COMPILATION OF

PAST LESSONS
Presented by
Hwyllier Abuan
Zeth Sagum
Ace Mark Alarcon:
MODULE 1 LESSON 1

THE RESEARCH
DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN
THE RESEARCH DESIGN SERVES AS FRAMEWORK FOR
RESEARCH PLANNING AND ANSWERING YOUR RESEARCH
QUESTIONS.

THE RESEARCH DESIGN ALSO REFERS TO THE COMOPLTE

SEQUENCE OF STEPS THAT WILL BE UNDERTAKEN IN A
PROJECT.
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS OF CLASSIFYING VARIABLES.
THE METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION WILL DEPEND ON WHAT
STAGE OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS YOU ARE IN. WHEN
FORMULATING THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, YOU CLASSIFY
THE VARIABLES BASED ON CAUSE AND EFFECT BECAUSE YOU
NEED TO DEFINE THE RELATIONSHIPS THAT EXIST BETWEEN
YOUR VARIABLES.
VARIABLES IN RESEARCH DESIGN
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: IT’S A VARIABLE THAT IS
MANIPULATED OR CHANGE BY THE RESEARCHER IN AN
EXPERIMENT. IT IS THE VARIABLE THAT THE
RESEARCHER BELIEVES WILL HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE THE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: A DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE
VARIABLE IN AN EXPERIMENT THAT IS OBSERVED OR
MEASURED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
VARIABLES IN RESEARCH DESIGN
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE: THEY ARE FACTORS BEYOND
THE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES THAT
INFLUENCE STUDY RESULTS.
THEY ARE FACTORS THAT RESEARCHERS TRY TO CONTROL
FOR OR ELIMINATE BECAUSE THEY COULD AFFECT THE
OUTCOME OF THE STUDY AND LEAD TO INACCURATE
CONCLUSIONS.
VARIABLES IN RESEARCH DESIGN
EXAMPLE OF DEPENDENT, INDEPENDENT AND EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLE WHEN IT’S APPLIED IN A RESEARCH TITLE

“DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SELF-OPERATING

NOISE ALARM USING PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR”
VARIABLES IN RESEARCH DESIGN
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE COULD BE THE VARIOUS
DESIGN FEATURES OR SETTINGS OF THE NOISE ALARM
SYSTEM THAT RESEARCHERS MANIPULATE OR CONTROL
DURING DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION.

THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE WOULD LIKELY BE THE

PERFORMANCE OR EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NOISE ALARM
SYSTEM, WHICH IS MEASURED OR EVALUATED BASED ON
CERTAIN CRITERIA, SUCH AS ITS ABILITY TO DETECT AND
RESPOND TO NOISE LEVELS.
VARIABLES IN RESEARCH DESIGN
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES COULD INCLUDE ANY OTHER
FACTORS, BEYOND THE DESIGN FEATURES AND
PERFORMANCE OF THE NOISE ALARM SYSTEM, THAT MAY
INFLUENCE THE RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND
EVALUATION PROCESS, SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS OR USER BEHAVIOR.
MODULE 1 LESSON 2

BASIC PRINCIPLES
OF RESEARCH
DESIGN
THREE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
LOCAL CONTROL IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN INVOLVES
GROUPING EXPERIMENTAL UNITS BASED ON SIMILARITIES
TO ENSURE HOMOGENEITY WITHIN EACH BLOCK.
IN ENGINEERING PROJECTS, LOCAL CONTROL IS CRUCIAL
FOR ASSESSING CORRECTNESS AND PERFORMANCE
CONSISTENCY OF PROTOTYPES OR PROGRAMS BY
MINIMIZING EXTERNAL INFLUENCES, WHICH ENHANCES
RELIABILITY AND INTERPRETABILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS.
THREE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
REPLICATION: REPLICATION INVOLVES CONDUCTING AN
EXPERIMENT WITH THREE OR MORE SIMILAR UNITS
RECEIVING THE SAME TREATMENT IN SIMILAR
CONDITIONS.
IN TECHNICAL RESEARCH, WHERE THE DESIGN PRODUCT IS
THE EXPERIMENTAL UNIT, REPLICATION MEANS
REPEATING TESTS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. IT
ENABLES MEANINGFUL SIGNIFICANCE TESTING.
THREE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
RANDOMIZATION: RANDOMIZATION ENSURES UNBIASED
ASSIGNMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL UNITS OR SUBJECTS TO
TREATMENTS, ENHANCING THE VALIDITY OF STATISTICAL
SIGNIFICANCE TESTS.
MODULE 1 LESSON 3

BASIC TYPES OF
RESEARCH DESIGN
BASIC TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN IS ONE THAT IS WELL-PLANNED,
SYSTEMATIC, AND APPROPRIATE FOR ADDRESSING THE
RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR OBJECTIVES.

THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES

COMPLETELY RANDOM DESIGN
RANDOM COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN
BASIC TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
WHAT IS A COMPLETELY RANDOM
DESIGN(CRD)?
IT IS WHERE SUBJECTS OR SAMPLES ARE RANDOMLY
ASSIGNED TO DIFFERENT TREATMENT GROUPS.
EACH EXPERIMENTAL UNIT HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE OF
RECEIVING ANY TREATMENT.
CRD IS SUITABLE WHEN EXPERIMENTAL UNITS ARE
HOMOGENEOUS AND THERE ARE NO NATURAL
GROUPINGS OR BLOCKS PRESENT IN THE POPULATION.
BASIC TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
WHAT IS A RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK
DESIGN (RCBD)?
IN AN RCBD, EXPERIMENTAL UNITS ARE GROUPED INTO
HOMOGENEOUS BLOCKS BASED ON SOME KNOWN
CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY INFLUENCE THE RESPONSE
VARIABLE (E.G., SOIL TYPE, AGE GROUP, GENETIC
STRAIN).
BASIC TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
WITHIN EACH BLOCK, EXPERIMENTAL UNITS ARE
RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO DIFFERENT TREATMENT
GROUPS.
THE PRIMARY GOAL OF RCBD IS TO REDUCE
VARIABILITY BY ACCOUNTING FOR DIFFERENCES
AMONG BLOCKS, THEREBY INCREASING THE
PRECISION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE EXPERIMENT.
RCBD IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL WHEN THERE IS
VARIABILITY AMONG EXPERIMENTAL UNITS DUE TO
FACTORS THAT CAN BE CONTROLLED OR ACCOUNTED
FOR BY BLOCKING.
MODULE 2 LESSON 1

PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
WHAT IS SAMPLING?
REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A SUBSET OF
INDIVIDUALS OR ITEMS FROM A LARGER POPULATION TO
STUDY AND DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE WHOLE
POPULATION.
WHAT IS SAMPLING FRAME?
A SAMPLING FRAME IS A LIST OR AN ENUMERATION OF ALL
THE ELEMENTS OR UNITS IN A POPULATION THAT A
RESEARCHER INTENDS TO STUDY.

IT SERVES AS THE BASIS FOR SELECTING A SAMPLE FROM

THE POPULATION.
ESSENTIALLY, THE SAMPLING FRAME PROVIDES A
COMPREHENSIVE AND IDENTIFIABLE LIST OF THE UNITS
THAT CAN POTENTIALLY BE INCLUDED IN THE SAMPLE.
WHAT IS PROBABILITY SAMPLING?
PROBABILITY SAMPLING UTILIZES RANDOM SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES TO SELECT INDIVIDUALS TO CREATE
SAMPLING, WHICH ALSO MEANS THAT EVERY MEMBER OF
THE POPULATION HAS A KNOWN CHANCE OF BEING
SELECTED
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING UTILIZES RANDOM SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES TO SELECT INDIVIDUALS TO CREATE
SAMPLING, WHICH ALSO MEANS THAT EVERY MEMBER OF
THE POPULATION HAS A KNOWN CHANCE OF BEING
SELECTED
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
FIVE TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
MULTI-STAGE RANDOM SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING -
THE PARTICIPANTS SELECTED FOR THE STUDY WOULD BE
DETERMINED THROUGH SOME KIND OF “RANDOM”
PROCESS, SUCH AS ASSIGNING A NUMBER TO EVERY
MEMBER OF THE POPULATION
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING -
IT INVOLVES RANDOMLY SELECTING INDIVIDUALS FROM
SUBGROUPS OF THE POPULATION TO ENSURE THOSE
GROUPS ARE APPRIATELY REPRESENTED IN THE STUDY
SAMPLE
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING -
IN SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING,EVERY MEMBER OF THE
POPULATION IS LISTED WITH A NUMBER AND
INDIVIDUALS ARE CHOSEN AT REGULAR INTERVALS.
YOU CHOOSE EVERY “NTH” PARTICIPANT FORM A
COMPLETE LIST
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING -
CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING IS A TECHNIQUE TO
RANDOMLY SELECT PARTICIPANT THAT ARE SCATTERD
GEOGRAPHICALLY AND TOO LARGE FOR SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
MULTI-STAGE RANDOM SAMPLING -
THE MULTI-STAGE RANDOM SAMPLING USES A
COMBINATION OF ANY OF THE FOUR PROBABILITY
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
MODULE 2 LESSON 2

NON -
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
WHAT IS NON - PROBABILITY
SAMPLING?
THE SECOND TYPE OF SAMPLING IS NON PROBABILITY WHICH IS
THE OPPOSITE OF THE FIRST ONE. THIS INVOLVES NON - RANDOM
TECHNIQUES BASED ON CONVENIENCE OR OTHER CRITERIA SET BY
THE RESEARCHER. SINCE IT DOES NOT INVOLVE RANDOM
PROCESSES IN SELECTING PARTICIPANTS, THE MEMBERS OF THE
POPULATION WILL NOT HAVE AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING
SELECTED.
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
FOUR TYPES OF NON - PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING -
FORM ITS NAME, CONVENIENCE SAMPLING INVOLVES
SELECTING OF SAMPLE CONVENIENT TO YOU. YOU MAY
INCLUDE IN YOUR SAMPLE THE INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE
ACCESSIBLE TO YOU. IT IS EASY TO USE AND COST -
EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE BUT THERE IS NO ASSURANCE THAT
YOUR SAMPLE IS A REPRESENTATIVE OF YOUR CHOSEN
POPULATION.
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING -
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE INVOLVES YOU USING
YOUR OWN JUDGEMENT TO SELECT A SAMPLE WHO WILL
PROVIDE THE BEST INFORMATION TO THE PURPOSES OF THE
STUDY. IN ORDER TO COME UP WITH AN EFFECTIVE SAMPLE,
YOU MUST SET CLEAR CRITERIA IN CHOOSING THE
PARTICIPANTS. THIS IS ALSO CALLED JUDGMENTAL
SAMPLING
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
QUOTA SAMPLING -
QUOTA SAMPLING INVOLVES SETTING QUOTAS FOR
CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS OR SUBGROUPS WITHIN THE
POPULATION AND THEN SAMPLING INDIVIDUALS TO FILL
THESE QUOTAS.
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SNOWBALL SAMPLING -
SNOWBALL SAMPLING INVOLVES IDENTIFYING INITIAL
PARTICIPANTS WHO THEN REFER OR NOMINATE
ADDITIONAL PARTICIPANTS FROM THEIR SOCIAL
NETWORKS. THIS METHOD IS OFTEN USED WHEN THE
POPULATION OF INTEREST IS DIFFICULT TO REACH OR
IDENTIFY, SUCH AS MARGINALIZED OR HIDDEN
POPULATIONS.
MODULE 3 LESSON 1
GENERAL SAFETY
LABORATORY RULES AND
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR
HANDLING HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
GENERAL SAFETY LABORATORY RULES
WEAR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE):
ALWAYS WEAR APPROPRIATE PPE SUCH AS LAB COATS,
GLOVES, SAFETY GOGGLES, AND CLOSED-TOE SHOES TO
PROTECT AGAINST CHEMICAL SPLASHES, SPILLS, AND
INHALATION HAZARDS.
HANDLE CHEMICALS IN FUME HOODS: PERFORM ALL
CHEMICAL HANDLING, TRANSFERRING, AND MIXING
PROCEDURES INSIDE A PROPERLY FUNCTIONING FUME
HOOD TO MINIMIZE EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS
VAPORS, GASES, AND AEROSOLS.
GENERAL SAFETY LABORATORY RULES
LABEL AND STORE CHEMICALS PROPERLY: CLEARLY LABEL ALL
CHEMICAL CONTAINERS WITH THEIR CONTENTS, HAZARDS,
AND HANDLING PRECAUTIONS. STORE CHEMICALS IN
DESIGNATED AREAS ACCORDING TO COMPATIBILITY, AWAY
FROM HEAT SOURCES, DIRECT SUNLIGHT, AND
INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS.
FOLLOW SAFE HANDLING PROCEDURES: ADHERE TO
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) AND
ESTABLISHED PROTOCOLS FOR HANDLING, TRANSPORTING,
AND DISPOSING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. USE
APPROPRIATE CONTAINMENT MEASURES SUCH AS
SECONDARY CONTAINMENT TRAYS OR SPILL KITS.
GENERAL SAFETY LABORATORY RULES
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS: KNOW THE LOCATION OF SAFETY
EQUIPMENT SUCH AS FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, EYEWASH
STATIONS, EMERGENCY SHOWERS, AND SPILL KITS.
FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FOR
SPILLS, FIRES, INJURIES, AND EVACUATIONS, AND
PARTICIPATE IN REGULAR SAFETY TRAINING DRILLS.
BY FOLLOWING THESE GENERAL SAFETY RULES AND
PRECAUTIONS, LABORATORY PERSONNEL CAN MINIMIZE
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
AND ENSURE A SAFE WORKING ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL.
MODULE 3 LESSON 2
PROPER DISPOSAL OF
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL
WASTE
PROPER DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS
CHEMICAL WASTE
PROPER DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTE IS
CRUCIAL TO PREVENT HARM. INCORRECT DISPOSAL CAN
LEAD TO SEVERE ISSUES IN BOTH THE LAB AND THE
SURROUNDING COMMUNITY.
STORE CHEMICAL WASTE IN SUITABLE CONTAINERS, PREFERRING
PLASTIC FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE IF COMPATIBLE. SEGREGATE
BASED ON COMPATIBILITY, NOT ALPHABETICALLY.
CHEMICAL WASTE CONTAINERS REQUIRE LABELING WITH FULL
CHEMICAL NAME AND QUANTITY, INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS IN
MIXTURES, NO ABBREVIATIONS, DATE OF GENERATION, PLACE
OF ORIGIN, BOTTLE NUMBER, AND "HAZARDOUS WASTE" LABEL.
PROPER DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS
CHEMICAL WASTE
PROPER DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTE IS
CRUCIAL TO PREVENT HARM. INCORRECT DISPOSAL CAN
LEAD TO SEVERE ISSUES IN BOTH THE LAB AND THE
SURROUNDING COMMUNITY.
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS RISK ASSESMENT
BEFORE CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS, IT'S CRUCIAL TO
ASSESS THE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIOLOGICAL
AGENT. RISK ASSESSMENT DETERMINES THE BIOSAFETY
LEVEL REQUIRED FOR WORKING WITH THE AGENT,
CONSIDERING POTENTIAL HARM TO PLANTS, ANIMALS,
AND HUMANS. BIOLOGICAL AGENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
RISK GROUPS BASED ON BIOSAFETY LEVELS, DEFINING
NECESSARY LABORATORY FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT,
TRAINING, AND SUPERVISION.
 BSL-1 BSL-2
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS IN BSL-1 BIOLOGICAL AGENTS IN BSL-2
RISK GROUP POSE LOW RISK, POSE MODERATE RISKS WITH
UNLIKELY TO CAUSE DISEASE, LIMITED SPREAD IN LABS, AND
AND REQUIRE BIOSAFETY LEVEL INFECTIONS ARE TREATABLE.
1 CONTAINMENT. EXAMPLES EXAMPLES INCLUDE
INCLUDE AGROBACTERIUM MYCOBACTERIUM AND
TUMIFACIENS, MICROCOCCUS SALMONELLA.
LEUTEUS, NEUROSPORA CRASSA,
BACILLUS SUBTILIS.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
HERE ARE FOUR LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
(BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1-4). EACH LEVEL HAS GUIDELINES FOR
LABORATORY FACILITIES, SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND
LABORATORY PRACTICES AND TECHNIQUES.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
BSL-1 CONTAINMENT IS COMMONLY IN WATER-TESTING LABS, HIGH
SCHOOLS, AND COLLEGES FOR MICROBIOLOGY CLASSES. WORK IS
DONE ON OPEN BENCHES OR BIOSAFETY HOODS WITH STANDARD
PRACTICES. DECONTAMINATION IS THROUGH DISINFECTANTS OR
AUTOCLAVING. LAB COATS AND GLOVES ARE MANDATORY,
SUPERVISED BY SOMEONE TRAINED IN MICROBIOLOGY.

BSL-2 CONTAINMENT ENSURES SAFETY WITH MODERATE-RISK

AGENTS. LAB ACCESS IS RESTRICTED, REQUIRING BIOLOGICAL
SAFETY CABINETS, AUTOCLAVE, LAB COATS, GLOVES, AND EYE
PROTECTION. SUPERVISION BY A KNOWLEDGEABLE SCIENTIST IS
MANDATORY.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
BSL-3 IS NECESSARY FOR INFECTIOUS AGENTS CAUSING SERIOUS
DISEASES VIA INHALATION, WITH PROHIBITED PROJECTS IN THIS
CATEGORY.

BSL-4 CONTAINMENT IS REQUIRED FOR DANGEROUS/EXOTIC

AGENTS THAT POSE HIGH RISK OF LIFE-THREATENING DISEASE.
PROJECTS IN THE BSL-4 GROUP ARE PROHIBITED.
MODULE 3 LESSON 3
METHOD AND TECHNIQUES
USED IN PERFORMING
EXPERIMENT
WHAT IS LIFE SCIENCE?
LIFE SCIENCE IS THE STUDY OF LIVING
ORGANISMS AND LIFE PROCESS

ALSO KNOWN AS BIOLOGY, IS A BRANCH OF

SCIENCE THAT FOCUSES ON THE STUDY OF LIVING
ORGANISMS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH
EACH OTHER AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
AUTOCLAVING
IS VITAL FOR STERILIZING EQUIPMENT BY USING HIGH-
PRESSURE STEAM TO KILL MICROORGANISMS, ENSURING
SAFETY IN LABORATORY, MEDICAL, AND INDUSTRIAL
SETTINGS.
CULTURE MEDIUM OR GROWTH MEDIUM
A CULTURE MEDIUM, ALSO CALLED A GROWTH MEDIUM,
PROVIDES ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AND CONDITIONS FOR
MICROORGANISMS, CELLS, OR TISSUES TO GROW IN A
LABORATORY.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
ROTARY EVAPORATION
ROTARY EVAPORATION, ALSO KNOWN AS ROTOVAP, IS A
TECHNIQUE USED IN LABORATORIES TO REMOVE
SOLVENTS FROM A SOLUTION THROUGH THE PROCESS OF
EVAPORATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE
STREAK PLATE TECHNIQUE
THE STREAK PLATE TECHNIQUE IS A MICROBIOLOGICAL
METHOD USED TO ISOLATE AND OBTAIN PURE CULTURES OF
MICROORGANISMS FROM A MIXED POPULATION
WHAT IS PHYSICAL SCIENCE?
PHYSICAL SCIENCE IS THE STUDY OF THE INORGANIC
WORLD

PHYSICAL SCIENCE IS A BRANCH OF NATURAL SCIENCE

THAT STUDIES THE NON-LIVING SYSTEMS AND
PHENOMENA OF THE NATURAL WORLD
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
ACID-BASE EXTRACTION
AN ACID-BASE EXTRACTION IS A COMMON TECHNIQUE
USED IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TO SEPARATE AND PURIFY
COMPOUNDS BASED ON THEIR ACID-BASE PROPERTIES.

CRYSTALIZATION
CRYSTALLIZATION IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO PURIFY SOLID
COMPOUNDS. IT INVOLVES DISSOLVING THE COMPOUND
IN A SUITABLE SOLVENT AT AN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE TO
FORM A SATURATED SOLUTION.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION IS A METHOD USED TO SEPARATE
COMPONENTS OF A LIQUID MIXTURE BASED ON
DIFFERENCES IN THEIR BOILING POINTS..

DRYING AGENTS
DRYING AGENTS, ALSO KNOWN AS DESICCANTS, ARE
SUBSTANCES USED TO REMOVE WATER OR MOISTURE
FROM A SOLUTION OR A SOLVENT.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
MELTING POINT
THE MELTING POINT OF A SUBSTANCE IS THE
TEMPERATURE AT WHICH IT CHANGES FROM A SOLID TO A
LIQUID PHASE AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
TITRATION
TITRATION IS A QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE
USED TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF A
SUBSTANCE IN A SOLUTION BY REACTING IT WITH A
STANDARDIZED SOLUTION OF KNOWN CONCENTRATION.
MODULE 4 LESSON 1
BASIC STATISTIC
IN
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
BASIC STATISTIC IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
STATISTICS
STATISTICS PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN VARIOUS FIELDS,
FROM GRADING TO COVID-19 VACCINE RESEARCH,
IMPACTING AGRICULTURE, MEDICINE, COMMUNICATION,
ECONOMICS, AND MORE.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH, GATHER INFORMATION, PLAN
HOW TO DEAL WITH IT, AND USE STATISTICAL METHODS TO
INTERPRET AND GIVE MEANING TO THE DATA BEFORE
DECIDING WHETHER TO ACCEPT OR REJECT HYPOTHESES.
BASIC STATISTIC IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
WHAT IS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS?
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
SUMMARIZES OR DESCRIBES THE ESSENTIAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF A KNOWN SET OF DATA. FOR
EXAMPLE, THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH CONDUCTS A TALLY
TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF COVID-19 CASES PER DAY
IN THE PHILIPPINES.
BASIC STATISTIC IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS INVOLVES GENERALIZING FROM
SAMPLES TO POPULATIONS, HYPOTHESIS TESTING,
DETERMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES, AND
MAKING PREDICTIONS.
BASIC STATISTIC IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS INVOLVES GENERALIZING FROM
SAMPLES TO POPULATIONS, HYPOTHESIS TESTING,
DETERMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES, AND
MAKING PREDICTIONS.
MODULE 4 LESSON 2
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TECHNOLOGY OR
POSITIONOR AVERAGE
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TECHNOLOGY
OR POSITIONOR AVERAGE
AFTER ORGANIZING SCORES AND OTHER MEASURES INTO A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION, THE SUBSEQUENT STEP IS TO
COMPUTE A MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY OR CENTRAL
POSITION. THIS MEASURE, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE
"AVERAGE," REPRESENTS A TYPICAL VALUE THAT
SUMMARIZES THE DATASET.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TECHNOLOGY
OR POSITIONOR AVERAGE
THE MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODEARE THE THREE MAIN
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEAN
THE MEAN, COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE AVERAGE, IS A
WIDELY USED MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY. IT IS
CALCULATED AS THE ARITHMETIC AVERAGE OF ALL SCORES OR
GROUPS OF SCORES IN A DISTRIBUTION. THIS PROCESS
INVOLVES ADDING UP ALL THE SCORES OR DATA POINTS AND
THEN DIVIDING BY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TECHNOLOGY
OR POSITIONOR AVERAGE
MEDIAN
THE MEDIAN REPRESENTS THE MIDDLE-MOST VALUE IN A LIST
OF ITEMS THAT ARE ARRANGED IN EITHER INCREASING OR
DECREASING ORDER. IF THE NUMBER OF ITEMS IS ODD, THERE
WILL BE EXACTLY ONE ITEM IN THE MIDDLE. HOWEVER, IF THE
NUMBER OF ITEMS IS EVEN, THE MEDIAN IS DETERMINED BY
AVERAGING THE TWO MIDDLE ITEMS.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TECHNOLOGY
OR POSITIONOR AVERAGE
MODE
THE MODE IS THE VALUE OR GROUP OF VALUES THAT APPEAR
MOST FREQUENTLY IN A DATASET. SOME DISTRIBUTIONS
MAY LACK A MODE, WHILE OTHERS MAY HAVE MULTIPLE
MODES, TERMED AS BIMODAL DISTRIBUTIONS. THE MODE
PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO THE MOST COMMON OCCURRENCE
WITHIN THE DATASET, HELPING TO UNDERSTAND ITS
CENTRAL TENDENCY.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TECHNOLOGY
OR POSITIONOR AVERAGE
THESE MEASURES PROVIDE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE
CENTRAL TENDENCY OF A DATASET AND ARE CHOSEN BASED
ON THE NATURE OF THE DATA AND THE SPECIFIC RESEARCH
QUESTION OR CONTEXT.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TECHNOLOGY
OR POSITIONOR AVERAGE
THIS IS THE FORMULA FOR MEAN, MEDIAN,
AND MODE:
MODULE 4 LESSON 2
MEASURES OF VARIATION
/ DISPERSION
WHAT IS DISPERSION?
DISPERSION REFERS TO THE STATE OF BEING
SPREAD OUT OR DISTRIBUTED. STATISTICAL
DISPERSION MEASURES HOW MUCH NUMERICAL
DATA IS EXPECTED TO DEVIATE FROM AN AVERAGE
VALUE. IN ESSENCE, DISPERSION AIDS IN
COMPREHENDING THE DATA'S DISTRIBUTION.
MEASURES OF VARIATION /DISPERSION
TYPES OF MEASURES OF DISPERSION

THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF DISPERSION

METHODS IN STATISTICS WHICH ARE:
ABSOLUTE MEASURE OF DISPERSION
RELATIVE MEASURE OF DISPERSION
MEASURES OF VARIATION /DISPERSION
ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF DISPERSIONABSOLUTE MEASURES
OF DISPERSION, SUCH AS RANGE, STANDARD DEVIATION,
AND QUARTILE DEVIATION, EXPRESS VARIATIONS IN THE
ORIGINAL DATA SET'S UNIT, SHOWING DEVIATIONS FROM
THE AVERAGE.
MEASURES OF VARIATION /DISPERSION
RELATIVE MEASURE OF DISPERSION
A RELATIVE MEASURE OF DISPERSION IS A STATISTICAL
MEASURE USED TO EXPRESS THE VARIABILITY OR SPREAD
OF A DATASET RELATIVE TO ITS CENTRAL TENDENCY.
MEASURES OF VARIATION /DISPERSION

THE FOLLOWING ARE

THE FORMULAS AND
METHODS:
 Method Range Formula :

For example, if a data set showed :

sn - ln = n
42 55 68 72 79
4 - 79 = 75
The range would be 75 because R = 75
79 ( the largest number) minus
4 ( the smallest number ) is 75
Method Variance Formula :
_ _ _
Data
X = Σ Xi = 63
2
Xi - X ( Xi - X )

|
5 -4 16 n

|
7
6 -3 8 _
8 -1 1
s² = Σ ( Xi - X )²

|
9 0 0
n-1
10 1 1 s² = 56 = 56

|
11 4

|
2 7-1 6
14 5 25
63 56
 Method Standard Variation
Formula
Sample Numbers = F = √Σ ( Xi-X) ²
2,5,9,12 n-1

- = 28
1. Calculate X = ΣXi
n
= 2+5+9+12
4 4 =7
2. Calculate Σ(Xi-X) ² = ( 2 - 7 )² 3. Σ = √58 = √58 = √58 = 4.397
+ ( 5 - 7 )² + ( 9 - 7 )² + ( 12 - 7 )² n-1 4-1 3

= ( - 5 )² + ( -2 )² + ( 2 )² + ( 5 )²
= 25+4+4+25
= 58
MODULE 4 LESSON 3
PARAMETRIC AND NON-
PARAMETRIC TEST
WHAT IS PARAMETRIC TEST?
PARAMETRIC TESTS ASSUME A NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION OF VALUES, LIKE A BELL-SHAPED
CURVE, IN THE POPULATION FROM WHICH THE
SAMPLE IS DRAWN, SUCH AS HEIGHT BEING
NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED.
WHAT IS PARAMETRIC TEST?
PARAMETERS FOR USING NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION IS
MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
VARIENCE
WHAT IS NON-PARAMETRIC TEST?
NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS ARE STATISTICAL TESTS THAT DO
NOT RELY ON POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ASSUMPTIONS.
THEY ARE USED WHEN DATA DOES NOT MEET PARAMETRIC
TEST ASSUMPTIONS, LIKE NON-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OR
SMALL SAMPLE SIZES. EXAMPLES INCLUDE WILCOXON
RANK-SUM, KRUSKAL-WALLIS, AND MANN-WHITNEY U
TESTS, OFFERING ROBUSTNESS IN RESEARCH ACROSS
DIFFERENT FIELDS.
THANK YOU!!!