Rizal’s Life and Work
MODULE 3- The Challenges and Response of the Nineteenth Century
MARIA JULIANA D. ENRIQUE/ BSMT-1B
MAIN TOPIC
• NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM,
MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY
• MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY
• THE EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION ARE MULTIFARIOUS
• RESPONSES TO THE GROWING SOCIAL
PROBLEMS ARE CREATED BY THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
• SCIENCE BECOMES THE SERVANT OF
MAN
• MODERN IMPERIALISM STARTS A
PROCESS OF HISTORIC CHANGE
• GROWING CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS
INQUIRES OPTIMISM
I. NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM,
MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY
Why do we need to study about the challenges
and responses of the nineteenth century?
- To better understand and appreciate the role of
Jose
Rizal in the making of the Filipino nation (when
viewed within a time-frame and its proper historical
context)
- To know the developments in the century when
Rizal lived, the period he worked
Nineteenth Century
-an era of challenges and
responses”
- “period of major changes
which affected men and
society”
WALA LANG TO!
Six Important Changes of the Country:
I. The struggle for nationalism
II. The gradual spread for democracy
III. The modernization of living through Industrial
Revolution
IV. The advance of science
V. The march of imperialism
VI. The new current in the movement of thought
and growing confidence on progress
Nations Struggle for Nationalism
“Nationalism”
- Is a feeling of oneness by a group of people
who believe that they possess common
traditions culture, and common ideas or
goals.
Effects of Nationalism:
When people become aware that they are different
from another group, they become proud of their
group.
- People become willing to serve their group.
- People become patriotic.
- People develop pride in their country.
- However these are possible, only if the
people know their own
country.  This is the main reason why Rizal
would encourage
studies about the Philippines.
-Two great upheavals that occurred in the
last quarter of the
eighteenth century: the American Revolution
(1775-1783) and
the French Revolution (1779-1789), had
influenced the
thinking and development of the nineteenth
century.
LIBERALS VS. CONSERVATIVES
-The liberals and conservatives disagreed on the
rights and the way governments should be run.
Liberals: A country should be free from domination
by another and the people should enjoy liberty,
equality, and opportunity.
Conservatives: They believed in the “good old
days” when monarchs and kings ruled over their
subjects.
 Rizal’s Life and Work
MODULE 3- The Challenges and Response of the Nineteenth Century
MARIA JULIANA D. ENRIQUE/ BSMT-1B
Other Events:
-The Greeks with foreign aid won their
independence from the Turks in 1830.
-The Norwegians won their freedom from the
Swedes in 1905.
- In 1861, after a long period of disunion, Italy
through the work of Camillo Cavour, Joseph
Mazzini, and Joseph Garibaldi, became a free and
united nation with the exception of the City of Rome
which remained under the Pope and Venetia, Trent
and Trieste under Austria.
- Through the leadership of Otto von Bismarck who
adopted a policy of “blood and iron” Germany was
united in 1871.
Outside of Europe
-In 1867, Canada became a self-governing nation.
-The movement for nationalism in Latin America
kept pace with the progress in Europe and North
America. Spain’s colonies in Latin America revolted
and won their independence between 1800 and
1825. Simoun de Bolivar, “the liberator”, freed
Northern South America the territory which is now
Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, and part of Peru.
Jose San Martin a patriotic upperclass Spaniard
freed Southern South America.
In Asia
- Nationalism developed in Japan during a long
period of seclusion under the Shogunate.
- Nationalism in India arose because of British
exploitation of the country and racial discrimination.
- In the Philippines, it began to be felt under the
unjust execution of Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano
Gomez y de los Angeles and Jacinto Zamora on
February 17, 1872.
II.MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY
Democracy
- A system of government in which power is
vested in the people and exercised by them
directly, has constraints on the power of the
executives, and provides a guarantee of civil
liberties.
DEMOCRACY IN OTHER COUNTRIES
In France
-France was able to achieve democracy
through a revolution.
-Following the establishment of the Third
French Republic in 1875. The country has
created laws which paved a way in the
advancement of democracy in their country.
-They also gave everyone a right to vote.
In England
-Democracy was established through a series of
reforms passed by the Parliaments.
-Reform acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884 enhanced its
progress.
- The right to vote was extended to more people.
New election districts were created.
- Cabinet system was adopted under which the
ministers were made responsible to the House of
Commons and not to the King or House of Lords.
- Slavery was abolished.
-Funds were provided for public education.
- The employment of children and women under ten
years was prohibited.
In Belgium
-A very liberal constitution was adopted in 1831.
In Switzerland
- In 1848, the complete manhood suffrage was
approved. The complete manhood suffrage refers
to the right of all adult males to vote.
- The “referendum” which allows a bill to be passed
by the legislature to be presented to the people for
approval and the “initiative” which gives the voters
the right to propose laws for approval of the
legislature were also adopted.
In Australia
-They introduced the secret ballot system, the
system of voting in which voters mark their choices
in privacy on uniform ballots printed and distributed
by the government or designate their choices by
some other secret means.
-Adopted the manhood suffrage in 1885
 Rizal’s Life and Work
MODULE 3- The Challenges and Response of the Nineteenth Century
MARIA JULIANA D. ENRIQUE/ BSMT-1B

In New Zealand Changes In Industry

-The manhood suffrage was also Shift from hand work to machine work:
adopted.
a. Shift from hand work to machine work:
In United States
- Democracy made remarkable progress when two
men from the common people, Andrew Jackson
and Abraham Lincoln, were elected president.
- The American Civil War ended slavery..
In the Philippines b. Shift from hand work to machine work:

Jose Rizal led the crusade for democracy by

working for the rights of man in which he
wrote, “We... fight so that there may be
more justice and more liberty and for the
sacred rights of man.”
III. THE EFFECTS OF THEINDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION ARE MULTIFARIOUS

Industrial Revolution
- Began in England in the 17th century or earlier,
until the 19th century
- Spread to the United States and much later to
other countries of Europe, Asia, Latin America,
Canada, Australia and parts of Africa.
Coal, iron, and steel became the basic materials of
industry
Revolution in Manufacturing
spinning jenny, spinning frame, spinning shuttle,
cotton grin, and sewing machine
Revolution in Transportation
steam boats, steam locomotives, airplanes,
automobiles, and balloons
Revolution in Communication
telephone, telegraph, wireless telegraphy, cable,
postal service and newspapers
Effects of the creation of machines
(industrialization):

- Establishment of factories
- Thousands of workers were employed in the
beginning
- Manufacturers went into large scales of
production of goods
- Commodities became cheaper
- Towns and cities grew
- Wealth of nation increased by leaps and bounds
- Factory system improved the standards of living
-Two social classes arose: capitalists and laborer
 Rizal’s Life and Work
MODULE 3- The Challenges and Response of the Nineteenth Century
MARIA JULIANA D. ENRIQUE/ BSMT-1B
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
Encouraged Migration
-People moved to new places where they could
improve their social, economic, and political
conditions.
Increase in population came about
- a result of advancement in medical knowledge
and public hygiene,
opening of more lands for cultivation, improvement
in the production of
goods, development of new industries and increase
in national income.
Nationalism was stimulated
-people felt the need for closer union in solving their
problems and attaining goals
-Rizal confirmed this in his writings that:
“The people go from one island to another, naturally
communication and exchange of ideas have
increased and realizing that they were all menaced
with the same danger and their common
sentiments are hurt, they become friends and they
unite”.
Growth of liberalism was fostered
-Laissez-faire – a new economic philosophy
- “let well enough alone” or “hands off”
-a policy that prevented the government from
interfering in private trade or industry except
with its role of protecting the nation against any
kind of threat.
Industrial Capitalism developed
-Capitalist- new producers who finance mills and
factories. Capitalism increased the
number of banks and the amount of credit,
promoted insurance and multiplies corporations.
-Industrial Revolution brought about the victory of
middle class. The middle class dominated society
and dictated its social, moral, and political
standards.
Labor problems faced during this period:
- Disputes between labor and capital, wherein the
former demands for an increase in wages, shorter
hours of work, insurance benefits, compensation for
injury met during working hours and wholesome
working conditions.
IV. RESPONSES TO THE GROWING SOCIAL
PROBLEMS ARE CREATED BY THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Liberals, Socialists, Communists
Suggested proposals to remedy the evils of the
Industrial Revolution.
Liberals
- Adopted laissez-faire policy.
- Allows everybody to expand as much as they
wished in their industrial enterprises, which resulted
into unemployment and misery with industrialists
being powerful and rich, and working men being
poorer.
Socialists
- Believed that the government should own and
manage the means of production for the
benefit of all and not only for a few individuals.
- “As long as the capitalists controlled the
economic life of the people, there could be no
democracy.”
- Believed that reforms could be achieved
gradually and peacefully through normal
political methods and with compensation for
the private owners.
Some of the earliest socialists:
Claude Henri
proposed a new and positive
reorganization of society,
controlled by the chiefs of
industry, with scientists in the
role of priests, which aimed to
produce things useful to life,
and peace would be assured
by universal association.
 Rizal’s Life and Work
MODULE 3- The Challenges and Response of the Nineteenth Century
MARIA JULIANA D. ENRIQUE/ BSMT-1B

Francois Fourier each and all members of society. The worker is

entitled to a just and decent living wage which will
-advocated a reconstruction of
enable him to live in reasonable comfort as a
society based on communal
human being, to develop his faculties, and to attain
associations of producers
his ultimate goal in life.
known as phalanges.
- The State has the duty to provide favourable
-Fourierism
working conditions.
- The workers have the right to form unions.

V. SCIENCE BECOMES THE SERVANT OF MAN/

Robert Owen
ADVANCES INCHEMISTRY+
-one of the most influential early 19th-century
advocates of Utopian Socialism.
Communists John Dalton
– formulated the atomic theory which explains that
all matter is made up of invisible particles or atoms.
Karl Marx
-co-author of Communist
Manifesto
-advocated revolutionary
communism.
-believed that only a violent
revolution could
improve the lot of workingmen
Marie Curie
Also advocated
1. Abolition of private property in land. – discovered radium, an
2. Centralization of all the means of production in important
the hands of the state. element Radium is used to
3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance. produced Radon
4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and
rebels.
5. Universal and equal obligation to work.
Rerum Novarum (The Conditions of Labor) ADVANCES IN MEDICINE
Contained Christian principles advocated by the
Catholic Church and announced by Pope Leo XIII,
reacting to the evils of industrialism. Louis Pasteur
- Rights must be religiously respected. - discovered that germs cause
- It is the duty of public authority to prevent and diseases in man and animals
punish injury. (germ theory)
- The poor and the helpless have a claim to a - became the outstanding
special consideration whenever there is a question helper of mankind Pasteur
of protecting the rights of individuals. came up with pasteurization
- Since private property is as universal as human
nature, the State has the right to regulate the use of
private property and to protect it.
- The preservation of life is the bounden duty of
 Rizal’s Life and Work
MODULE 3- The Challenges and Response of the Nineteenth Century
MARIA JULIANA D. ENRIQUE/ BSMT-1B
Robert Koch
– discovered the germ that
caused anthrax
-Inhalation anthrax
-became the greatest
bacteriologist of his day
Dr. Joseph Lister
– introduced antiseptics which prevents infection
- began the modern practice of hospital sanitation
Dr. Crawford Long
– demonstrated the anesthetic
properties of ether in a
surgical operation in 1842
Dr. William Morton
– first to use the ether to
ease pain
of tooth extraction in 1846
Dr. James Simpson
– used chloroform for the
first time in 1847.
-The advances in science gave man longer life-
span by controlling or eliminating many diseases.
- Natural sciences brought a new understanding of
the world and the place of man in it.
- To the Jesuits the Philippines owes her dawning
system of instruction in the natural sciences, the
soul of the 19th century – Jose Rizal.
VI. MODERN IMPERIALISM STARTS A
PROCESS OF HISTORIC CHANGE
Imperialism
– is the activity of the nation in extending its control
and authority beyond its territorial boundaries
through the acquisition of the new territories; the
desire of civilized nations to rule over weak or
”backward” peoples.
Great modern powers acquired colonies,
concessions or spheres of influence
for several reasons:
1. From an economic standpoint:
- To secure raw materials
- Markets for manufactures products
- Additional food supplies
- Outlets for surplus population
- Fields for investment of surplus capital.
2. From a political standpoint:
- Acquisition of regions necessary for national
defense
-Territories for patriotic ends in view
3. From a religious standpoint:
- To spread a particular religion
Two most common techniques of economic
imperialism:
-Economic penetrations by asking permission to do
business for foreign capitalists
-Political control in order to protect economic
interests.
 Rizal’s Life and Work
MODULE 3- The Challenges and Response of the Nineteenth Century
MARIA JULIANA D. ENRIQUE/ BSMT-1B

-The Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century Individualism

inspired nations to begin modern imperialism
-belief that every human life is sacred; the
which resulted in the building of empires.
government exists for the welfare of all citizens.
- The 19th century imperialism supporters believe
that imperialism had done the conquered Rizal believed that the inextinguishable passion
countries many good things such as: and capabilities of the Filipino people can
overshadow the tenacious ignorance of its
- Sanitation dominators and the forces of which deprives them
- Education to truly live.
- Better means of transportation and
communication
- Scientific methods of agriculture
- Improved ways of living
- Progressive ides on religion
- Government and recreation
- Enriched culture

Imperialism also abolished practices such as

cannibalism, slave traffic, and slavery.
- Those opposing imperialism believe that it had
done more harm than good:
- Exploitation of natural resources to enrich the
colonizing country
- Racial discrimination
- Promotes disunity

Nationalism And Democracy

-Modern imperialism aroused the spirit of
nationalism among
the peoples
- People demanded for independence
- A process of historic change had begun

Growing Confidence On Progress

Inspires Optimism
- Developments in the late 19th Century:
-Man made considerable advancement in various
fields
- Democracy made significant reforms in
government and social relations
- Human rights was extended to many people
- Large investments for public education
- Higher education for women
- Improved public health
- Literature and art
- Architecture and music