 14 2
Table 9. Occupational Distribution of Women Who Did Not Benefit from the Project by Education (%)
3.3.2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Caregivers
Primary school Middle school High school Associate Degree Vocational School University
The average age of caregivers included in the project is 40 years old, and 40% of caregivers are between the ages of 35-44 (see Annex 1 Question 27). The average age of
Agriculture 6 one 2 one
caregivers of women who are not project beneficiaries is 41, and 44% are between the ages of 35-44 (see Annex 2 Question 20).
Textile 6 20 3 2 5
When the education levels of the caregivers within the scope of the project are examined, it is seen that 50% of the caregivers are primary school graduates and 17% are
Tourism 41 26 13 13 13
secondary school graduates. It has been determined that the rates of associate degree and university graduates among caregivers are quite low (see Annex 1 Question 26). 62%
Commerce (Sales and Marketing) 18 20 26 19 17
of the caregivers of women who did not benefit from the project are primary school graduates (see Annex 2 Question 19). Studies focusing on domestic labor and care work show
Banking, financial and insurance services 3 7 8 that such work is generally carried out by women with low education levels (Rittersberger-Tÿlÿÿ and Kalaycÿoÿlu, 2012). The low education level of caregivers in both groups
food 2 4 2 reflects the general pattern in care work.
Unemployed
4% of caregivers in the program have caregiver certification and 2% were enrolled in the certification program during the program (see
Other 12 20 20 11th 19 Appendix 1 Question 25). Due to the lack of institutional regulations regarding care work, the rate of certified caregivers among the
Education 4 2 14 caregivers of project beneficiary women is low. It is thought that the low tendency to obtain a certificate is due to the fact that the importance
Health 12 7 19 30 12 of being certified is not well established among mothers and the opportunities to obtain a certificate are limited. Certification, which is
Law 5 one 4 one
important for the transformation of child care into a profession, will increase as the average caregiver education level, which is currently low,
increases.
Building one 2 4
Automotive 7 2 2 4
Security 5 2
54 55
4. IMPACT ANALYSIS RESULTS is at a high level. In addition, considering that caregivers were working without insurance before the program, the program achieved its purpose by reaching low-income
women.
In this chapter; Taking into account the socio-demographic characteristics of the project beneficiary mothers and caregivers, the Home Child Care Project will be
Among the reasons why women who do not benefit from the project do not give their children to a babysitter or send them to a nursery, the most important reason with
evaluated using the survey results in the context of the suitability, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability criteria, the contents of which are explained in the
51% is not being able to afford the babysitter and nursery fees. Therefore, the reason why these women do not have a caregiver to look after them is due to economic
previous section.
reasons, and if they benefit from the project, it will be possible for more women to choose caregivers and stay in business or start working.
4.1. Suitability
The project responds to an important need in terms of helping to solve the difficulties encountered in working life by targeting women's employment, where unregistered The main purpose of the project is to provide financial aid to women to reduce the cost of child care and enable them to remain in the formal labor market. 56% of the
employment is high, and related child caregivers. Additionally, unregistered employment causes significant problems for SSI. In this context, the project serves an women in the project think that the project was successful in encouraging mothers to work.
important purpose.
The project is also thought to be beneficial in reducing the cost of care and employing caregivers with insurance (see Annex 1 Question 37). It is especially significant
The majority of policies developed to increase women's employment through support for child care cover children between the ages of 0-6. There are different practices that mothers are aware that the project helps reduce child care costs. For example, it has been estimated that rising child care costs in the United States have led to a
for children under the age of 3 depending on the country (European Commission, 2014; Nyber, 2012; Peng, 2009; Staab and Gerhard, 2010). The main purpose of 13% decline in employment for mothers with children under age 5 (Kubota, 2016). Therefore, they are aware of how important it is to somehow reduce childcare costs
the Home Child Care project is to keep or bring mothers with young children into the labor market. Therefore, the project targeted women with children between 0-24 in order to remain in the labor market. Women aim to stay in the labor market by planning to reduce their own costs by requesting the government to reduce caregivers'
months. When the mothers within the scope of the project applied to the project, 74% of their children were under 12 months old and 17% were between 13-18 months insurance premiums and nursery support. In this context, the project has achieved its goal.
(see Annex 1 Question 6). The project achieved its aim of reaching its target audience, women with young children.
The number of women who have pre-applied within the scope of the program reaches approximately 30 thousand, but for various reasons the desired number of
The average working period of women benefiting from the project is 10 years, of which 9.3 years are insured working hours (see Annex 1 Question 8).
support has not been reached. A group that had the potential to receive support was excluded from the project. Determining why women who applied for pre-registration
The average working period of women who do not benefit from the project is 9 years, and almost all of this period (8.8 years) is insured working time (see Annex 2
but did not register definitively later did not, and supporting these women in future practices is important in the context of increasing employment.
Question 7). Therefore, there is not much difference in working hours and insurance periods between women who benefit from the project and women who do not.
In terms of disseminating and institutionalizing the project, an awareness of support has been created in the five provinces where the project was implemented. One of
the important points observed during the field study is the mothers' desire for continued support. This situation, which will be discussed in more detail later, shows that In the field study, it was observed that women who participated in the program were more involved in working life. The project has made a significant contribution to
there is a widespread demand for insured and higher quality care services. women's chances of staying in business by providing incentives to a group with a high probability of working. 57 percent of the mothers who were actually employed
before the project said that they would have considered quitting their job if the project had not happened. This shows that the project has a significant impact on
High child care costs are one of the obstacles for women working in low-income jobs to remain in or participate in the labor market. In a study conducted for OECD
mothers' tendency to work. In general, as the probability of employees staying in business increases, the continuity of their employment also increases. From this
countries, it was calculated that the share of the cost of full-time care for a 2-year-old child in family income was over 27% on average as of 2014. This rate varies
perspective, the project supports the institutionalization of women's work behavior. In this respect, its impact has produced results that will positively affect the
greatly between countries. While it is 10% for Sweden and Finland, it rises to 50% for the Netherlands and England (Vuri, 2016). Since mothers working in low-income
jobs are unlikely to be able to cover these care costs, their likelihood of withdrawing from the labor market increases. In this context, the project has identified mothers employment structure not only in the short term but also in the long term.
with gross incomes twice the minimum wage as its target audience. The average income of the mothers in the project is 1,937 TL and the average monthly income of
On the other hand, among the reasons why women benefiting from the program continue to work, staying insured is the second most
the household is 3,459 TL, and 47% of the households have an income below 3000 TL. Considering that the average monthly income of mothers who pre-registered
important reason with 39% after contributing to the family budget (69%). Women who do not benefit from the program want to continue
but did not benefit from the project is 1,644 TL and their household income is 3,800 TL, we see that low-income women generally apply for the project.
working to contribute to the family budget at a rate of 81%, while 46% want to work to remain insured. The fact that women who do not
benefit from the program have a higher reason for staying insured among their reasons for working than those who benefit from the
program shows that a group with a high awareness of staying insured is not included in the program. It is important to take this issue into
Before the program, the share of women's payments to a babysitter or nursery within their household income was approximately 23%, around the OECD average.
account in the next stages of the program and design it to reach more women who are or are willing to take part in working life.
Before the program, the share of caregiver wages in women's average income was quite high, at approximately 36%.
56 57
The field of paid home services is one of the areas with the highest rate of unregistered work (Erdoÿdu and Toksöz, 2013). Project findings also showed It appears that universal care support is provided to all families. The ultimate aim is to increase women's employment through child care supports.
that before the project, most of the mothers' caregivers (89%) were working without insurance (see Annex 1 Question 18). 78% of caregivers of mothers
who do not benefit are still employed unregistered, without insurance (see Annex 2 Question 16). The aims of the project include creating awareness
The number of applications for the project, which is high at the beginning of the program, decreases as the process progresses. The application procedure,
among beneficiary women about employing insured caregivers and attracting informal caregivers to formal employment. First of all, the fact that mothers
the low education level of the women in the target group, their inexperience in bureaucratic processes and the shortening of the remaining time cause the
with young children are included in the project shows that the project was designed in accordance with its purpose. Because mothers in this group are a
benefits that mothers expect from the project to decrease. Since mothers benefit from care support for their children between the ages of 0-24 months, the
group that is more likely to be out of business life than mothers whose children are over three years old. Considering that the possibility of returning from
desire of mothers to apply for the project decreases as the duration of the project shortens or the age of the child approaches the age limit of 3 years,
working life decreases rapidly with the passage of time, this project, which aims to increase the awareness of registered employment among mothers with
which is the age limit of the project. Since the targeted number of final registrations, 5,000 (5,500 after the Great Change accepted on October 14, 2016)
children under the age of 3, becomes even more important. The project supported these mothers to increase their insurance awareness. The development
mothers could not be reached in Antalya, Bursa and Izmir provinces, Ankara and Istanbul provinces were also included in the scope of the project in
of insured employment and employment awareness results in mothers who will employ caregivers after the project is over, to a large extent continue with
December 2016. The target number could not be reached in these provinces. Although 2250 women were pre-registered in Ankara, only 696 women were
their current caregivers and to a greater extent to employ these caregivers as insured.
actively registered. While the number of women who have pre-registered in Istanbul is 6998, the number of active final registrations is 1815. The fact that
The aims of the project include attracting child care services, where unregistered employment is intense, to formal employment and helping the there is less than a year left for the project to be completed causes women to be reluctant during the application period.
professionalization of child care services. The high average age of the caregivers involved in the project poses an obstacle in achieving this goal. The
The strategies used to promote the project may cause difficulties in reaching the target audience. Since it was not possible to review and restructure the
average age of the caregivers within the scope of the project is 40, and 40% of the caregivers are between the ages of 35-44 and 30% are between the
promotion strategies by taking into account the characteristics of the target audience during the project process, the desired participation could not be
ages of 55-64. In the project, the rate of employed caregivers between the ages of 18-24 is only 5% (see Annex 1 Question 27). Young caregivers who are
achieved in Ankara and Istanbul, which were later included in the project.
insured within the scope of the project have the possibility of remaining in formal employment in the following years in order to gain retirement rights, but
there is a strong possibility that other caregivers will return to unregistered employment. These results indicate that it is important to create criteria related Within the scope of the project, visits were made to the home where the child was cared for and a "Home Visit Report" was created. The houses to be
to the caregiver, who is the service provider, in order to increase the quality of care and registered employment, instead of creating criteria related only to visited are selected randomly with the computer program designed for the project, and the selected houses are visited by project staff in local offices. From
the mother in future projects. September 2015 to the end of August 2017, 8463 home visits were made. Regular home visits were made every month to 8% of the total records in
Antalya and Izmir, 9% in Ankara and Istanbul, and 5% in Bursa. During these visits, quantitative data were collected from caregivers and inspections were
The project focuses on increasing women's employment, but since it does this with the help of home child care, naturally, when the subject of care work is
carried out. While data were collected from the caregivers with a questionnaire, the team that visited the home (a child development specialist and a project
a child, the quality of the child care process becomes important for the project. Within the scope of the project, child development experts were employed
assistant) also kept observation notes.
and the project staff carried out home visits together with the child development specialist. The reports obtained by experts during these visits have an
However, collecting data only from caregivers while creating the "Home Visit Report" limits the project. It is a deficiency that similar data are not
important role for the project. In addition, the project increased the quality of care by paying more to certified caregivers and encouraged the employment
systematically collected from working mothers, who are the main target audience of the project. Mothers' opinions could have played an important role in
of certified caregivers. In subsequent project implementations, more specific steps can be taken to increase the quality of care by including child care
making the project more efficient.
among the main goals rather than indirect ones.
In this context, since no data was collected from mothers within the scope of the project, the impact analysis focused on mothers. Since the aim of the
4.2. Productivity
Home Child Care Project is to increase registered female employment and caregivers are people employed by mothers for the purposes of SSI, it is correct
The total budget of the project, most of which is financed from European Union resources, is 49 million 625 thousand Euros. Of this amount, 42 million 181 to focus on mothers in the impact analysis in order to understand the efficiency of the project. The registered employment of the employer mother and the
thousand Euros were EU Grants and 7,443,840 Euros were covered by the SSI budget. To date, 81% of the project's budget, approximately 40 million insured employment of the caregiver and the improvement of working conditions are interconnected. As long as the mother is insured and works, there is
Euros, has been used. a strong possibility that the caregiver will also be insured. For these reasons, focusing on mothers will be more useful in understanding the efficiency of the
The fact that the project imposes two main restrictions, namely the income of mothers and the condition of registered employment, has a significant impact Home Child Care Project. In addition, within the scope of the impact analysis, questions about caregivers were asked to mothers and the evaluations were
on the project budget not being fully used. First of all, since it is difficult for women to enter the employment markets in the high unemployment environment included in the report.
in Turkey, highly educated women who are currently working or have a high probability of finding a job have applied for child care support. When we The system developed to detect irregularities within the scope of the Home Child Care Project contributed to making the project more efficient. It was
examine the examples of other countries, we see that support is generally given to low-income families/women with children under a certain age, regardless determined whether the person was entitled to receive payment or not by making automatic inquiries virtually through the SSI database, Mernis and Halk
of the woman's working condition, or to low-income families/women with children under a certain age, regardless of income. Bank Web Services. Those who pass the interrogations are placed on payment lists and their monthly payments are made.
58 59
has been carried out. Those who are thought to be in violation are included in the violation list. The focus of the inspection carried out in the virtual environment is The project also made a significant contribution to the level of wages paid to caregivers. Before the program, women paid an average wage of 703.94 TL to their
the mother. During home visits, if it is determined three times that the caregiver and the child are not at the home reported to the Institution, the situation is sent to caregivers. This wage corresponds to 36% of women's average monthly income. Considering that around 1,511 TL was paid to the babysitter as of 2017 during the
social security inspectors and beneficiary mothers are excluded from the scope of the project. Here too, the caregiver is the focus of control. In cases where program, a net input of around 808 TL per caregiver was provided to the babysitter market with the program. The program has been effective in both reducing costs
irregularities are detected by social security auditors, action is initiated to recover the payments made. It was determined that 116 people committed irregularities for mothers and providing higher wages for caregivers.
during the project, and 55,515 Euros of the total debt amount of 97,050 Euros resulting from the irregularities were recovered and enforcement proceedings were
initiated for the remaining payment. These developed control mechanisms help make the project more efficient.
Considering that 89% of caregivers were working without insurance before starting the program, the program was effective in bringing women into employment by
including caregivers from the informal economy into the formal economy.
4.3. Activity
4.4. Effect
Among the reasons why women benefiting from the program do not work, child care comes first with 47%, while maternity leave comes second with 23%. Therefore,
Worldwide, women's labor force participation rates are lower than men (ILO 2017). While in developed countries, women's paid and salaried full-time employment
the most important factor affecting women not being able to take part in working life or returning to work is that they have to take care of their children themselves.
rates in the formal economy are low, in developing countries, women generally work as unpaid family workers or in unregistered, insecure jobs (TheWorld'sWomen,
For women who cannot benefit from the program, the main reason for not working is that they have to take care of their children (70%). Therefore, the program was
2015; World Employment and Social Outlook-Trends, 2017). While one of the main reasons why women work part-time in formal employment in developed
effective because it provided working opportunities to mothers who were unable to work due to the obligation to care for their children. In addition, mothers who
countries is child care responsibilities (Walby and Olsen, 2002); Childcare responsibilities are one of the main reasons why women in developing countries work
applied for the program but did not benefit from it for various reasons may be given the opportunity to return to business life in the future, thanks to similar programs.
unregistered or cannot enter the labor market at all. According to TÜÿK Family Structure 2016 study, 86% of the day care of children under the age of 5 is provided
In this respect, sufficient policy space still exists for new programmes.
by their mothers. In order to increase the rate of registered full-time working women in the labor market, women's child care responsibilities must be alleviated or
women must be supported in this regard. High child care costs or their lack of widespread and accessibility force women to work in low-income and insecure jobs,
74% of the women who benefited from the project stated that they would continue to work after the project is over. At the same time, 57% of project beneficiary squeezing them between work and child care responsibilities. Providing child care support or reducing its cost strengthens the possibility of women remaining in
women who were working when the project started stated that they would have considered quitting their jobs if the project had not occurred. When these two issues formal employment. The entry of women into the labor market also increases the need for childcare. However, the scarcity of formal care services provided by
are evaluated together, they show that the project is largely effective in achieving the goal of registering women in working life. public authorities and the expensive nature of services provided by the private sector cause care services to develop as unregistered employment within informal
relationship networks. The increase in the proportion of women in the labor market is also made possible by other women taking care of their children unregistered.
Therefore, projects developed to attract women to formal employment should ensure that both mothers and informal caregivers are attracted to formal employment.
Among the mothers benefiting from the project, the rate of those who were not actually working when they applied for the project is 12%. The project has been
While the Home Child Care Project aims to keep working mothers in the formal sector, it secondarily aims to register caregivers working in the informal sector. The
successful in attracting this group of mothers to the labor market, and among the mothers who were not working before the project, the rate of mothers who plan to
effects of the project are discussed under different headings below.
work after the project is 68% (see Figure 16). Considering that 30% of women who did not benefit from the program were not currently employed, the project was
effective in bringing unemployed women into formal employment and increasing their desire to remain in the labor market.
Figure 16. Post-Project Work Desires of Mothers Who Didn't Work Before the Project
4.4.1. Promotion of Mothers' Insurance
Women who stay in the labor market longer have a higher probability of working full-time in the formal economy, and their commitment to work is also higher (Marks
and Houston, 2002). Before the project started, 88% of mothers were actually employed (see Annex 1 Question 7). The average of total working years is 9.94 and
the average of insured working years is 9.27 (see Annex 1 Question 8). Long insured working hours indicate that mothers have a higher tendency to stay in the
labor market.
Of the mothers who do not benefit from the project, 70% are registered workers and 30% are not employed in a paid job (see Annex 2 Question 2).
The average of insured working hours of mothers who do not benefit is 8.88 years and the average of their total working hours is 9.22 years (see
60 61
Annex 2 Question 7). We can say that this group of mothers is also likely to remain employed. The fact that almost one-third of the mothers who did not When the average of the insured and total working years of the mothers within the scope of the project are examined by sector, it is seen that there are
benefit is not working indicates that the direct impact of the project is strong. In particular, the fact that 98% of these non-working mothers stated that no big differences between the insured working years and the total working years on a sector basis (see Table 12). In almost every sector, mothers
they would consider working in an insured job if they were included in the Home Child Care Project (see Annex 2 Question 24) can be read as an worked for a year or less without insurance. There are no significant differences between the insured and total working hours of working mothers who do
indication that the project encourages women to work. not benefit, on a sectoral basis.
As can be seen, women who have been in formal employment for a long time applied to the project, whether they were beneficiaries of the project or It would be appropriate to make a few observations at this point. The above result is related to the common characteristics of the provinces where the project is implemented.
just pre-registered. There are two main reasons for this. The first is related to the application requirements for the project. Since pre-registration The development levels of the provinces of Izmir, Bursa and Antalya, where the field study was conducted, are high. These three provinces come after Istanbul and Ankara.
applications will be queried through the system, it is required to have worked as a 4/a insured before the pre-registration date or to have been working In one sense, this creates an element that increases the project's chances of success in increasing formal female employment. High level of development
with insurance during the pre-registration. Even if women are not working or working unregistered at the time of application, the possibility of applying to brings with it both job opportunities and increased awareness about registered employment.
the project is low for women who have not worked insured at any point in their working life, as it is required to have previously worked insured under 4/a.
Secondly, network effects are thought to be effective in the closeness between total employment and insured employment. Modern network theories
Since women's chances of finding an insured job are low, the chances of women who have never worked with any insurance to find an insured job when
show that the channel through which social interaction comes, rather than the existence of information, is more decisive in the behavior of individuals.
applying to the project are also low. Women who had been insured before the project or who had already been insured for long periods of time applied
From this perspective, mothers who heard about the project informed their relatives and acquaintances about the project. Such informal communication
for the project, as the requirement to be insured at the time of applying for the project was introduced.
channels encouraged other mothers to apply. As a matter of fact, during the field study, although no questions were asked about network effects, many
Therefore, the project was limited in covering unregistered working women who could not enter the formal economy in any way. Women who spend their
mothers were encountered living in the same workplace, in the same apartment building, and benefiting from the project.
entire working lives without insurance have a very low chance of working with insurance due to the project. Secondly, due to this
prerequisite of the project, mostly women with high school and university education applied to the project. Because as women's education level increases, Table 12. Average Working Hours of Mothers by Sector
their tendency to stay in the labor market and to work formally increases. According to TÜÿK data, urban labor force participation rates among college or Beneficiary not benefiting
faculty graduates rank first, and high school graduates rank second (see Figure 14). The characteristics of mothers applying to the project are a reflection Insured Work Total Work Insured Work Total Work
of the labor market. The low proportion of primary and secondary school graduate women in the workforce was also reflected in the application process 12 12
Agriculture 8.25 9.25
of the project. The project encourages women to work, but it is important that the project also includes women with low education levels who are more
Textile 9.91 10.88 8.75 8.89
likely to fall out of the workforce and who have never entered the formal economy.
Tourism 10 10.82 9.24 9.48
In general, mothers with lower education levels are more likely to work insecurely. Therefore, the average of the insured and total working years of the Commerce (Sales and Marketing) 8.97 9.69 8.20 8.46
mothers within the scope of the project was examined according to their education. As seen in Table 11, there are no major differences between the
Banking, financial and insurance services 10.32 11.33 7.37 7.70
education levels and working hours of mothers benefiting from the program. Insured employment and total working years are also similar for mothers
Food 8.20 9.31 7.17 7.33
who do not benefit. The program included women in each group with a high tendency to remain in the labor market.
Unemployed
7.94 8.36
Table 11. Average Working Hours of Mothers by Education Other 9.50 9.59 8.72 9.14
Beneficiary not benefiting Education 9.73 10.56 10.75 10.75
Insured Work Total Work 8.16 9.43 Insured Work Total Work Health 9.20 9.79 8.86 9.27
Primary school 8.94 9.29
Law 9.10 9.31 6.80 6.80
Middle school 8.06 9.34 6.33 6.93
Building 8.75 9.18 9.00 10.17
High 9.90 10.52 9.98 10.05
automotive 8.81 9.00 9.38 9.63
School Associate Degree - Vocational School 8.37 8.90 7.02 7.40
Faculty 9.76 10.23 8.99 9.36 Security 8.59 9.12 7.20 7.40
62 63
When the unregistered working status of mothers benefiting from the project is examined according to their professions, it is seen that unregistered work The reasons why 35% of women aged 25-29 and 38% of women aged 30-34 do not work are child care responsibilities. As can be seen, the project
is a few months in each occupational group. A similar situation exists for working mothers who do not benefit (see Table 13). brought mothers who were out of the labor market due to child care back into formal employment.
Table 13. Average Working Hours of Mothers by Occupation

Beneficiary not benefiting 57 percent of mothers who worked in any job before applying for the project say that they would have considered quitting their jobs if the project had not
Insured Work Total Work Insured Work Total Work existed. This shows that the project had a positive impact on mothers and that a significant portion of people who would have been out of the labor force
Agricultural laborer 10.00 10.00 8.00 8.00 were employed if the project had not existed.
industrial worker 9.29 10.06 7.23 7.41 After the project ends, 74% of mothers plan to continue working (see Annex 1 Question 29). The project not only encourages women to work
9.84 10.46 9.16 9.44 formally by keeping mothers who are likely to withdraw from the labor market, but also increases their likelihood of staying in the labor market
Office and Customer Services
after the project. Reasons for continuing to work include contributing to the family budget, economic independence and working with insurance.
Sales and Marketing officer 9.21 10.09 8.50 9.04
Mothers consider it important to gain the right to retirement by working with insurance (76%) (see Annex 1 Questions 9, 29, 30 and 31). The
Cleaning staff 8.45 9.41 8.97 9.21 reasons for working of working mothers who do not benefit are also similar (see Annex 2 Question 8). Considering that the rate of insured
Other 7.64 7.88 9.15 9.45 employment of mothers within the scope of the project is high, contributing to the family budget and insured employment are not substitutes
for each other. The culture of formal employment among mothers has become more established during the project, and they are aware that
Health Personnel 8.79 8.93 8.14 8.05
they can obtain their retirement rights by remaining in formal employment.
Teacher 9.40 9.56 9.53 9.73
Among those who want to continue working with insurance, those who choose to benefit from health services are at the level of 22% (see figure).
Private security 8.05 8.95 7.00 7.20
Annex 1 Question 31). It can be concluded that mothers in the group where health services come to the fore do not have alternative health insurance
Lawyer 8.14 8.14 and are the only registered employed person in their family.
Engineer 9.60 9.85 7.00 7.00 Since child care responsibilities constantly disrupt women's existence in the labor market, they also reduce the possibility of women gaining work
experience and investing in themselves (Walby and Olsen, 2002). Therefore, child care support has a very important role in changing women's secondary
The children of 74% of mothers were under 1 year old when they started receiving project support (see Annex 1 Question 6). Considering the high
positions in the labor market. In addition to encouraging mothers to stay in working life (Ahn, 2012; Blau and Tekin, 2007; Meyer et al. 2002), child care
employment rate before the project, it becomes clear that mothers prefer to work whenever they can, even if they have young children. The high number
support also enables mothers to attend vocational courses more often (Blau and Tekin, 2007). In this context, the Home Child Care Project provided this
of people who stated that they would not work if they did not receive support from the project (57%) also shows the high role that wages play in the
tendency for women with young children to work. opportunity to mothers. During the project, 18% of the mothers took a vocational course and 26% plan to take a course (see Annex 1 Question 15). 55%
of working women who did not benefit from the program took a course (see Annex 2 Question 11).
When child care is accessible and affordable, women are more likely to return to and remain in the workforce (Hegwisch and Gornick, 2011). A study
analyzing data from the Luxembourg Income Survey showed that in countries where care support for children under the age of three is widespread,
The rate of women taking vocational courses among women who benefit from the program is lower than those who do not benefit, but in general, the
mothers do not stay out of the labor market for a long time and their ties with the labor market are not broken (Misra, Bduding and Boeckmann, 2011).
increase in women's vocational knowledge and skills is an indication that they tend to be permanent in the labor market. These data indicate that it is
The selection of mothers with young children within the scope of the project ensured that the long-term effects of the project were greater and that
necessary for women to develop their skills and abilities in order to work formally in the labor market. Women who invest in their human capital are
mothers who received support from the project remained in the labor market.
employed longer and more formally than others, and their chances of falling out of employment are reduced. Therefore, it is important to create
Among the reasons for not working for beneficiary mothers who were not working before the project, child care comes first and maternity leave comes
opportunities where women can gain skills and talents. The project alleviated women's childcare responsibilities and reduced their costs, allowing them
second (see Annex 1 Question 12). Child care is the main reason why mothers who do not benefit and do not work do not work (see Annex 2 Question
to gain the skills necessary for more qualified jobs in the labor market.
23). Data from the TDHS 2013 survey also point out that child care responsibilities are one of the important obstacles to women's participation in the
labor market (see Table 2). According to the results of TDHS 2013 research
64 65
4.4.2. Promotion of Caregivers' Insurance 4.4.3. Direct and Induced Effects on the Country's Economy
In many countries, paid domestic workers cannot benefit from basic rights because they are not covered by labor law. Various measurement methods are available to numerically calculate the economic effects of projects and programs implemented.
Rights such as minimum wage, annual leave, maternity leave, and limitation of working hours are not available for paid domestic workers. Therefore, unregistered One of the most commonly used methods is; It is a method based on estimating public expenditure on a project or program, also known as the "expenditure approach"
employment is quite common in this sector (ILO 2013). In the research conducted on domestic services in our country, it is noteworthy that informal relations prevail in in the literature. Within the scope of the Home Child Care Project, approximately 140,977,032 TL (34,384,642 Euros)2, excluding administrative expenses and other
the field of domestic services and the prevalence of unregistered work (Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç and Kalaycÿoÿlu, 2012). It was determined that a similar situation existed items, from the beginning of the project until 17 August 2017.
among caregivers working before the project. expenditure has been made.
Of the mothers who had their children looked after by a caregiver before the project, only 11% of their caregivers were insured (see Annex 1 Question 18).
Although it would not be wrong to say that the expenditure of approximately 140 million TL had a direct impact on the economy; Other direct impacts may also exist
The insured employment rate of caregivers of mothers who do not benefit from the project is 22% (see Annex 2 Question 16). It appears that working without insurance
depending on the nature of the project undertaken. The most important effect of the Home Child Care Project, as mentioned above, is that it encourages project
is common in both caregiver groups. With the project, all caregivers working unregistered were brought into formal employment.
beneficiary mothers and caregivers to work with insurance. Therefore, the impact of the project on the country's economy is not limited to direct public expenditures.
The tool that mothers see as most important for promoting the insurance of caregivers in the long term is the reduction of caregivers' insurance premiums. In second Thanks to the project, mothers and caregivers who work with insurance or plan to work in the future will remain in the labor market, allowing them to contribute to the
place comes the tax incentive (see Annex 1 Question 36). They see similar policies as important to encourage insured employment of caregivers for mothers who do country's economy by producing goods and services and earning income in proportion to their production contribution.
not benefit from the program (see Annex 2 Question 27). As one of the alternatives, while reducing insurance premiums is a benefit for mothers, it wants to pass its
costs on to the state. Although state contribution to mothers' insurance premiums provides support for registered women's employment in the short term, it may have The income obtained will be reflected in the economic circulation to the state as tax and premium income. Therefore, first of all, the income that mothers and caregivers
negative effects on formality in the long term. Because the insurance premium may begin to be perceived as a burden imposed by the state, rather than as an element have earned and will receive in the future thanks to the project must be calculated.
of the wage. This has a negative impact on the insurance culture. Thirdly, increasing the contribution of caregivers to insurance premiums leads to a decrease in wages
Apart from direct effects, another economic effect is induced effects. Accordingly, some of the income earned by project beneficiary mothers and caregivers is re-spent
in care services, increasing the tendency to work unregistered. These data show how important it is to support low-income working mothers with different policies in
on goods and services, thereby increasing the demand for the output produced by other sectors. Stimulated effects occur in the economy when these sectors respond
order to reduce the unregistered employment of caregivers.
to this increase in demand by increasing their production. As a result, the first increase in the level of production, income and employment in the economy achieved by
the realization of the Home Child Care Project; multiplies, causing a greater increase in production, income and employment levels than the first. Direct and induced
Before starting the project, a small percentage of women sent their children to nursery (0.5%), while a small percentage of those who had a caregiver look after them economic effects of the home child care project on production, income and employment; It is calculated below: firstly, based on the incomes of mothers who are project
had their caregivers insured (13%). The number of nurseries and insured caregivers shows the rate at which mothers solved child care within the formal economy beneficiaries, and secondly, based on the incomes of caregivers who are project beneficiaries:
before the project started. Therefore, the project targeted a sector where unregistered economic activity takes place to a large extent and significantly encouraged the
transition to the formal economy in this sector.
Calculating Economic Impacts on Mothers' Incomes
The average age of caregivers included in the project is 40, and the average age of caregivers of women who do not benefit from the project is 41.
In order to calculate the direct economic effects of the Home Child Care Project on mothers, project beneficiary mothers were divided into three different groups. The
The relationship between caregivers' ages and insured employment is shown in Table 14. The average ages of both caregiver groups are close.
characteristics of the mothers in all three groups and the estimated numbers of project beneficiary mothers in each group are shown in Figure 17. Calculations were
Although the average age of caregivers is high, the project not only contributed to the insurance period of previously insured caregivers, but also brought uninsured
made based on the information that there were 11,400 mothers who were project beneficiaries and received payments, and that these mothers benefited from the
employees into formal employment and encouraged them to work with insurance. The project positively affects caregivers' tendency to remain in formal employment
project for 10 months on average. Considering that the survey has the ability to best represent the project beneficiary mothers who constitute the population, the survey
after the project.
results were generalized for the population of 11,400 people and the number of mothers per group was estimated.
Table 14. Average Age of Caregivers by Insured Employment Status
Caregivers within the scope of the project Caregivers not within the scope of the project The first group includes mothers who were not actually employed or were on maternity leave and unpaid leave when they applied to participate in the home child care
project. There are 1,345 mothers in this group. While some of the mothers in this group decided to continue working even after the project ended (910 mothers), some
Insured 40.26 43.30 of them decided to stop working at the end of the project (435 mothers).
- 40.09
Uninsured
The exchange rate of 2 Euros is taken as 4.10.
66 67
The second group includes mothers who, although they were already employed when they applied to participate in the home childcare project, would One of the direct effects of the home child care project on mothers is; Mothers who were not actually working or were on maternity leave or unpaid
consider quitting working if the project did not exist. There are 5,736 mothers in this group. Likewise, some of the mothers in this group decided to leave when they applied to participate in the home child care project started to work insured with the project.
continue working even after the project ended (3,559 mothers), while some of them decided to stop working at the end of the project (2,177 mothers).
The third and final group includes mothers
According to the survey results, the rate of mothers who were not actually working when they applied to participate in the home child care
who were already working when they applied to participate in the home child care project and who would continue to work even if there was no project. project or who were on maternity leave or unpaid leave and started working in an insured job with the project, in the experimental group is
There are 4,319 mothers in this group. 11.80%. Considering that a total of 11,400 mothers benefited from the project from the beginning to the date when pre-registration for the
project was closed; It is estimated that although 1,345 mothers were not actually working before the project, they started to work registered
Figure 17. Typology of Project Beneficiary Mothers
with the project.
It can be predicted that 910 of the 1,345 mothers who were not actually employed before the project will continue to work when the project ends, and
435 will stop working when the project ends. In this situation; In order to find the direct impact of the Project on mothers in this group, it will be
necessary to add the gross present value of the total wage that 910 mothers will earn from the date of entry into the Project until the end of their
working life and the total wage that 435 mothers will earn from the date of entry into the Project until the date of departure from the Project.
Considering that the average premium-based monthly earnings of mothers benefiting from the project is 1,937 TL, the total annual gross income of
910 mothers can be calculated as 21,152,040 TL. Assuming that the mothers in question will work for an average of 20 years, it turns out that the
mothers will earn a total gross income of 423,040,800 TL for 20 years. With the communiqué of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey published
in the Official Gazette dated 31.12.2016 and numbered 29935, the discount interest rate to be applied in rediscount transactions by the Central Bank
after 31.12.2016 was determined as 8.75 percent annually. When the 20-year total gross income is discounted with an interest rate of 8.75, the gross
present value of the total income that 910 mothers will earn from the date of entry into the project until the end of their working lives is calculated as
196,577,034 TL (see Figure 18).
Figure 18. 20-Year Gross Income of Non-Working Mothers Before the Project
It is clear that the project provides a direct economic impact to mothers in the first and second groups. Because; The project both encouraged mothers
who were not actually working before the project to enter the labor market and convinced mothers who were thinking of quitting working before the
project to stay in the labor market. However, it cannot be considered that the project provides an economic impact to mothers in the third group.
Mothers in this group; They are actually already in the labor market before the project, and they do not intend to leave the labor market even if there
is no project. Therefore, for the mothers in this group, participating in the project or not did not lead to a change in their behavior. Therefore, in the
following sections, only the economic effects on mothers in the first and second groups are calculated.
68 69
It is estimated that 435 mothers who were not actually working before the project will stop working when the project ends. It is known that mothers benefit from the project for an It is transferred to the Insurance Fund. In this case, it can be calculated that unemployment insurance premium income transferred to the fund will increase by 6,150,091 TL4 (see
average of 10 months and remain in working life with insurance during this period. Considering that the average monthly earnings of mothers subject to premium is 1,937 TL, the total Figure 21).
gross income of 435 mothers for 10 months can be calculated as 8,425,950 TL (see Figure 19).
After deducting a worker's share of 14% for long-term, short-term and general health insurance and 1% for unemployment insurance from their premium basis earnings, the income
tax base of mothers who were not working before the project can be reached. Assuming that an average income tax deduction of 20% is made on the calculated total income tax base,
Figure 19. 10-Month Gross Income of Non-Working Mothers Before the Project it can be calculated that the state will obtain 34,850,515 TL tax revenue by enabling mothers who were not working before the project to enter the labor market (see Figure 21).
Figure 21. Taxes and Premiums Received from Non-Working Mothers Before the Project
In conclusion; When mothers who are not actually working when they apply to participate in the Home Child Care Project start working as insured with the project, they will earn a total
gross income of 205,002,984 TL (196,577,034 TL + 8,425,950 TL). These mothers will produce goods and services in the sectors in which they work in proportion to the calculated
income and will contribute to the gross domestic product in proportion to the income they earn (see Figure 20).
Figure 20. Direct Economic Impact on Non-Working Mothers Before the Project One of the direct economic effects of the home child care project on mothers is; The aim was to ensure that mothers, who were already working when they applied to participate in the
home child care project, but who would have thought of quitting working if the project did not exist, would remain in the registered labor market.
According to the survey results, considering the proportion of mothers in the experimental group who would consider quitting working if the project did not exist, even though they were
already working in a job when they applied to participate in the home child care project, and considering that a total of 11,400 mothers benefited from the project from the beginning of
the project to the date when the pre-registration for the project was closed; Although 5,736 mothers were actually working before the project, it is estimated that they would have
stopped working and left the labor market if the project had not existed.
It can be predicted that 3,559 of the 5,736 mothers who actually worked in a job before the project but thought of quitting if the project did not exist would continue to work when the
project is over, and 2,177 would stop working when the project is over. In this situation; In order to find the direct impact of the Project on mothers in this group, the gross present value
of the total wage that 3,559 mothers will earn from the date of entry into the Project until the end of their working life and the total wage that 2,177 mothers will earn from the date of
Project beneficiary mothers work as 4/a insured within the scope of Law No. 5510 and premium payments are made at the rate of 34.5% (total of employer and employee shares) in
entry into the Project until the date of departure from the project will need to be collected.
the form of long-term insurance branches, short-term insurance branches and general health insurance based on their premium-based earnings3 . In this situation; It can be calculated
that as a result of mothers who were not working before the project entering the labor market, there will be an increase of 70,726,047 TL in the premium income collected and will be
collected by SGK in the future. In addition, 3% unemployment insurance premium (total of employer and employee shares) is collected by SSI on the premium-based earnings of Considering that the average premium-based monthly earnings of mothers benefiting from the project is 1,937 TL, the total annual gross income of 3,559 mothers can be calculated as
project beneficiary mothers. 82,725,396 TL. According to the survey results, these people were already working when they applied for the project.
3 The 5% premium discount incentive based on the employer's share is not included in the calculation. 4 1% state contribution is not included in the unemployment insurance premium.
70 71
Considering that mothers have an insured working life of approximately nine years, we can assume that these mothers will work for an average of 11 more years. In this Figure 24. Direct Economic Impact on Mothers Who Would Have Stopped Working Without the Project
case, it turns out that mothers in this group will earn a total gross income of 909,979,356 TL for 11 years. When the 11-year total gross income is discounted with an
interest rate of 8.75, the gross present value of the total income that 3,559 mothers will earn from the date of entry into the project until the end of their working lives is
calculated as 569,674,540 TL (see Figure 22).
Figure 22. 11-Year Gross Income of Mothers Who Would Have Stopped Working If the Project Had Not Existed
Considering that project beneficiary mothers are paid 34.5% of their premium-based earnings (total of employer and employee shares)5 , as a result of ensuring that
mothers who would have stopped working if the project did not exist, remain in the labor market, 213,995 in premium income collected and will be collected by SSI in the
future. It can be calculated that there will be an increase of 471 TL. In addition, if a 3% unemployment insurance premium (total employer and employee share) deduction
is made on the premium-based earnings of project beneficiary mothers, it can be calculated that the unemployment insurance premium income transferred to the
Unemployment Insurance Fund will increase by 18,608,302 TL6 (see Figure 25).
Assuming that an average income tax deduction of 20% is made on the total income tax base reached after deducting the worker's share of 14% for long-term, short-term
and general health insurance and 1% for unemployment insurance, based on premium basis earnings, it would be impossible to work without the project. It can be
It is estimated that 2,177 mothers who were actually working before the project will stop working when the project ends. It is known that mothers benefit from the project calculated that the state will obtain 105,447,044 TL tax revenue as a result of ensuring that mothers who will quit are staying in the labor market (see Figure 25).
for an average of 10 months and remain in working life with insurance during this period. Considering that the average monthly earnings of mothers subject to premium is
1,937 TL, the 10-month total gross income of 2,177 mothers can be calculated as 42,168,490 TL (see Figure 23).
Figure 25. Taxes and Premiums Received from Mothers Who Would Have Stopped Working If the Project Had Not Existed
Figure 23. 10-Month Gross Income of Mothers Who Would Have Stopped Working If the Project Had Not Existed
In conclusion; Mothers who were actually working when they applied to participate in the Home Child Care Project, but who were thinking of quitting working if the project
did not exist, were persuaded to stay in the labor market with the project, and thus the mothers earned a total gross income of 611,843,030 TL (569,674,540 TL + As a result of calculating the direct economic effects of the Home Child Care Project; It is seen that the project enabled 7,081 project beneficiary mothers to earn a total
42,168,490 TL). provided. The mothers in question will produce goods and services in the sectors in which they work in proportion to the calculated income and will net disposable income of approximately 816 million TL, by both encouraging mothers who had not worked before to enter the labor market and convincing mothers who
contribute to the gross domestic product in proportion to the income they earn. If it were not for the project, these mothers would have left the labor market and the were thinking of quitting to stay in the labor market.
calculated value would never have entered the economic transformation (see Figure 24).
5 The 5% premium discount incentive based on the employer's share is not included in the calculation.
6 The 1% state contribution is not included in the unemployment insurance premium.
72 73
The net disposable income earned by mothers was calculated by subtracting taxes and 15 percent employee premium share (including unemployment insurance Considering; The additional employment created by the production increase of 3.02 billion TL will be 6,306 people (see Table 16).
premium) from the total gross income. It is calculated that approximately 140 million TL of tax will be paid to the state in return for the income obtained and S GK will
Mothers use their net disposable income to spend on goods and services, causing an increase in other people's gross income.
generate approximately 284 million TL of premium income (see Table 15).
Considering that premium payments are made at the rate of 34.5% (total of employer and employee shares) on the premium-based earnings of the people in question,
Table 15. Direct Economic Impact of the Project on Mothers it can be calculated that there will be an increase of 716,359,339 TL in the premium income collected and will be collected by SGK in the future (see.
Employment Income Tax SSI Premium Income Table 16). Assuming that an average income tax deduction of 20% is made on the total income tax base after premium deductions are subtracted7 , it can be calculated
1,345 205,002,984 TL 34.850.515 TL 70,726,047 TL that the state will obtain 272,008,908 TL tax revenue as a result of the induced effects (see Table 16).
Mothers Who Are Not Working Before the
5,736 611,843,030 TL 105,447,044 TL 213,995,471 TL
Project Mothers Who Are Considering Quitting Working Table 16. Direct and Induced Economic Impact of the Project on Mothers
TOTAL 7,081 816,846,014 TL 140,297,559 TL 284,721,518 TL
Employment Income Tax SSI Premium Income
The Home Child Care Project directly impacted 7,081 mothers to remain in the labor market, resulting in these mothers earning a net disposable income of approximately
Direct Effect 7,081 816,846,014 TL 140,297,559 TL 284,721,518 TL
816 million TL. The unsaved part of the calculated disposable net income; By being used by mothers in their expenditures on goods and services, the demand for
Stimulated Effect 6,306 3,022,330,252 TL 272,008,908 TL 716,359,339 TL
goods and services produced by other sectors will increase, and the stimulated effects of the project will emerge when these other sectors respond to this increase in
demand by increasing their production. By calculating the induced effects, additional income and employment resulting from the consumption of this income entering Calculating Economic Impacts on Caregivers' Incomes
the national economy in other sectors will be found.

Since the beginning of the project, 14,400 caregivers have directly benefited from the project. Mothers paid a net monthly salary of approximately 1082 TL per month
for 2015, 1400 TL per month for 2016 and 1511 TL per month for 2017 to each caregiver who benefited from the project and was employed within the scope of Annex-9
In calculating induced effects, marginal propensity to consume methodology will be used. Marginal propensity to consume is a measure that shows how much of a article of Law No. 5510. The number of financial support payments made within the scope of the project for 2015 is 15,313, and after 2015, the total number is 93,182.
change in spending a change in net disposable income creates. The higher the marginal propensity to consume, the higher the induced effects because the longer Based on the assumption that mothers pay salaries to their caregivers in the same amount as the number of financial support payments made within the scope of the
money remains in economic circulation. Academic studies show that the marginal consumption tendency in Turkey, where the individual saving tendency is low, is project, it can be found that from the beginning of the project until 17.08.2017, 14,400 caregivers earned a total disposable income of approximately 151,868,505 TL8
above the world averages. According to the results of a study published in 2013, the marginal consumption tendency in Turkey was found to be 0.73 (Ceritoÿlu, 2013). and produced the same amount of services in return (see.
This ratio shows that 73% of a one-unit increase in individual income in Turkey is converted into spending, while 27% is saved. Although there are findings in the Table 17). Assuming that 34.5% premium payment is made without discount, including the employee and employer shares, based on the gross wages of caregivers, it
international literature that the presence and number of children in the family increases the marginal consumption tendency, there are not enough studies on this can be calculated that the state has obtained a total premium income of 79,991,808 TL. Since caregivers are exempt from income tax, the state's tax revenue has not
subject for Turkey. been calculated.
Table 17. Direct Economic Impact of the Project on Caregiver Incomes

If the marginal propensity to consume is 0.73, a multiplier coefficient of 3.70 can be found using the formula 1/(1-0.73). Year Number of Financial Support Payments9 Monthly Net Wage of Caregivers Total Net Wage of Caregivers
The meaning of the multiplier coefficient found is; Spending one unit of additional income causes a consumption level of 3.70 in the economy and an increase in 2015 15,313 1.082 TL 16.568.666 TL
production due to consumption. Therefore, the additional income created by project beneficiary mothers of approximately 816 million TL will indirectly lead to
2016 49,533 1.400 TL 69,346,200 TL
consumption of 3.02 billion TL in the economy and an increase in production due to consumption (see Table 16).
2017 43,649 1.511 TL 65,953,639 TL
In order to calculate the additional employment that will arise from the increase in production, the growth elasticity of employment in the Turkish economy must be Total 108,495 151,868,505 TL
determined. The growth elasticity of employment is a ratio that shows the percentage change in employment that a one percent increase in Gross Domestic Product
If the marginal consumption tendency is taken as 0.73, as above, by using a multiplier coefficient of 3.70, the disposable income of caregivers working within the project,
will create. The higher this elasticity coefficient is, the higher the employment increase due to production increase. According to the relevant report of the Ministry of
which is approximately 151 million TL, will contribute approximately 561 million TL to the economy.
Development of the Republic of Turkey, the growth elasticity of non-agricultural employment for the first quarter of 2017 was calculated as 0.3 (Ministry of Development,
7 Indirect tax revenues are not taken into account.
2017). Turkey's Gross Domestic Product and total employment rate in 2016 8 Exchange rate differences are not taken into account.
9 Shows the number of financial support payments made as of 17 August 2017.
74 75
It can be said that it stimulated consumption in the amount of TL and led to an increase in production due to the same amount of consumption. Considering the growth It comes from the premiums that will be collected from the direct and stimulated incomes that mothers who are persuaded to stay in the market thanks to the project
elasticity of non-agricultural employment calculated by the Ministry of Development of the Republic of Turkey as 0.3, it can be calculated that the additional employment will earn today and in the future. The remaining part (281 million TL) is the premiums to be collected from the direct and stimulated incomes of those employed as
created by the production increase of 561 million TL will be 1,709 people (see Table 18). babysitters thanks to the project.
Caregivers use their net disposable income to spend on goods and services, causing an increase in the gross income of others. A total of approximately 140 million TL project expenditure, 21 million of which is public, for the execution of the Home Child Care Project will provide SSI with a total
Considering that premium payments are made at the rate of 34.5% (total of employer and employee shares) on the premium-based earnings of the people in question, premium gain of approximately 1.3 billion TL depending on the direct and stimulated income increase (see Figure 26). Approximately nine times its expenditure will
it can be calculated that there will be an increase of 200,878,552 TL in the premium income collected and will be collected by SGK in the future (see. return to SSI as premium income.
Table 18). If it is assumed that an average income tax deduction of 20% is made on the total income tax base after deducting premium deductions10, it can be
Figure 26. Comparison of Public Expenditure and SSI Premium Income
calculated that the state will obtain 76,275,624 TL tax revenue as a result of the induced effects (see Table 18).
Table 18. Direct and Induced Economic Impact of the Project on Caregiver Incomes
Employment Income Tax SSI Premium Income
14,400 151,868,505 TL - 79,991,808 TL

Direct Effect
Stimulated Effect 1,709 561,913,468 TL 76,275,624 TL 200,878,552 TL
Calculation of Total Economic Impact
When calculating total effects; The direct and induced effects calculated above on mothers' and caregivers' incomes are summed and shown in Table 19. According to
the table, the Home Child Care Project provided direct or induced employment to approximately 29 thousand people. Employment will result in the generation of
approximately 4.5 billion TL of income in the national economy and an increase in the production of goods and services in proportion to this income. While the state will
collect 488 million TL in taxes from the increased income, SSI premium revenues will increase by 1.3 billion TL.
Elements Not Included in Economic Impact Calculation
Table 19. Total Economic Impacts
In the calculation of economic impacts, some elements were not included in the calculation due to methodological concerns or the uncertainty and smallness of the
Employment Income Tax SSI Premium Income impact. The first factor that is not included in the calculation is the increase in household income of mothers who had their children looked after by a caregiver or sent
them to a nursery before the project, as they did not pay the current caregiver and nursery fees after they started receiving support from the project, and the contribution
Direct Effect 21,481 968,714,519 TL 140,297,559 TL 364,713,326 TL
of this situation to the social welfare level of the household.
Stimulated Effect 8,015 3,584,243,720 TL 348,284,532 TL 917,237,891 TL
While the average household income of women who benefit from the project is 3459 TL, the average household income of women who do not benefit from the project
Total Impact 29,496 4.552.958.239 TL 488,582,091 TL 1.281.951.217 TL
is 3,800 TL. First of all, before the project, 12% of women were not actually working. Thanks to the project, these women got a job and increased their household
income. Since the average income of women benefiting from the project is 1937 TL, these women have contributed 55% to the household income because they work.
Comparison of Project Cost and SSI Premium Income
Secondly, before starting the project, 88% of the women were actually working, and some of these women were having their children cared for by a caregiver or going
In the execution of the Home Child Care Project, jointly financed by the Republic of Turkey and the European Union, approximately 140 million TL project expenditure to nursery. There was a decrease in household income as women paid 703 TL on average to a caregiver or nursery. With the project, a group of women entered
was made by SSI, 21 million of which was public, excluding administrative expenses and other items. As a result of the calculations made above; It is estimated that working life, increasing their household income and contributing to the level of social welfare. Other women have also increased the family's social welfare by reducing
SGK will obtain a total premium income of 1.3 billion TL, approximately 364 million TL as a result of the direct effects of the project and approximately 917 million TL as caregiver costs.
a result of the induced effects.
Most of the income in question (1 billion TL) comes from those entering the labor market thanks to the project and despite being in the labor market. Another factor not included in the economic impact calculation is that wages in the caregiving market increased with the project, causing an actual increase in the
10 Indirect tax revenues were not taken into account. general wage level in the entire caregiving market. Employing a babysitter before the project
76 77
Mothers pay an average of 703 TL per month to their caregivers, and almost all of the caregivers are employed without insurance. As their financial means improve, mothers prefer more educated caregivers. This shows that the project makes a positive contribution to the transformation of caregiving
However, during the project, this payment increased to 1082 TL, 1400 TL and 1511 TL per month in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. into a profession. Mothers' preferences in choosing a caregiver change towards increasing quality as the wages they pay increase. Considering that, on average, more
Although 39% of mothers who plan to employ a caregiver after the project plan to pay the same wage, 61% plan to pay a different wage. The average wage that educated caregivers will contribute more to the child's education than less educated caregivers, the project has not only contributed to the marketization of the
beneficiary mothers plan to pay to their caregivers after the project is 1032.38 TL. There is a difference of 329 TL between the wage mothers plan to pay before and caregiving service, but also to an increase in the quality of the service provided. As a matter of fact, the satisfaction level of mothers who receive project support with
after the project. Although the wage that mothers who benefit from the program plan to pay is below the minimum wage, it is currently higher than the payment made their caregivers is high (61 percent answered "extremely satisfied.") The satisfaction level of mothers who do not receive project support with their caregivers is lower.
by mothers who do not benefit from the program (850 TL). The project contributes to the increase in wages in the caregiving market. These findings show that, in addition to the main purpose of the project, which is to increase registered women's employment, it also indirectly contributes positively to
the quality of child care.
The project contributed to social welfare by ensuring higher wages for caregivers both during and after the project. Due to the impact of the project, mothers want to
pay more after the project. There are two main reasons for this. First, as mothers began to value work more, the value of caregivers to them also increased. Secondly, While the certification rate was 4% before the project, this rate increased with the awareness created by the project. Due to the low initial certification rate, the increase
they may demand higher wages as the demand for caregivers increases. The main determining factor why the wage in the free market is below the legal minimum in the rate of those receiving certification during the project seems low. The main reasons for this situation are the low education level and high age of caregivers.
wage is that babysitting cannot be transformed into a profession and does not have any quality standards. The project's practice of paying higher wages to certified However, considering that the initial certification rate was 4.36%, it is seen that the project increased this rate by 50% to approximately 7% (see Annex 1 Question 25).
caregivers has created an incentive mechanism in this direction. Although no question to this effect was asked in the survey, it was observed that many mothers
learned about the training of a babysitter and the concept of a certified babysitter for the first time with the help of this project.
63% of the caregivers of the mothers benefiting from the project care for the children in the mothers' homes and 37% in their own homes (see Annex 1 Question 24).
While 58% of the caregivers of mothers who do not benefit from the project look after the child at the mother's home, 42% look after the child at their own home (see
Finally; One of the factors not included in the economic impact calculation is the increase in the quality of care for the child and the economic advantages this will bring Annex 2 Question 18). The fact that caregivers provide child care services in their own homes is an indication that a more professional working relationship has begun
in the child's future life, although it is not one of the main aims of the project. Although this element is not included in the calculation of economic impacts, it is discussed to be established between mother and caregiver. It is also possible to relate the higher rate of caregivers of mothers who do not benefit from the project to providing
under the following headings. care services in their own homes to the fact that women in this group are less educated and are willing to provide care services in their own homes for lower wages.
4.4.4. Institutionalization of Care Services
In many countries, wages for domestic services vary from country to country, but are around 40% of average salaries. For example, in Honduras, domestic workers One of the most important indicators of institutionalization is that job descriptions begin to become clearer. 86% of the caregivers within the scope of the project only
were paid 63.8% of the average wage in 2006, in Paraguay 49% in 2011, and in Botswana 14% for 2005-2006 (ILO 2013). In our country, research shows that domestic perform child care work. The most important problem in the field of care work is that they do work outside their areas of responsibility (housework, cooking, etc.).
workers receive low wages (Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç and Kalaycÿoÿlu, 2012). Regardless of which house they care for the child in, the majority of the caregivers in the project do child care, which is their main responsibility, which is an indication
of their awareness that caregiving is a profession. Approximately 80% of the caregivers of mothers who do not benefit from the project are only engaged in childcare,
which is their main job. These data are indicators that the babysitting market is starting to form and job descriptions are starting to become clear. The lack of examples
It is seen that the wages paid to caregivers before the Home Child Care Project were below the minimum wage. Before the project, mothers paid an average of 703.94
where mothers expect housework from caregivers is also related to the fact that the wage paid is around 800 TL in cases where there is no project. Since asking the
TL to their caregivers, and 75% of mothers paid less than 800 TL (see Annex 1 Question 17). The average monthly wage of caregivers of mothers who do not benefit
caregiver to do additional work will cause the free market wage to rise, mothers prefer to pay lower wages and receive only child care services. Within the scope of the
from support is 850.97 TL, and 78% of caregivers work without insurance. It is seen that low wages and unregistered employment are common in care services.
project, it is thought that mothers do not have caregivers do housework due to both the conditions of the project and the home visits.
However, with the project, mothers not only pay the minimum wage to the caregivers, but also the caregivers' insurance premiums (see Annex 1 Question 23).
Therefore, the project has a positive economic impact, as there is an increase in the wages of caregivers with the project. With the project, the caregiving market
started to revive and after the project, it contributed to the institutionalization of the profession by causing caregiving wages to rise in these provinces. Increasing wages
also contribute to increasing the quality of care by creating a competitive environment among caregivers. When choosing a caregiver, mothers who benefit from the project prefer that they are familiar (64%), experienced (31%) and close to home (20%). Mothers who do not
benefit choose their caregivers based on similar criteria. Since the basis of care services is mutual trust, informal relationship networks are quite common in this area.
However, with the project, the increase in the wage paid to the caregiver and the payment of insurance premiums causes the mother to be more careful when choosing
The education level of caregivers of women who benefit from the project is higher than those who do not benefit. While the rate of caregivers of mothers receiving
a caregiver from among her acquaintances.
project support with primary school education is 50 percent, this rate is over 60 percent for those who do not receive support. Project support recipient
78 79
In addition, mothers benefiting from the project see being certified as a positive value in choosing a caregiver, and the preference for being familiar and the fact Table 20. Post-Project Child Care Preferences of Mothers Who Let Their Children Care for Their Grandmothers Before the Project (%)
that the trust factor is at the forefront shows that professionalization is encouraged. Being certified is preferred due to its familiarity, and an awareness of certified Child Care Preference %
caregivers has developed, as intended in the project. This shows that mothers have an expectation regarding the professionalization of caregiving.
one
My partner
Grandmother 41
One point that should not be forgotten is that since the certified caregiver system is not widespread in our country, mothers are less likely to work with a certified
caregiver when choosing a caregiver. Caregiving training can be provided within a very limited framework. Considering the low income of mothers, the possibility my children one
of meeting certified caregiver fees without a project is also low. In fact, mothers prefer certified caregivers, which have not become a general norm in the caregiving My current caregiver / neighbor / relative 17 (86% my caregiver, 14% my relative)
market, although in small amounts, and contribute to increasing the quality of care and professionalization.
Another caregiver/neighbour/relative 7 (33% another caregiver, 11% neighbor, 56% relative)
Nursery 33
The project contributes to the spread of certified caregiving by paying more to certified caregivers. Although it is not the primary aim of the project, by paying an
additional fee to certified caregivers, they are encouraged to become certified in the society and, as a result, to provide child care services in a more professional Women mostly withdraw from the labor market when their children are between the ages of 0-3. As of 2010, in OECD countries, although the rate of benefiting
manner. from formal care for children under the age of 3 has increased in recent years, it is only at 30%, while the rate of benefiting from formal care for children between
the ages of 3-5 rises to 80% (Vuri, 2016). . For this reason, many OECD countries are implementing policies to increase women's employment and to increase
Among those who had their children looked after by a neighbour, relative or caregiver before benefiting from the home child care project, the rate of those who had
care services for children under the age of 3 and reduce their costs. With the right approach, the project targeted women with young children and enabled them to
their children looked after by a caregiver is the highest at 61% (see Annex 1 Question 16 other option). Among mothers who do not benefit, the rate of having their
remain in the labor market. The support provided also encouraged mothers who previously rarely sent their children to babysitters or nurseries to use care services.
children looked after by a neighbour, relative or caregiver is 68% (see Annex 2 Question 12 other option). The high tendency among mothers to have a caregiver
This situation also encourages the institutionalization of care services. At the same time, when we consider that mothers are willing to send their children to nursery,
look after them rather than a neighbor or relative encourages the institutionalization of care services.
it becomes important for mothers that their growing children receive institutional and quality service. Mothers also think that it is important for the state to provide
After the project, mothers plan to have their children looked after by a caregiver (32%) or send them to nursery (33%) while they continue to work (see Annex 1 nursery support so that they can continue to work with insurance.
Question 32). The fact that caregivers and nurseries are increasingly included among mothers' preferences is an indication that the project affects informal
relationships in the field of care services and that mothers expect a more professional service.
Before the program, the program beneficiary mothers and their grandmothers were mainly taking care of their children (see Annex 1 Question 16). 69% of the One of the most important results of increasing registered women's employment is its contribution to increased monetization. A wage at the minimum wage level
children of working mothers who are not benefiting from the project are currently looked after by grandmothers (see Annex 2 Question 12). The fact that child care for both the mother and the babysitter will contribute to the acceptance of childcare as a paid job as a behavioral pattern, even if these wages will decrease after
costs have a significant place in the family's budget greatly affects mothers' caregiver preferences, causing them to have their children looked after by their most the project. Increasing monetization will lead to an increase in the quality of child care and mothers' expectations from the babysitter. According to the survey
trusted and inexpensive grandmothers, instead of receiving professional care services. results, 27% of the women who stated that they would continue to work after the program (74%) were considering continuing with their current caregivers and
approximately 36% were planning to send their children to nursery, indicating that the program contributed to the acceptance of child care as a paid job.
Table 20 shows that there is a difference in the child care preferences of mothers who had their children looked after by their grandmother before benefiting from
the project, after the project was completed. Only 41% of mothers in this group plan to continue having their children cared for by their grandmother, while 33%
plan to send them to nursery. It is understood that after the program, mothers preferred more institutional care. Additionally, 86% of the mothers who plan to have
their current caregiver-neighbor-relative (17%) take care of them plan to have their current caregiver take care of them. Of the mothers (7%) who plan to have 4.4.5. Obstacles to Institutionalization
another caregiver-neighbour-relative take care of them, 33% state that they would prefer to have another caregiver take care of them, and 56% say that they would The main reasons why domestic workers receive low wages are that housework is seen as worthless and that the education levels of those working in these
prefer to have their relative take care of them. When nursery preferences and caregiver preferences are evaluated together, we can say that the care preferences services are low (ILO 2013). In Turkey, housework and childcare are based on unskilled and cheap female labor. Women working in these jobs have migrated
of mothers who had their children looked after by grandmothers in their primary relationship networks before the project started to move to formal relationship from villages to cities, have low education levels and do not have the necessary skills for jobs in the formal sector (Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç and Kalaycÿoÿlu, 2012).
networks. These tendencies of mothers will contribute to the institutionalization of care services and to the increase in the quality of care services within formal Even though the minimum wage is paid to the caregivers within the scope of the project, the education level of the caregivers is low. Approximately 50% of the
employment. caregivers of mothers benefiting from the project are primary school students.
80 81
While they are graduates, 33% have a university degree or higher (5% have a university degree and 2.2% have an associate degree). While 62% of the caregivers of In business relationships established with informal networks, these networks are taken as a basis when determining wages. Caregivers and mothers learn how
mothers who do not benefit from the project are primary school graduates, only 17% have a high school education. Those with a university education are almost non-existent. much they should request or pay within their own social networks (Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç and Kalaycÿoÿlu, 2012). The fact that mothers who are included in the project
and those who are not primarily care about the familiarity of the caregiver is an indication that the mothers choose their caregivers from within their own social
Considering that the number of people who changed caregivers after the project was low, mothers continued to take part in the project with their former caregivers.
networks. There is also a strong possibility that mothers are paying the same amount to their neighbor's caregiver when paying caregivers. The low average monthly
The fact that the caregivers of mothers who benefited from the project had higher education levels than the caregivers of mothers who did not benefit from the project
income of mothers causes the average caregiver wages in these networks to be low.
shows that the project partially contributed to the institutionalization of the caregiving profession. However, generally low education levels and the scarcity of certified
caregivers also result in low wages. The low education level of caregivers indicates the possibility of caregiving continuing in unregistered employment in the long
term. It is thought that it is important to increase the education level of caregivers and encourage them to become certified in order for the impact of the project to 4.4.6. Unexpected Effects
continue. Incentives to increase the level of education and obtain a certificate will also contribute to changing the legal status of the profession. It was observed that 10% of project beneficiary mothers changed their jobs after starting the project (see Annex 1 Question 10). Workplace dissatisfaction ranks first
among the reasons for mothers changing jobs (see Annex 1 Question 11). There are also mothers who change their jobs due to low wages. When mothers got a
The high average age of caregivers actually indicates that care services are not institutionalized. The fact that mothers are careful when choosing a caregiver to be good job opportunity, they did not hesitate to take advantage of it. Within the scope of the project, when mothers become unemployed or quit their jobs, they are
experienced also plays a role in the high average age of caregivers (see Annex 1 Question 22). Additionally, mothers pay more to relatively older caregivers whom given one month to find a job, and child care assistance is not cut off during this period. This opportunity provided by the project made it possible for mothers to
they consider to be experienced. pursue better jobs.
The average wage paid by age is shown in Table 21. The high fees paid by mothers who do not benefit from the program can be considered as a sign that the
program is increasing the caregiving market. However, the wages paid in both groups are below the minimum wage. When low wages, unregistered employment During the project, it was determined that mothers received a 6% wage increase and promotion at their workplace (see Annex 1 Question 13). Of the mothers who
and experience criteria come together, the caregiving profession is not a center of attraction for young people. Long-term stay of young people in insecure and low- did not benefit from the project, 42% stated that they received a wage increase or promotion in the last two years (see Annex 2 Question 9).
income jobs is an obstacle to obtaining their retirement rights. For this reason, young people prefer secure jobs where they can invest in their future. The way to
The average commute time of mothers who benefit from the project is 31 minutes, and that of mothers who do not benefit from the project is 34 minutes. Although
establish a standard in care quality and to make caregiving more attractive for young people is to include caregiving into registered employment with different policies
the mothers who benefited from the project had the opportunity to take advantage of job opportunities further away thanks to the project, it is possible to explain why
and to establish professional criteria.
they did not use them, as women with young children preferred to work closer to home.
4.5. Sustainability
Table 21. Average Wages of Caregivers by Age
4.5.1. Keeping Mothers in Employment
Average wage paid by mothers What mothers who do not benefit from the
Age range benefiting from the program to program currently pay to their caregivers As stated before, there are no major differences between the average working years and insured working years of beneficiary mothers who were working and not
their caregivers before the program average wage working before the project. Mothers within the scope of the project are likely to remain in formal employment.
20-29 597 TL 726 TL

In general, 74% of mothers plan to continue working after the project is over, and among the reasons for working for mothers is staying insured with 39% (see Annex
30-39 664 TL 695 TL 1 Questions 29 and 30). Staying insured means gaining retirement rights for mothers (see Annex 1 Question 31). The fact that mothers who plan to continue working
continue to remain in the labor market is an indication that the impact of the project continues.
40-49 750 TL 1057 TL
50 and above 737 TL 1152 TL

The project retained in the labor market mothers (57%) who were working but planned to leave the labor market due to child care responsibilities (see Annex 1
An important obstacle to its institutionalization is the dominance of informal relationship networks in the field of paid care services (Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç and
Question 9), and 95% of these mothers plan to continue working after the project ends. The project gave women who were stuck between work and childcare
Kalaycÿoÿlu 2012). Employers and employees meet through family and kinship ties. The sense of mutual trust required by care services is provided by these
responsibilities the opportunity to continue working. These data indicate the sustainability of the project's impact.
networks. While mothers find a reliable, honest caregiver who can entrust their children to them, caregivers also find a working environment where they feel safe.
82 83
The proportion of mothers who were not actually working before the project was 12%. In particular, the main reason why these mothers do not work We can say that they are. Mothers whose children are growing up prefer to have their children taken care of in an institutional structure with nursery
is their child care responsibilities (see Annex 1 Questions 7 and 12). After the project ends, 70% of mothers who were not working before the project incentives. Beneficiary mothers do not want to lose the financial support they have received by wanting the continuity of the project. In order for
plan to continue working. Thanks to the project, non-working mothers were both recruited into the labor market and developed a tendency to stay in mothers to participate in working life at higher rates, the state needs to activate different incentive policies.
the labor market. These findings indicate that the impact of the project will continue after the project is completed.
82% of beneficiary mothers have one child under the age of six, 17% have two children, and 1% have three or more children. Of mothers who did not
The income of beneficiary mothers constitutes 56% of the household income. It seems that the income earned by mothers has a key role in ensuring benefit, 89% had one child under the age of six, 10% had two, and 0.5% had three or more. The program covers mothers' children between the ages
the livelihood of the household. In this context, mothers will be more willing to work long-term to contribute to the welfare of the household. The impact of 0-24 months, but 18% of mothers also have other children who cannot enter the program and need a caregiver or nursery. A similar situation
of the project appears to be sustainable. applies to mothers who do not benefit. Incentive systems in future projects should also take this point into consideration. For example, the age limit
of children to be supported may be increased. Thus, it may be possible for mothers with many children to be directed to formal employment. In terms
Since the project started, 18% of mothers have taken a training or vocational course related to their job and 26% are considering taking such a course
of improving registered women's employment, it would be correct that state supports should not direct women with more than one child out of working
(see Annex 1 Question 15). As the data in Table 22 shows, among those taking courses, high school graduates are in the first place, university
life completely, due to the positive relationship between the increase in the number of children requiring care and women not working.
graduates are in the second place, and associate degree-vocational school graduates are in the third place. Those who have high school or higher
education are not only taking courses but also planning to take courses. Those with higher education invest in themselves to improve their professional
skills. Their desire to take courses indicates their desire to stay in business life and move on to more qualified jobs. Women need to invest in their 74% of the children applied to benefit from the project are under the age of one (see Annex 1 Question 6). The fact that the duration of paid
professional knowledge and skills in order to avoid being a reserve labor force. Women who cannot spare time to attend vocational courses between maternity leave is limited to 16 weeks makes it difficult for mothers to carry out their work and care responsibilities together. Women either
work and child care have opportunities to invest in themselves when their child care responsibilities are alleviated. Women who take the course are have to quit their jobs or delegate them to primary relatives (grandmothers, spouses, etc.) to fulfill their care responsibilities. Child care work
likely to remain in the labor market after the project. Therefore, the impact of the project appears to be sustainable. is carried out informally within the family. Children under the age of 1 who benefit from the project will be old enough to benefit from the
nursery services provided for ages 3 and above when the project ends. 33% of mothers who want to continue working after the project plan
to send their children to nursery. While the support provided for caregivers contributes to moving child care work outside of primary
Table 22. Education Levels and Vocational Course Taking Status of Women Benefiting from the Program
relationship networks, the fact that children are reaching nursery age indicates that care work is likely to continue in the public sphere. The
Vocational Course
process that starts with the caregiver will continue with the nursery, and mothers with young children will continue to be employed and care
Yes No 10 Thinking of Buying work will gain continuity in the public sphere. Thus, it will be possible to continue the impact created by the project.
Primary school 5 8
Middle school 4 8 9
4.5.2. Child Care Service
High 41 37 34
Before the project started, 50% of the mothers had their children taken care of by themselves, and 29% had their grandmothers take care of them
School Associate Degree-Vocational 16 14 16
(see Annex 1 Question 16). When examining how working and non-working mothers carried out child care before the project, 46% of working mothers
School University 34 31 33
somehow fulfilled their child care responsibilities, while this rate was 84% for non-working mothers (see Table 23). The project reduced the work and
26% of working mothers plan to quit their jobs after the project is completed (See Annex 1 Question 29). 59% of these mothers are considering child care dilemma of working mothers by taking the responsibility of care away from mothers and giving it to the caregiver. Thus, non-working
quitting their job because they cannot afford the caregiver fees, and 36% will take care of their children themselves (see Annex 1 Question 34). mothers were enabled to enter the labor market. Mothers who transfer their child care responsibilities to caregivers are expected to be more
Since beneficiary mothers have low incomes, their likelihood of covering the cost of care decreases when the project support ends. Mothers tend to productive and permanent in the labor market. Additionally, 31% of the children of working mothers are looked after by grandmothers. The fact that
fall out of the workforce as the child care responsibility, which was transferred to the caregiver with the project, becomes the main responsibility of care work is taken from the mother and grandmother and transferred to another individual outside the family encourages the institutionalization of
the mother again due to the high costs. In general, mothers give priority to the continuation of the home child care project, the state providing nursery care services by removing child care work from the network of primary relationships within the family. In addition, the beneficiary mothers are highly
support or the extension of maternity leaves among the policies that will encourage them to work with insurance (see Annex 1 Question 35). They satisfied with their current caregivers compared to their pre-project care preferences (See Annex 1 Question 21). In this context, the impact of the
tend to take more care of their babies aged 0-12 months by asking for an extension of their maternity leave. project will be sustainable.
84 85
Table 23. Child Care Preferences of Women Beneficiaries of the Program According to Their Pre-Project Working Status (%) This low level shows that caregivers who receive minimum wage and are formally employed within the scope of the project are less likely
Before Project to work formally after the project. Therefore, it is thought that it will be difficult for caregivers to continue in formal employment in the long
term unless legal regulations are made. Without legal regulations, the project's impact on bringing caregivers into formal employment is
working Not working unlikely to be sustainable.
Myself 46 84
Mothers in the project primarily see reducing caregivers' insurance premiums as a means of ensuring that their caregivers are insured.
My partner
one one
Secondly, tax incentives are requested for those who employ insured people. Mothers expect the state to institutionalize the caregiving
Grandmother 31 6 system and reduce their premiums as employers, thus expecting more incentives from the state.
my children one one
Neighbour/Relative/Carer 20 7
Nursery one one
Considering the mothers who plan to continue working after the project and those who plan to send their children to nursery or have them looked after by a nanny, we can
say that child care work tends to move towards the public sphere. It is seen that mothers' desire for institutional care has increased with the project. The fact that awareness
of benefiting from public services is formed is a sign that the impact of the project is sustainable (see Annex 1 Questions 16 and 32).
The impact of the Home Child Care Project on child care has been in two ways. The first was that children who were only cared for by their mothers or relatives before the
program were transferred to a higher quality care service, and the second was that children who were previously receiving low quality care were transferred to relatively
higher quality care. As a matter of fact, after the program, most of the women changed at least one or more caregivers. When we include the caregivers who received
certification during the program, 7% of the children are cared for by certified caregivers. When deciding on caregivers, 31% of the women who benefited from the program
stated that they decided on whether they were experienced, and 3.3% stated that they decided on whether they were certified. Therefore, the use of certified and
experienced caregivers through the program means that the quality of care given to the child increases.
37% of the caregivers in the project care for children in their own homes (see Annex 1 Question 24). This rate may seem low, but it is an indication that caregiving tends
to become a profession. Another important point is that 86% of caregivers (see Annex 1 Question 28) do not help the mother with household chores and only fulfill their
basic duties of child care. The fact that caregivers mostly look after children at mothers' homes but do not help with housework is an indication that their job descriptions
are beginning to become clearer. The perception that care services are a profession is developing in both the mother and the caregiver. It appears that the impact of the
project is sustainable as institutionalization increases. In order for this effect to continue, it is important to establish professional qualification and certification criteria.
While 32% of mothers who want a nanny to look after their children after the project plan to pay the same wage to the nanny, 68% plan to pay a different wage. The
average wage that mothers plan to pay after the project is 1032 TL. Before the project, the average wage paid by beneficiary mothers was 703 TL. It indicates that there
will be an increase in average caregiver wages after the project. However, the fact that the caregiving profession is deprived of basic rights increases the possibility of
caregivers working for low wages. The wages that mothers plan to pay are still below the minimum wage and the wages that mothers who do not benefit are currently
paying to their caregivers
86 87
5. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The project has also achieved its aim in terms of the registered employment of caregivers other than mothers. Before the project, approximately 89 percent of mothers
employed their caregivers without insurance. With the project, all uninsured caregivers were directed to registered employment.
The project supported attracting uninsured caregivers to formal employment and raising awareness among mothers about employing insured caregivers. In order to
"Supporting Registered Women's Employment through Home Child Care Services Project", which is jointly financed by the Republic of Turkey and the European Union
raise awareness of insured work and employment in society; It is extremely important to cooperate with public institutions and organizations, non-governmental
and implemented by SGK; It aims to keep mothers with young children in the labor market or to bring them into the labor market by providing financial support to the
organizations and other segments of society. The main focus of this cooperation should be encouraging mechanisms that create a registered working culture. Home
child care responsibilities of women in our country and to enable mothers to employ registered babysitters. The total budget of the project is 49.6 million Euros, and
Child Care Project is a social cooperation model in which encouraging mechanisms are used to create a registered work culture in society. Other projects, programs
approximately 40 million Euros is expected to be paid to mothers registered in the project by the end of the project. To date, approximately 11,400 mothers and 14,400
and promotional activities designed similarly to this project and using incentive mechanisms will continue to be implemented from now on; It is necessary to increase
caregivers have benefited from the project.
insurance consciousness and awareness in our country.
Although various employment policies are implemented in different countries to bring women into employment, policies regarding child care are of particular importance.
Before the project, mothers who employed babysitters were paying them less than the minimum wage. During the project, the wages paid to caregivers exceeded the
Because one of the most important problems for women to participate in the workforce is child care responsibilities. The gender-based division of labor in the private
minimum wage. Approximately forty percent of mothers who plan to employ caregivers after the project plan to pay their caregivers the same wage they paid during the
and public spheres creates the model of the male worker, the breadwinner, and the model of the wife and mother, who are responsible for the household. Women's
project. This shows that mothers maintain the awareness of employing registered caregivers that they acquired during the project and that the effects of the project are
main areas of responsibility include private work such as housework, child, elderly and patient care. Women who have somehow managed to enter the labor market
sustainable.
are not exempt from housework and care responsibilities. Balancing responsibilities in work and family life becomes an important problem for women who are working
or planning to enter the labor market. In this context, welfare states have been implementing child care policies for many years to keep women in the labor market or to The project contributed positively to the institutionalization of the caregiving profession by allowing the caregiver to provide services outside of their own home. One of
encourage those who have not entered the labor market to enter. the most important indicators of institutionalization is the clarification of informal job descriptions in the caregiving profession.
By removing babysitting from the network of informal relationships, the project supported the perception of babysitting as a registered profession in society. In addition,
the financial support provided by the project motivated mothers to find more educated and professional caregivers.
Although there has been an increase in women's labor force participation in Turkey in recent years, the rate is still quite low. Women's participation in the workforce not
only affects women and their families at the individual level, but also has an important place in achieving the country's development goals and reducing poverty. For
sustainable growth and development, women must be active and productive in the labor market. Although the project was successful in increasing registered women's employment and targeted the right target group, it could not cooperate sufficiently with mothers
or relevant institutions in attracting mothers to the project, especially those who are socio-economically disadvantaged and therefore have a much weaker chance of
It has been determined that the most important reason why women in our country do not give their children to a babysitter is not being able to afford the babysitter's fee.
finding insured employment. During the pre-registration and final registration phases, mothers who were currently working with insurance mostly applied to the project.
Therefore, the main reason why mothers cannot employ a registered caregiver is their financial inadequacy, which also prevents mothers from entering the labor market.
The fact that the majority of mothers benefiting from the project are already working in an insured job suggests that the majority of those who applied to the project and
By providing financial support to mothers to employ registered caregivers, the project removed an important obstacle to mothers' participation in the workforce and
did not receive support did not receive support because they could not find an insured job. However, women who are disadvantaged because they are not qualified for
made a significant contribution to increasing registered women's employment. While the project encouraged mothers who were not actually employed before the project
jobs in formal employment are likely to work in the informal economy or not be able to enter the labor market at all. For this reason, especially ÿÿKUR etc., in order to
to enter the labor market, it also persuaded mothers who were working before the project but thought of quitting after having a child to remain in the labor market.
bring socio-economically disadvantaged women into employment. Cooperation with institutions is required.
Women mostly withdraw from the labor market when their children are between the ages of 0-3. The fact that the child is young is a factor that reduces the mother's
The fact that the education level of the majority of mothers benefiting from the project is at high school and university levels indicates the difficulty of mothers with lower
possibility of working. Three-quarters of the mothers benefiting from the project have children under the age of one when they start receiving project support. With the
education levels in finding insured employment. Since women's wages in the informal economy are low, they are less likely to cover childcare costs. In this context, it is
right approach, the project focused on mothers with young children, ensuring that the segment of the population that is most difficult to remain in registered employment
thought that it is important for those with low education levels to benefit from child care services by introducing different criteria in new projects or social policies to be
continues to work, and in this respect, it chose the right target group to increase registered women's employment.
developed. The importance of especially pre-school care and education services in the development of children cannot be denied. In this respect, it would be beneficial
The project made a significant contribution not only to mothers entering the labor market but also to their permanent employment.
to develop policies that will include children of mothers other than registered working mothers in order to increase the welfare and well-being of children, as is the case
Approximately three-quarters of the mothers who benefited from the project stated that they would continue to work after the project is over. This shows that the project
in social welfare states.
has a significant impact in terms of encouraging mothers' tendency to work. As a matter of fact, more than half of the mothers who benefited from the project think that
the project was successful in encouraging mothers to work.
88 89
Within the scope of the project, women with children aged between 0-24 months were included in the project and care support was provided for a single child. It is The proportion of mothers who plan to send their children to nursery is high. It can be said that mothers find it appropriate to receive care services from systems
appropriate to select women with children younger than 24 months as the target audience of the project. However, considering that pre-school care services are that can meet their children's developmental needs as their children grow. Therefore, providing nursery support to mothers will be an effective policy tool in terms
not common for low-income families, it would be appropriate to consider other alternatives for women with children older than 24 months to participate in the labor of women's employment. For example, the implementation of neighborhood nurseries that are free or to which families contribute at low rates will reduce the care
market. costs of families and thus increase the likelihood of women entering and staying in employment.
Within the scope of future projects, a form of support that will include all children instead of support for a single child may also be considered. Within the scope of the project, it was determined that caregivers often look after children at mothers' homes, but a group of caregivers also care for children in
According to TDHS 2013 research, 64% of births in Turkey occur before the age of 30. Young women are likely to have more than one preschool-age child. It is their own homes and the certification rate among caregivers is low. Implementing policies such as developing an approved caregiving system and giving incentives
also very unlikely that a mother with a preschool child will give birth and continue her job while fulfilling the responsibility of caring for two young children. Covering to caregivers to establish care centers is important for the development of both women's employment and the registered caregiving system. Therefore ensuring
a wider audience by using different criteria in future program implementations will help women to be included in the labor market at higher rates. that caring is defined as a job and that leave/tax etc. Facilitating the processes will encourage the caregiving profession to shift from the unregistered to the formal
economy in the long term.
The approved babysitting system will also increase the quality of care given to the child, who is the focus of home child care. For example, in France, 22% of
When examples from other countries such as Germany, France and Spain are examined, it is seen that children under the age of three are generally chosen as children aged 0-3 are cared for by approved (certified) caregivers in their caregivers' homes, and it is very rare (2%) for the child to be cared for by an approved or
the target audience in supports for young child care (Wrohlich, 2004; Vuri, 2016). In Canada, families with children under the age of 12 benefit from various forms unapproved caregiver at the mother's home. Approved babysitting means being subject to different inspections during the approval process, which is renewed
of government support, such as nursery, pre-school education, and home child care, without the requirement to work (Cleveland and Krashinsky, 1998). Families every five years and received for five years. Approved caregivers can care for children in their own homes, where they have made the necessary arrangements
with children under the age of 12 (under 18 for children requiring special care) and low-income (85% below the state median income) benefit from the fund, which for child care, or in homes organized by several approved caregivers for child care purposes (called MOM). In order to be accredited, caregivers' health status,
is called the Child Care and Development Fund in the USA. However, in order for the family to benefit from this opportunity, it is necessary to work, attend school education, housing and whether they meet various conditions are checked. To become an approved caregiver, they must complete 120 hours of training and first
or enroll in a vocational course. Additional conditions may be imposed by the states. As of 2014, an average of 4,800 dollars of support was provided annually aid training before caring for their first child. After completing the compulsory 120 hours of education, universities have the right to take courses from the first year
from the fund to 1.4 million children (853 thousand families) (Enchautegui, et al., 2016). of child development programs.
As can be seen from the examples above, women can be indirectly encouraged to enter the labor market with different criteria without employment conditions, as An approved caregiver can care for up to 4 children in their own home. Although the salary of the approved caregiver does not increase as the number of children
is the case in other countries. Women who are unemployed, low-income, and have pre-school or primary school children can be provided with care support and increases, an additional fee is only paid for the extra child. Increasing the number of children being cared for means decreasing costs for the family. The family
can be encouraged to attend vocational training courses in order to bring them into the labor market. There is a strong possibility that women with more than one that employs an approved caregiver full-time can get back some of the money they paid at the end of the year with a tax deduction. Approved caregivers work
young child may not have time to attend vocational training courses. At the same time, they are less likely to allocate financial resources for courses. The way for within the scope of a collective agreement with employers and sign an employment contract with the employer.
women to be permanent in the labor market and take part in the registered economy is to gain the knowledge and skills required for qualified jobs. Child care Approved caregivers are entitled to paid leave. As explained briefly; Developing a system similar to the approved care system in our country will not only keep
support should be provided to non-working mothers and the necessary time should be created for them to attend vocational courses. Within the scope of the caregiving registered, but also contribute to increasing the quality of care through continuous inspections and training.
policies to be developed, the financial burden on women can be reduced by providing child care support and free course matching. In order to implement a similar system in our country, an in-depth feasibility study needs to be conducted first.
In addition to the economic benefits of registered and certified caregiving, it is also possible to talk about its social benefits. Quality care positively affects the child's
In the project, women's income was taken as the main criterion, and household income was not questioned. Women who had income above the specified criterion early development, his success at school in later years, and therefore his future, reducing the likelihood of risky behavior and contributing to the development of
but were the sole source of income for their household were excluded from the scope of the project because their household income was not taken into account. individuals who are more useful to society. In a study conducted in Canada (Cleveland and Krashinsky, 1998), the economic and social benefits of providing quality
Even if these women earn above the criterion, they are less likely to cover the cost of child care because they are the sole source of income for the household. care services to young children and supporting them with public resources were tried to be measured. As a result of the study, it was determined that every dollar
Evaluating income criteria differently in future projects to encourage the employment of women in different groups will expand the impact area of the project. spent within the scope of a child care program would provide approximately $2 in benefit for the child and his/her family.
It is recommended that the child care preferences of project beneficiary women after the project is completed should also be taken into account during the Benefit-cost analyzes for supporting child care generally focus on the benefit provided to the woman or family in terms of employment, and the benefit provided to
development of policies. While the proportion of mothers receiving child care services from nurseries was quite low before the project, it increased after the project. the child is ignored. Child care supports in terms of employment
90 91
It is easier to measure the benefit it provides. There are two clear benefits of supports to employment. First, there will be a net increase in employment and REFERENCES
family income as the time spent on child care is directed towards employment. Secondly, the negative effects of deficiencies in workforce knowledge and skills
caused by being away from work due to child care on future income will be prevented. However, although it is not easy to measure the positive effects on the [one] Ahn, H. (2012). Child Care Subsidy, Child Care Costs, and Employment of Low-income Single Mothers. Children and Youth Services Review, 34,
child, the positive effects that quality care will have on the child's future are worth considering. While families with high income levels can access quality child 379-387.
care, providing the same opportunity to low-income families with government support is important in terms of the benefits it will provide to the child and society.
[2] Altschuler, J. (2004). Beyond Money and Survival: The Meaning of Paid Work among Older Women, International Journal of Aging and Human
Development, 58(3), 223-239.
The macroeconomic effects of informal caregiving should also be taken into account in terms of continuing the home childcare project in different forms. [3] Antonopouos, R. (2009). The Unpaid Care Work-Paid Work Connection. International Labor Office, Policy Integration and Statistics Department,
Unregistered caregiving has the opposite effect of economic fluctuations and leads to deepening economic recessions (Choi and Johnson, 2014). As the size Working Paper No: 86. Geneva
of informal caregiving increases, its negative impact on economic fluctuations also increases. The high unemployment rate and the size of the informal
[4] Baker, M., Gruber, J. & Miligan, K. (2008). Universal Child Care, Maternal Labor Supply and Family Well-Being. Journal of Political Economy, 116
economy in our country; It also confirms the predictions that the unregistered care sector is much larger than the registered care sector.
(4), 709- 745.
[5] Barsh, J. &Yee, L., (2012). Unlocking the Full Potential of Women at Work, McKinsey & Company, Wall Street Journal.
Apart from the direct effects of the project on increasing registered women's employment, it is seen that its macroeconomic effects are also widespread and
[6] Bayisenge, J. (2010). Access to Paid Work and Women's Empowerment in Rwanda. NUR Rwanda Journal, 19 Series B. 84-
important. The project provided direct and induced employment to approximately 29 thousand people. Employment will result in the generation of approximately 106.
4.5 billion TL of income in the national economy and an increase in the production of goods and services in proportion to this income. The state will collect
[7] Berber, M. & YÿlmazEser, B. (2008). Women's Employment in Turkey: Sectoral Analysis at Country and Regional Level. Journal of Labor Industrial
488 million TL in taxes from the increased income. The total project expenditure of approximately 140 million TL, 21 million of which is public, will provide SSI
Relations and Human Resources, 10(2), 1-16
with a total premium gain of 1.3 billion TL, depending on the increase in direct and stimulated revenues. Approximately nine times the project expenditure will
[8] Berlinski, S., Galiani, S. & McEwan, P. J. (2009). Preschool and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from A Regression Discontinuity
return to SSI as premium income. Therefore, the project had a greater impact on the national economy than the expenditure made on it, and the impact was
Design,IFS working papers, No. 9
ensured to be sustainable.
[9] Blackden, M. &Hallward-Driemeier, M. (2013). Ready to Bloom? Finance & Development
[10] Blau, D. M. & Tekin, E. (2007). The Determinants and Consequences of Child Care Subsidies for Single Mothers in The USA.
Journal of Population Economics, 20, 719-741.
[11th] Brooks, F. (2002). Impacts of Child Care Subsidies on Family and Child Well-Being. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17,
498-511.
[12] Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (2011). Re-Examining the Female Path to Leadership Positions in Business,
CornellUniversity.
[13] Ceritoÿlu,E. (2013). Household Expectations and Household Consumption Expenditures: The Case of Turkey. CBRT Working Report, No 13/10.
[14] Cleveland, G. &Krashinsky, M. (1998). The Benefits and Costs of Good Child Care: The Economic Rationale for Public Investment in Young Children
- A Policy Study. University of Toronto at Scarborough.
[15] Crawford, A. (2006). The Impact of Child Care Subsidies on Single Mothers' Work Effort, Review Of Policy Research, 23, 699-
711.
[16] Cuberes, D. &Teignier, M.(2012). Gender Gaps in the Labor Market and Aggregate Productivity, Sheffield Economic Research
Paper.
92 93
[17] Çabuk Kaya, N. (2010). Empowering Women by Raising Awareness: A Development Model in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. [35] Givord, P. &Marbot, C. (2015). Does The Cost of Child Care Affect Female Labor Market Participation? An Evaluation of a French Reform of Childcare
Journal of Sociological Research, 13(2), 118-143. [18] Subsidies. Labor Economics, 36, 99-111 Guner, N., R.Kaygusuz&G.Ventura (2014).
Ministry of Labor(2015). Women's Employment Support Operation Grant Program Project Summaries. Ministry of Labor, [36] Childcare Subsidies and Household Labor Supply. IZA Discussion Paper, 8303.
ÿÿKUR and the European Union http://www.ab.gov.tr/files/CSD/kadin_istihdami_compendium.pdf [37] Ha, Y. (2009). Stability of Child Care Subsidy Use and Earnings of Low-Income Families. Social Service Review, 83(4), 495-523.
[19] Danziger, SK, Ananat, EO & Browning, K.G. (2004). Childcare Subsidies and The Transition from Welfare to Work, Family Relations, 53, 523-545. [38] Ha, Y., &Miller, D. P. (2015). Child Care Subsidies and Employment Outcomes of Low-Income Families. Children And Youth Services Review, 59,
139-148.
[20] Dayÿoÿlu, M. &Kÿrdar, MG (2010). Determining Factors and Trends in Women's Labor Force Participation in Turkey, Republic of Turkey State [39] Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2014). 2013 Türkiye Population and Health Survey. Hacettepe University Population
Planning Organization and World Bank Welfare and Social Policy Analytical Work Program Working Report, 5 [21] DeAnne, G., Hoteit L., Rupp, C. Studies Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Development and TÜBÿTAK, Ankara, Türkiye.
&Sabbagh, K. (2012). Empowering the Third Billion. Women and the World of Work in 2012, [40] Hegewish, A. &Gornick, J. C. (2011). The Impact of Work-Family Policies on Women's Employment: A Review of Research from
Booz and Company. OECD Countries, Community, Work and Family 14(2), 119-138.
[22] Dedeoÿlu, S. (2010). Visible Hands-Invisible Women: Garment Production in Turkey, Feminist Economics, 16(4), 1-32. [41] Heintz, J. (2006). Globalization, Economic Policy and Employment: Poverty and Gender Implications. International Labor Organization, Geneva.
[23] Do, QT, Levchenko A, &Raddatz, C.(2011). Engendering Trade, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
[24] Dollar, D. &Gatti, R. (1999). Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth. “Are Good Times Good for Women?” World Bank Gender and Development [42] ÿlkkaracan, ÿ. (2012). Why so Few Women in The Labor Market in Turkey, Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37.
Working Paper, 1 [43] International Labor Office (2017). World Employment and Social Outlook-Trends 2017, Geneva.
[25] Elborgh-Woytek, K., Newiak, M., Kochhar K., Fabrizio S., Kpodar, K., Wingender P., Clements, C &Schwartz, G. (2013). Women, Work, and the Economy: [44] International Labor Office (2013). Domestic Workers across the World: Global and Regional Statistics and the Extent of Legal Protection. Geneva
Macroeconomics Gains from Gender Equity, IMF Working Paper, 13 (10) http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/publ/documents/publication/
[26] Enchautegui, M., Chien, N., Burgess, K. &Ghertner, R. (2016). Effects of the CCDF Subsidy Program on the Employment Outcomes of Low Income wcms_173363.pdf
Mothers. US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. [45] Kaber, N., Mahmud, S. & Tasneem, S. (2011). Does Paid Work Provide a Pathway to Women's Empowerment? Empirical Findings from Bangladesh.
Institute of Development Studies Working Paper, 375
[27] Erdut, T. (2005), Working at Home in Terms of Gender, Work and Society 2, 55-81. [46] Kÿlÿç, D. &Öztürk, S. (2014). Obstacles and Solutions to Women's Participation in the Labor Force in Turkey: An Empirical Application, Public
[28] Erman, T., Kalaycÿoÿlu S. &Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç, H. (2002). Money-Earning Activities and Empowerment Experiences of Rural Migrant Women in the City: Administration Journal, 47(1), 107-130.
The Case of Turkey. Women Studies International Forum 25(4), 395-410. [47] Kocacÿk, F., &Ayan, S. (2011). “Women Working in the Textile Field in Turkey and Their Problems: Examples of Istanbul-Adana-Denizli-Sivas and
[29] Eun-Young. C. & Johnson, T. (2014). Economic Impact of the Informal Childcare Sector in Kansas, Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 44(1), 20-35. Tekirdaÿ Provinces. International Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 464-483.
[48] Korkmaz, A. &Korkut, G. (2012). Determinants of Women's Participation in the Labor Force in Turkey, Süleyman Demirel University, Journal of the Faculty
[30] European Commission (2009). The Provision of Childcare Services, A Comparative Review of 30 European Countries. of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 17(2), 41-65.
[31] European Commission (2014). Key Data on Early Childhood Education and Care in Europe, Eurydice and Eurostat Report. [49] Kosonen, T. (2014). To Work or not to Work? The Effect of Childcare Subsidies on the Labor Supply of Parents, DeGuyter BE
[32] Ferrant, G., Pesonda, L. M. &Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in The Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labor Outcomes. OECD J. Econ. Anal. Polic, 14(3), 817-848.
Development Centre. https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf [50] Kreyenfeld, M. & Hank, K. (2000). Does The Availability of Child Care Influence The Employment of Mothers? Findings from Western Germany,
[33] Forry, N. D. &Hofferth, S. I. (2011). Maintaining Work: The Influence of Child Care Subsidies on Child Care Related Work Disruptions. Journal of Population Research and Policy Review, 19, 317-337. [51]
Family Issues 32(3), 346-368. Kubota, S. (2016). Child care costs and stagnating female labor force participation in the US. PrincetonUniversity.
[34] Gelbach, J. B. (2002). Public Schooling for Young Children and Maternal Labor Supply. The American Economic Review, 92(1), [52] Kümbetoÿlu, B., User, ÿ. &Akpÿnar, A. (2012). Missing Worker Women: A Field Research on Unregistered Work. Istanbul:
307-322. ContextPublications.
94 95
[53] Lefebvre, P. & Merrigan, P. (2008). Child-Care Policy and The Labor Supply of Mothers with Young Children: A Natural Experiment From Canada. Journal [71] Sulargil, G. (2015). Early Childhood Care and Education Studies within the Scope of Innovations in Women's Empowerment in Southeastern Anatolia
of Labor Economics, 26 (3), 519-548. Project. Early Childhood Care and Education Services Panel, Women's Labor and Employment Initiative (KEÿG), Istanbul.
59-72.
[54] Loko, B. &Diouf, MA (2009). Revisiting the Determinants of Productivity Growth: What'sNew?IMF Working Paper, 09 (225).
[55] Marks, G. & Houston, D. M. (2002). Attitudes towards Work and Motherhood held by Working and Non-Working Mothers. Work, Employment and Society, [72] TR Prime Ministry General Directorate on the Status of Women, (2008). Gender Equality National Action Plan 2008-2013. Ankara.
16(3), 523-536. [73] Republic of Turkey Ministry of Development (2013). Tenth Development Plan 2014-2018, Ankara http://www.kalkinma.gov.tr/Lists/Kalknma%20
[56] Marshall, N.L., Wagner, RW, Tracy, A.J., Frye, A. & Roberts, J. (2013). Subsidized Child Care, Maternal Employment and Access to Quality, Affordable Plans/Attachments/12/Tenth%20Get Up%C4%B1nma%20Plan%C4%B1.pdf
Child Care. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28, 808-819. [74] Turkish Ministry of Development (2017). Macro Analysis of Developments in the Labor Market. Economic Models and Strategic Research
[57] Martinez, C.A. &Peticara, M. (2017). Childcare Effects on Maternal Employment: Evidence from Chile. Journal of Development Economics, 126, 127-137. General Directorate. Department of Economic and Strategic Research, Ankara.
[75] Tekin E. (2007). Single Mothers Working At Night. Standard Work and Childcare Subsidies. Economic Inquiry, 45, 233-250.
[58] Meyers, M. K. Heintze, T, & Wolf, DA (2002). Child Care Subsidies and The Employment of Welfare Recipients. Demography, 39, 165-179. [76] Tömen, G. &Savran, F. (2015). Effects of Microfinance Programs on Women's Poverty and Entrepreneurship: A Research and a
Collaboration Model Proposal. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 1, 343-369.
[59] Miller, G. (2008). Women's Suffrage, Political Responsiveness, and Child Survival in American History. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1287-326. [77] TURKSTAT (2013). Household Labor Force Survey Results, www.tuik.gov.tr
[78] TURKSTAT (2016). AileYapÿsÿResearch, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri

[60] Misra, J., Budin, M. &Boeckmann, I. (2011). Work-Family Policies and The Effects of Children on Women's Employment Hours and Wages. Community, [79] United Nations(2015). The World's Women, 2015 Trends and Statistics. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Work and Family, 14 (2), 139-157.
[80] Ustek, F. (2015). What is Work? On the Invisibility of Women's Paid Work in the Formal Sector. Interdisciplines, 1, 29-58.
[61] Nyber, A. (2012). Gender Equality Policy in Sweden: 1970s-2010s. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 2(4), 67-84.
[81] Uysal, G. (2013). Incentives for Women's Employment Are Working. http://betam.bahcesehir.edu.tr/2013/07/kadin-istihdamina-verilen-tesvikler-ise-yariyor/
[62] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2012). Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now, Paris.
[63] OECD, (2002).Development Assistance Committee Working Party on Aid Evaluation, Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results Based Management. [82] Walby, S. & Olsen, W. (2002). The Impact of Women's Position in The Labor Market on Pay and Implications for UK Productivity.
Paris. (Web address: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/21/2754804.pdf) Women and Equality Unit.
[64] Ören, K.,Negiz, N. & Akman, E. (2012). Microcredit, Women's Poverty Fighting Tool: A Review of Experiences. [83] Walter, S. (2005). Making The Best of a Bad Job? Female Part-timers' Orientations and Attitudes to Work. Gender, Work and Organization, 12(3), 193-216.
Atatürk University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 26(2), 313-338.
[65] Özer, M. & Biçerli, K. (2004). Panel Data Analysis of Female Workforce in Turkey. Journal of Social Sciences, 2003-2004, 55-86. [84] World Bank (2011). World Development Report 2012. Gender Equality and Development, Washington.
[66] Peng, I. (2009). The Political and Social Economy of Care in the Republic of Korea. UN Research Institute for Social Development. [85] Wrohlich, K. (2014). Child Care Costs and Mothers' Labor Supply: An Empirical Analysis for Germany. German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin).
Gender and Development Program Paper Number 6.
[67] Person, K., May, MS & Mayer, CH. (2016). The Meaning of Work for South African Women. A Phenomenological Study, Journal of Psychology in Africa, [86] Vuri, D. (2016). Do childcare policies increase maternal employment? IZA World of Labor 2016: 241 doi: 10.15185/
26 (2), 134-140. izawol.241, wol.iza.org
[68] Ravazi, S. (2007). The Political and Social Economy Care in a Development Context. Conceptual Issues, Research Questions and Policy Options, UN
Research Institute for Social Development, Gender and Development Programme,3.
[69] Rittersberger-Tÿlÿç, H. & Kalaycÿoÿlu, S. (2012). Child and Elderly Caregivers: Women in the Informal Sector. In Welfare State and Women in Turkey.
Saniye Dedeoÿlu and Adem Yavuz Elveren (edt.) pp: 301-327. Istanbul: ÿletiÿimYayÿnlarÿ
[70] Staab, S. & Gerhard, R. (2010). Childcare Service Expansion in Chile and Mexico. For Women or Children or Both? UN Research Institute for Social
Development. Gender and Development Programme, 10.
96 97
APPENDIX-1: EXPERIMENT GROUP SURVEY QUESTIONS AND RESULTS Question 5. How many children under the age of 6 (six) do you have living in the same Question 7. Were you already employed when you applied for the home child
house with you? care project?
Question 1. What is your education level? Question 3. What is your profession?
While 82.12% of the project participants have 1 child under the age of 6
36.58% of the participants in the project are high school graduates, 32.76% university 45.46% of the participants in the project work in office and customer (six) living in the same house with them, 16.81% have 2 children and 1.07% When they applied for the home child care project, the rate of those who
graduates, 14.87% vocational high school or associate degree graduates, 8.84% primary services. 21.75% work as sales and marketing officers and 9.59% work as have 3 or more children. were actually working was 88.12%, while the rate of those who were not
working was 11.80%.
school graduates and 6.93% secondary school graduates. industrial workers. Question 6. At what age did you start the Home Care Project for your baby?
Question 8. I have been working for ........years in total, including .......years of

Question 2. In which sector do you work? Question 4. Total Monthly Income of Your Household -TL
insurance.
19.84% of the participants in the project work in the trade (sales and
marketing) sector. 15.97% of the respondents chose the other option and 34.85% of the participants of the project stated that their monthly income was higher than 2001-
38.91% of the participants of the project stated that their babies were
instead of defining themselves in a specific sector, they defined the field in He stated that it was between 3000 TL. The rate of those who stated that between 7-12 months old when they started the project. The rate of those While the average insured working time of the project participants is 9.27
which they work as public or private sector. they have an income above 5000 TL is 4.87%. The average income level who started the project when their baby was between 0-6 months old is 35.16%. years, the average total working time is 9.94 years.
of the survey participants is approximately 3400 TL.
98 99
Question 9. If you had not participated in the Home Child Care Project, would Question 11. What is/are the reason(s) for changing your job? Question 13. Have you experienced any wage increase or promotion at Question 15. Have you taken or are you planning to take a training or vocational
you consider leaving your job? your workplace after starting the home child care project? course related to your job after starting the home child care project?
The rate of mothers taking part in the project changing their jobs due to workplace The rate of those who took a job-related training or vocational course after starting
The rate of mothers who would consider quitting their jobs if they did not participate dissatisfaction is 35.29%. The rate of those who did not experience any wage increase or promotion at their their home child care project is 18.32%. While the rate of those who do not plan to
in the home child care project is 57.05%. workplace after starting the home child care project is 94%. While 4% received only take a job-related training or vocational course is 26.29%, the rate of those who do
Question 12. What is/are the reason(s) for not working?
a promotion and 2% received only a wage increase, no one reported receiving both not plan to take it is 55.39%.
Question 10. Did you change your job after starting the Home Child Care
a wage increase and a promotion.
Project? 16. Who Was Taking Care of Your Child Before Starting the Home Child Care
Question 14. Approximately how long does it take you to get to work? Project?
The most preferred reason for not working is the stylish child/
It was to take care of my children myself. The rate of those who do not work to take The rate of those who take care of their children themselves before starting the
care of their children is 47.17%. The rate of those who do not work because they home child care project is 50.16%. The rate of those who stated that their
While the rate of those who changed their current job after starting the are on maternity leave is 22.64%, while the rate of those who do not work due to The busiest time to go to work is between 16-30 minutes with 41.48%. While 25.41% grandmother takes care of their children is 28.91%. The rate of those who stated
home child care project is 10.14%, the rate of those who did not change low wages is 7.55%. stated that they go to work in 0-15 minutes, the rate of those who go to work in that their child is looked after by a neighbour, caregiver or relative is 18.81%. The
it is 89.86%. more than 60 minutes is 3.15%. rate of those who prefer nursery for child care is 0.53%.
one hundred 101

Question 18. Was Your Caregiver Working with Insurance? Question 22. What characteristics do you take into consideration when deciding on your caregiver?
did you get it?
Among those who stated that their children were looked after by a neighbor, The rate of those who changed their caregiver once is 72.73%. 2.27% stated that
babysitter or relative, 61.31% stated that their children were looked after by a babysitter. they changed their caregiver 4 times.
The rate of those who stated that the caregiver who takes care of their child is The most taken into consideration feature when deciding on a caregiver is familiarity
Question 17. How much were you paying to a babysitter or daycare before you started Question 21. Compared to your previous preference, what do you think about having a
insured is 11.18%. The rate of caregivers working without insurance is 88.82%. with a rate of 64.25%. While this feature was due to being experienced and being
the home child care project? caregiver look after your child now?
close to home, being certified was the least preferred feature.
Question 19. Did You Change Your Caregiver After Starting the Home Child
Care Project? Question 23. How Much Do You Currently Pay Your Caregiver?
The rate of those who stated that the payment they made to their caregiver or Compared to their previous preferences, the rate of those who are currently
nursery before starting the home child care project was between 0-800 TL is extremely satisfied with having a caregiver look after their children is 61.40%.
74.85%. While 16.17% of them paid between 801-1100 TL to a caregiver or nursery, The rate of those who are completely dissatisfied is 2.45%.
While the rate of those who changed their caregiver after starting the home child
0.60% stated that they paid more than 1600 TL.
care project is 28.82%, the rate of those who did not change it is 71.18%. 86.57% of mothers stated that they currently pay between 1101-1511 TL to their
caregivers.
102 103
Question 24. In which house does the caregiver look after your child? Question 26. What is the Education Level of Your Caregiver? Question 28. Does Your Caregiver Help You with Housework Other Than Child Care? Question 30. What is/are your reason for continuing to work?
Does it help?
While the rate of those who stated that their children were cared for at the caregiver's home was The highest level of education of caregivers is primary school with 49.68%. Among the reasons for continuing to work, the most preferred option is to
37.23%, the rate of those who stated that their children were cared for at their own home was 62.77%. 2.22% of the caregivers have an associate's degree and 5.19% have a university The rate of those who state that the caregiver does not help with household contribute to the family budget at 68.56%.
degree. chores other than child care is 85.99%. While this reason is followed by 38.72% to stay insured, the rate of those who
Question 25. After Starting the Home Child Care Project, Has
state that they will continue to work due to social relations is 9.80%.
Your Caregiver Enrolled in the Child Care Certificate Program or Question 27. What is the age of your caregiver? Question 29. Will you continue to work when the Home Child Care
Received a Certificate? Project ends?
Question 31. What is the most important reason for you to work with
insurance?
The rate of those who stated that their caregiver was enrolled in a child care The age range in which caregivers are most frequently mentioned is 35-44
certification program or received a certificate after starting a home child care years old, with a rate of 40.19%. The rate of caregivers between the ages of
project was 2.45%. 93.19% stated that their caregivers were not registered or 55-64 is 29.85%. No caregivers aged 65 or over were specified. The rate of those who stated that they will continue to work when the home child The rate of those who state that the most important reason for working with
certified in a babysitting program. care project is completed is 74.36%. insurance is to gain retirement rights is 75.69%.
104 105
Question 32. Who Will Look After Your Child While You Work? Question 35. In your opinion, which of the following policies would
encourage you to work with insurance?*
*List your preferences from 1 to 8. Give 1 to the most encouraging, 8 to the

least encouraging.
60.36% of the salary that those who plan to pay their caregiver differently after the
The rate of those who stated that another caregiver will look after their child is
While the rate of those who stated that a nursery would look after their child while 56.67%. project wants to pay is in the range of 0-800 TL.
they were working was 32.90%, 31.61% stated that their current caregiver, neighbor While the policy that most encourages project participants to work with insurance is
Question 34. What is/are your reason for leaving your job?
Question 33. How much do you plan to pay your caregiver?
or relative would look after their child. the home child care project, the policy that least encourages them to work with
insurance is the extension of unpaid leave.
Question 36. In your opinion, which of the following policies would encourage
you to employ your caregiver with insurance?*
*Rank your preferences from 1 to 5. Give 1 for most encouraging, 5 for least
encouraging.
Among those who stated that they would leave their jobs, the most preferred reason
for leaving their jobs was the option of not being able to afford the caregiver fee,
While 31.87% of those who have a project are considering paying the same wage
The rate of those who stated that their current caregiver will take care of their child
with a rate of 58.87%.
is 88.46%. to their caregiver after the project, 68.13% are considering paying a different wage.
Participants in the project stated that the policy that most encourages their caregivers
to employ insured employees is the reduction of caregivers' insurance premiums.
The least encouraging policy was chosen as facilitating insurance procedures.
106 107
Question 37. What do you think was the most important benefit of the Home Child Care Project? APPENDIX-2: CONTROL GROUP SURVEY QUESTIONS AND RESULTS
Question 1. What is your Education Level? Question 3. In which sector do you work?
It was stated that the most important benefit of the home child care project was that it encouraged 55.95% of mothers to work with insurance.
21.09% of the participants of the project stated that the most important benefit of the project was reducing the cost of child care.
While 16.50% of the respondents work in the trade (sales and marketing)
sector, this is followed by the healthcare sector with 16.35%. 15.18% of the
In the control group, 35.38% of the respondents are university graduates, 34.88% are respondents chose the other option and instead of defining themselves in a
high school graduates, 19.86% are vocational high school or associate degree specific sector, they defined the field in which they work as public or private
graduates, and 9.88% are primary school graduates. sector.
Question 2.Are you currently working? Question 4. What is your profession?
50.07% of the respondents work in office and customer services. 18.36% work
as sales and marketing personnel, and 7.05% work as healthcare personnel.
While 70.30% of the respondents are currently working, 29.70% are not
working.
108 109
Question 5. What is your household's total monthly income? Question 7. …. I have been working for a total of ….. years, including years Question 9. Have you experienced any wage increase or promotion at your workplace Question 11. Have you taken or are you planning to take a training or vocational
insured. in the last two years? course related to your job?
While the rate of those who received a job-related training or vocational course is 54.72%,
37.04% of the respondents stated that their household's monthly income was 2001- While the rate of those who received any wage increase in the workplace they the rate of those who did not receive it is 26.4%. 18.88% have not received a job-related
He stated that it was between 3000 TL. The rate of those who stated that they have an While the average insured working period of the survey participants is 8.88 years, the worked in the last two years is 32.54%, the rate of those who were promoted is training or vocational course but are considering taking one.
income above 5000 TL is 8.42%. The average income level of the survey participants is average total working period is 9.22 years. 2.07%. The rate of those who received both a promotion and a wage increase is
Question 12. Who looks after your child while you work?
approximately 3800 TL. 6.86%. 58.53% stated that they had not experienced any wage increase or
Question 8. What is/are the reason(s) for your work?
promotion in the last two years.
Question 6. How many children under the age of 6 (six) do you have living in the
same house with you? Question 10. Approximately how long does it take you to get to work?
The rate of those who stated that their grandmother takes care of their children while they
work is 69.28%. 9.44% stated that their children were looked after in a nursery while they
81.30% of those who answered this question stated that they worked to contribute to the were working. 16% stated that their children were looked after by a neighbour, relative or
family budget. This reason is followed by being insured with 45.64% and economic caregiver. In this option, the rate of those who say that their neighbors are looking after their
While 89.25% of the respondents have 1 child under the age of 6 (under) living in the same independence with 36.45%. 31.98% of the survey participants commute to work in approximately 16-30 minutes. The children is 2.56%, the rate of those who say that their relatives are looking after them is
house with them, 10.27% have 2 children and 0.48% have 3 or more children. rate of those who commute to work in more than 60 minutes is 5.19%. 29.49%, and the rate of those who say that a caregiver is looking after them is 67.95%.
110 111
Question 14. How much do you pay monthly to a babysitter or nursery? (TL) Question 16. Is your caregiver insured? Question 18. In which house does your caregiver look after your child?
Question 13. What is your reason for not having a caregiver take care of your child
or not sending him to nursery?
While 22.09% of caregivers work with insurance, 77.91% work without insurance.
51.56% of mothers stated that their monthly payment to a babysitter or nursery was between While the rate of those who stated that their children were cared for at the caregiver's home
0-800 TL. The monthly payment made by 25.78% is between 1101-1511 TL. was 42.05%, the rate of those who stated that their children were cared for at their own
Question 17. What characteristics do you take into account when deciding on your caregiver?
homes was 57.95%.
did you get it?
Question 15. What do you think about having a caregiver look after your child right now? Question 19. What is the education level of your caregiver?
50.92% of the participants stated that the reason for not having a nanny look after their
children or not sending them to a nursery was not being able to afford the nanny or nursery
fee. 39.86% of mothers think that they, their spouses, grandmothers, relatives or children
can take better care of their children. Those who chose the other option stated that their
children were too young for a babysitter or nursery or that they did not trust the babysitter
or nursery.
When deciding on a caregiver, mothers stated that they took the caregiver's familiarity into
account at a rate of 67.06%. The fact that the caregiver is certified is the feature least taken 61.73% of caregivers are primary school graduates. There are no caregivers with associate
The rate of those who are currently extremely satisfied with having a caregiver look after into consideration by mothers. degrees or university degrees.
their children is 56.82%. The rate of those who are not at all satisfied with a caregiver
looking after their children is 3.41%.
112 113
20. How old is your caregiver? 22. Does your caregiver help you with household chores other than child care? 24. If you participated in a home child care project, would you consider working 26. In your opinion, which of the following policies would encourage you to work
with insurance? with insurance?*
*List your preferences from 1 to 8. Give 1 for most encouraging, 8 for least
encouraging.
79.76% of caregivers do not help with household chores other than child care. While
It was stated that 44.44% of caregivers were between the ages of 35-44. The rate of 11.90% help in cooking, 8.33% help in house cleaning. None of the caregivers help with
caregivers aged 65 and over is 2.47%. shopping. The rate of those who would consider working with insurance if they participated in the It has been stated that the most important policy that encourages mothers to work with
home child care project is 97.55%. insurance is the home child care project. This policy is followed by the state's nursery
21. How much do you pay your caregiver monthly? (TL)
Question 23. What are the reasons why you are not working now? 25.If you participated in a home child care project, how much funding would you support and the grandmother project. Expansion of nurseries was chosen as the least
ask for? (TL) encouraging policy.
69.85% of people who are not currently working stated that the reason for not working is
The monthly payment made by mothers who stated that a caregiver looks after their to take care of their children. While 1.51% of the people who answered 8.33% said "other"
children is between 0-800 TL at a rate of 46.88%. did not state the reason for not working, 2.65% stated that they could not find a caregiver,
2.65% could not find a job, 0.76% stated that they had completed their bonus days, and
0.76% did not work voluntarily. 7.95% of the respondents stated that they were not 54.39% stated that if they had participated in the home child care project, they would
working because they were on maternity leave. have asked for an allowance between 1101-1511 TL. The rate of those who want an
allowance over 1600 TL is 7.64%.
114 115
27. In your opinion, which of the following policies would encourage you to 28. What do you think was the most important benefit of the Home
employ your caregiver with insurance?* Childcare project?
*Rank your preferences from 1 to 5. Give 1 for most encouraging, 5 for least
encouraging.
It was stated that the most important benefit of the home child care
It has been stated that the most encouraging policy for caregivers to project was that it encouraged mothers to work with insurance at a
be employed with insurance is to reduce their insurance premiums. rate of 53.16%. This is followed by reducing the cost of child care with
Facilitating insurance procedures has been the policy that least 19.79% and children receiving better and higher quality care services
with 19.31%.
encourages caregivers to work with insurance.
116

Turkie Child Care

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Turkie Child Care

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Turkie Child Care

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Machine Translated by Google

Strategy Development Directorate

Department of EU and Foreign Relations

CHILD CARE AT HOME PROJECT

IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS PROJECT TEAM

Strategy Development Directorate. Prepared by ÿti.

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

3.2. Survey Study................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ 48

3.3. Key Findings of the Survey................................................. ........................................................ ........................................ 50

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES

Project ........................ ........................................................ .... 60 Figure 17. Typology of Project Beneficiary

USA United States of America

UAE United Arab Emirates

CCDF Child Care Development Fund

CATOM Multi-Purpose Child Care Center

ECEC Early Childhood Education and Care Services

GAP Southeastern Anatolia Project

GDP Gross domestic product

ILO International Labor Organization

IMF International Monetary Fund

ÿÿKUR Turkish Employment Agency

KAGIDER Women Entrepreneurs Association

KEDV Foundation for the Evaluation of Women's Labor

KOSGEB Small and Medium Scale Industry Development Administration

NUTS Türkiye Statistical Regional Units Classification

OECD Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation

SGK Social Security Institution

SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

TANF Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

TGMP Türkiye GrameenMicrocredit Program

TDHS Türkiye Population and Health Survey

TURKSTAT Turkish Statistical Institute

UNDP United Nations Development Program

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

childcare as a profession. project was successful in encouraging mothers to work.

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

evaluates the long-term consequences of the project.

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

force participation rate is Turkey with 31%.

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

Figure 4. Male Labor Force Participation Rates by Country

Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

Figure 8. Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender and Age

Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results

Figure 7. Labor Force Participation Rates of Non-Institutional Urban Population by Gender

Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results

Source: TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey Results

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

HOME CHILD CARE PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS

Figure 13. Urban Employment Rates by Gender