Mirrors and

Lenses
Module 4
 Reflection
• bouncing of light
when it hits a surface
Definition of Terms:
The straight-line paths along which
RAY
light travels
REFLECTED The ray of light which leaves the
RAY mirror.
INCIDENT The ray of light approaching the
RAY mirror.
 Definition of Terms:
an imaginary line that can be
NORMAL drawn perpendicular to the surface
of the mirror
ANGLE OF the angle which an incident ray
INCIDENCE makes with the normal

ANGLE OF the angle which the reflected ray

REFLECTION makes with the normal
 Normal

Angle of Angle of
Incident Reflected
Incidence Reflection
Ray Ray

Mirror
 Laws of Reflection
The angle of incidence is equal to
the angle of reflection.

The normal line, incident ray, and

reflected ray are all in the same plane.
 Sample Problem

Find:
a. Angle of Reflection
b. Angles a & b
 Regular/Specular Irregular/Diffuse
• Reflection of smooth • Reflection of rough surfaces
surfaces • Happens when light is
• Happens when light rays reflected into multiple
travel at only one path directions
 Plane Mirror
• a smooth, flat
reflecting surface.
• does not have any
curvature.
 Images
Formed by
PLANE MIRRORS
 Image Characteristics
:
Location – behind the lens , at the F,
Orientation – upright, inverted
Size – diminished, magnified, equal
Type – virtual, real
Image Characteristics
Plane Mirror
:
Image distance =
Location – object distance
Orientation – Upright/erect
Size – Same size with the object/Equal
Type – Virtual
Images
Formed by
CURVED
MIRRORS
 Curved Mirror
• Mirror with curved reflecting
surfaces
Types: concave and convex
 Concave Convex

- the reflecting surface - the reflecting surface

is on the inner is on the outer surface
surface of the sphere of the sphere
 Definition of Terms:
- an imaginary line passing through
Principal Axis the center of the sphere at the exact
center of the mirror.
- The point on the mirror’s surface
Vertex where the principal axis meets the
mirror.
Center of - A point located at the center of the
curvature sphere from which the mirror is a part.
 Definition of Terms:
Focal point / - a point that is halfway between the
Focus center of curvature and vertex

Focal length - is the distance between the vertex

and the focal point
Parts of a Curved Mirror

Focal Point/
Focus

Vertex
Focal
Center of Length
Curvature
 Convex

• is called diverging mirror because the

parallel incident rays diverge after
reflection.
 Concave

• is called converging mirror because

parallel incident rays converge or
meet/intersect at a focal point.
 Ray Diagramming

• a technique use to find where an image

will be located if an object is placed in
front of a mirror/ lens
• uses three reference rays to locate the
image.
Steps in Ray Diagramming

1. Draw the parallel ray

(object > parallel to principal axis >
reflected to focal point
Steps in Ray Diagramming

2. Draw the focal ray

(object > focal point> reflected
parallel to the principal axis)
Steps in Ray Diagramming

3. Draw the central ray

(object > through central point>
reflected along itself)
Steps in Ray Diagramming

4. Draw the principal ray

(object > through vertex> reflected
the same angle)
Object outside C

Image:
di between C & f
inverted
diminished
real
Object at C

Image:
di equal to C
inverted
equal
real
Object between C & F

Image:
di > C
inverted
magnified
real
Object at F
Image:
NO IMAGE
Object inside F

Image:
behind the mirror
upright
magnified
virtual
 A concave mirror can form
different kinds of images
depending on where objects
are located in relation to the center
of curvature and focal point.
Image:
di behind the mirror, between f & mirror
upright/erect
diminished
virtual
 The created images in convex
mirrors are ALWAYS located
behind the mirror, virtual, upright
and diminished.