FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Eng. Iuliana AGAROFINEI

(MĂDULARU)

Ph.D. THESIS
- ABSTRACT -

REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING SEISMIC

ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS

Ph.D. Supervisor,
Prof. Ioan POP, Ph.D., Eng.

Scientific evaluating committee:

CHAIRMAN: - Assoc. Prof. Anca-Gabrieala Popa, Ph.D., Eng. – Vice Dean,
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
MEMBERS: - Prof. Ioan Pop, Ph.D., Eng. – Ph.D. Supervisor, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
- Prof. Virgil Breabăn, Ph.D., Eng. – Reviewer, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, “Ovidius” University of Constanţa
- Prof. Nicolae Florea, Ph.D., Eng. – Reviewer, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Building Services, “Gh. Asachi” Technical
University of Iaşi
- Prof. Traian Oneţ, Ph.D., Eng. – Reviewer, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca

- 2010 –
Contents

1. GENERAL ASPECTS

2. SEISMIC PROTECTION LEVEL OF BUILDINGS IN ROMANIA ACCORDING TO

CODE P100/1-2006 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

3. STRUCTURAL CONTROL. PASSIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS. ENERGY

DISSIPATION DEVICES

4. THE USE OF ENERGY ABSORBING DAMPERS FOR THE REHABILITATION OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME BUILDINGS

5. CASE STUDY – REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME BUILDING S+P+7E

6. REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING FRICTION DAMPERS

7. CONCLUSIONS AND ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

SELECTIVE REFERENCES
 REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS - Abstract

1. GENERAL ASPECTS

The degree of seismic protection of buildings is significantly influenced by the current

design philosophy for buildings within seismic areas. Thus, the seismic codes are
continuously adapting to the new experiences and findings in the field of earthquake
engineering. On a global scale, there is an increasing trend of seismic protection requirements.
Therefore, the provisions for design and composition of structures in terms of performance to
seismic actions become even more severe.
In Chapter 1, general issues on seismic design of buildings and the concept of seismic
protection in terms of energy balance equation are briefly discussed.

2. SEISMIC PROTECTION LEVEL OF BUILDINGS IN ROMANIA

ACCORDING TO CODE P100/1-2006 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

The design concepts evolved in time as the field research brought new data, the
experience gained as a result of some severe earthquakes that confirmed or not some of the
hypotheses, the evolution of the advanced calculus methods etc; evolution that was reflected
in the current design regulations.
This way it is explained the fact that current design regulations are much closer to
reality, and they reflect to a greater extent the phenomena that occur during the action of an
earthquake so that the performance requirements and their fulfillment conditions are much
better structured and reflected in these design regulations.
This phenomenon was reflected also in the Romanian regulations that evolved in time,
evolution supported also by the continuous updating of the seismic zonation. The modern
concept (economic) of building design, with the ensuring of inelastic behavior for structural
systems, is mastered better and better. We can point out that the current design provisions
based upon the inelastic design concept, through the performance criteria, concerning the
requirements of life safety and those of degradation limitation, that they impose, are much
more severe than the ones from the previous period.
In spite of the fact that after the earthquake of November, 10, 1940 some instructions
for prevention of building deterioration caused by earthquake were introduced (1941, 1945)
and the territory was divided into two areas - “seismic zonation” - (a seismic and a non-
seismic one), we could talk about design regulations only after 1963 with a seismic zonation
of the territory according to STAS 2923/1952 [123] and STAS 2923-63 [124]. The first
design conditioned code P13-63 [113] applied in Romania was inspired in the greatest extent
by the Soviet SN8-1957 [36] regulation.
In the second chapter is presented the evolution of seismic design standards in
Romania, starting with 1963, correlated to the changes of requirements regarding the calculus
and coposition of reinforced concrete elements.
The chapter describes the evolution of coefficients (ks, β, εr, ψ) involved in
determining the seismic forces, the evolution of global seismic coefficient (c1) for reinforced
concrete frame structures situated in the main Romanian cities and the evolution of provisions
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 REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS - Abstract

for reinforced concrete frames (design requirements – strength and ductility, calculus at ULS,
composition rules).

3. STRUCTURAL CONTROL. PASSIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS. ENERGY

DISSIPATION DEVICES.

Structural control can be achieved by: passive control, active control and semi-active
and hybrid control (Figure 3.1).
Structural
Control

Active and
Passive Hybrid
semi-active
Control Control
Control

Energy
Seismic Tuned Mass
Dissipation
Isolation Dampers
Devices

Figure 3.1 – Structural control systems

In Chapter 3, the main structural control systems are summarized, with an emphasis
on passive control and mainly on energy absorbing dampers.
Energy absorbing dampers can be classified according to how energy is dissipated in
the following categories:
- mechanical energy dissipation devices;
- energy dissipation devices with fluid;
- energy dissipation devices with friction.
Metallic yield
dampers
Mechanical energy
dissipation devices
Braces

Viscoelastic
ENERGY dampers
ABSORBING
DAMPERS

Energy dissipation Viscous fluid

devices with fluid dampers

Energy dissipation
devices with Extrusion dampers
friction

Figure 3.7 – Energy dissipation devices – classification

2
 REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS - Abstract

A number of dampers are presented for each category mentioned above, describing
their composition and working principle.

4. THE USE OF ENERGY ABSORBING DAMPERS FOR THE

REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME BUILDINGS

In the first part of the fourth chapter are presented the main criteria that must be
considered in the decision process of choosing energy absorbing dampers for the
rehabilitation of buildings. The chapter also presents some experimental studies conducted by
different researchers on energy dissipation devices and several examples of their
implementation at the rehabilitation of buildings.

5. CASE STUDY – REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME BUILDING S+P+7E

To highlight the influence of changes over time in the seismic design of buildings, a
S+P+7E reinforced concrete frame building was considered, located in Bucharest. The office
building was designed at a time, according to the provisions of seismic codes P13-63 [113],
P13-70 [114], P100-78 (81) [115] [116], P100-90 (92) [117] [118] and P100/1-2006 [119],
and also in compliance with all the other requirements in force at those dates, including the
seismic zoning of the territory. Thus, the design of this structure was made according to the
codes in force in 1963, 1970, 1978 (1981), 1990 (1992) and 2006. The determinations were
made for a longitudinal frame and a transversal one (columns: C2, C6, C5, beams: B5 and
B8).

Figure 5.10 – Building plan

3
 REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS - Abstract

The base shear forces, the dimensions resulted for the structural elements (beams and
columns), the amount of reinforcement and the reinforcement coefficients resulted for
columns and beams were compared in the first part of this study.
2000 2000

Forta taietoare de baza [kN]

Forta taietoare de baza [kN]

1500 P13-63 1500 P13-63

P13-70 P13-70
1000 P100-78(81) 1000 P100-78(81)
P100-90(92) P100-90(92)
500 P100-2006 500 P100-2006

0 0

Figure 5.6 – Base shear force – on “x” Figure 5.7 – Base shear force – on “y”

In the second part, the aim of the study was to determine the level of seismic
protection for the building designed according to the 1963, 1970, 1978, 1981, 1990 and 1992
regulations. Thus, for the structures designed according to the 1963, 1970, 1978, 1981, 1990
and 1992 regulations, the structural efforts were determined for the situation in which the
buildings were subjected to seismic forces determined considering the new seismic design
code P100/1-2006 [119].
The moment capacity of beams and columns were compared to the new efforts
resulted when the structure is subjected to the seismic forces determined according to the code
P100/1-2006 [119]. Comparison were also made between the amount of actual reinforcement
and the necessary one.

6. REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING FRICTION DAMPERS

Chapter six presents the theoretical principals of friction devices, the design criteria of
buildings with friction dampers, a simplified method to estimate the damper properties (slip
load and brace section – Tabeshpour, [86]) and a case study in which a friction damper with
teflon is proposed for the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete frame buildings.

7. CONCLUSIONS AND ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

a) Theoretical conclusions regarding the level of seismic protection for buildings in

Romania
The problems of the structures built prior to 1977 are related to the following causes:
 Lack of seismic regulations before 1963.
 Modification of seismic zonation in Romania.

4
 REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS - Abstract

 Adjustment of the ratio between the maximum seismic acceleration and the
gravitational acceleration.
 Values for the amplification coefficient β.
 Poor interpretation of the phenomenon of earthquake-induced energy dissipation in
buildings

b) Evaluation of the seismic assurance level by analyzing a case study

c) Rehabilitation of buildings using energy dissipation devices with friction

The case study showed that by using friction dampers for the rehabilitation of
structures designed according to the regulations in force in 1963, 1970 respectively, the
moments in beams are reduced by 40% and the moments and shear forces for columns were
reduced by approximately 35%, reducing also the values of the normalized axial forces.

Among the original contributions presented in the thesis, can be mentioned:

 Summary of seismic design norms and requirements for the calculation and
composition of reinforced concrete elements, from 1963 till now.
 Establish the level of seismic forces according to different normative and
comparative analysis of seismic design parameters that influence them (ks, β, ψ, G).
 Summary of special seismic protection, with emphasis on seismic energy dissipation
systems.
 Presentation of seismic energy dissipation systems, including their use in
rehabilitation of buildings.
 Determine the level of seismic protection in Romania for reinforced concrete frame
structures reflected by a case study.
 Summary of theoretical principles concerning the design of structures with friction
dampers.
 The proposal of a friction damper with teflon for the rehabilitation of reinforced
concrete frame buildings, thus resulting conclusions.

SELECTIVE REFERENCES
[1] Aiken, I. D. și Kelly, J. M., Earthquake simulator testing and analytical studies of two
energy-absorbing systems for multistory structures, Report No. UCB/EERC-90-03, EERC,
University of California, Berkeley, 1990
[3] Aiken, I. D., și alții. Testing of passive energy dissipation systems. s.l. : Earthquake
Spectra, Passive Energy Dissipation: Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Research
Institute, 1993
[4] Aiken, I., Energy Dissipation Devices, 100th Anniversary Earthquake Conference,
Commemorating the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, 2006
[5] Aizenberg, Ia. M., Constructii cu structura autoadaptabilala solicitari seismice - traducere
din limba rusa, Editura Tehnica, Bucuresti, 1982
[6] Balazic, J., și alții. Seismic Rehabilitation of Justice Headquarters Building Ottawa,
Canada. s.l. : 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New
Zealand, 2000
5
 REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS - Abstract

[8] Bergman, D. M., și Goel, S. C., Evaluation of cycling testing of steel-plate devices for
added damping and stiffness, Vol. Report No. UMCE 87-10, The University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, 1987
[9] Black, C. J., Makris, N. și Aiken, I. D., Component testing, seismic evaluation and
characterization of buckling-restrained braces, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
Vol.130, 2004
[13] Charney, F. A. și McNamara, R. J., Use of damped mode shapes in visualizing the
efficiency of an auxiliary damped 39-story office building, Seventh U.S. National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering (7NCEE), Boston, Massachusetts, 2002
[14] Chen, W.-F., Scawthorn, C., Earthquake Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, 2003
[15] Cheung, M., Foo, S. și Granadino, J., Seismic Retrofit of Existing Buildings: Innovative
Alternatives, International Conference on the Seismic Performance of Traditional
Buildings, Istanbul, Turkey, 2000
[17] Chopra, A. K. și Chintanapakdee, C., Inelastic Deformation Ratios for Design and
Evaluation of Structures: Single-Degree-of-Freedom Bilinear System, Report EERC 2003-
09, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A., 2003
[30] Hamburger, O. Ronald și Nazir, Niaz. Seismic Design of Steel Structures (Earthquake
Engineering Handbook), CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A., 2003
[36] Korcinski, I. L., Poliakov, S. V., Bihovski, V. A., Duzinkevici, S. Iu., Pavlik, V.S. Bazele
proiectării clădirilor în regiuni seismice - manual pentru proiectanţi - Editura Tehnica,
Bucuresti, 1964.
[40] Lee, S. K., și alții. Design of a bracing-friction damper system for seismic retrofitting. s.l. :
Smart Structures and Systems, Vol. 4, No. 5, 2008
[42] Lin, Wen-Hsiung și Chopra, A.K., Earthquake response of elastic single-degree-of-
freedom systems with nonlinear viscoelastic dampers, Journal of Engineering Mechanics,
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[43] Madularu, I, Pop, I., Consolidarea structurilor in cadre din beton armat utilizand panouri
disipatoare de energie, Sesiunea stiintifica de comunicari cu participare internationala -
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[44] Madularu, I, Pop, I., Consolidarea structurilor în cadre din beton armat utilizând sisteme
care asigură creşterea capacităţii de disipare a energiei, Sesiunea stiintifica de comunicari
cu participare internationala - CIB 2008, Facultatea de Constructii, Universitatea
Transilvania Brasov, pp.179-184, noiembrie 2008
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buildings in Romania, 10th International Conference VSU' 2010, pp. II-253-II-258, Sofia,
Bulgaria, 2010
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in Romania, 10th International Conference VSU' 2010, pp. II-259-II-264, Sofia, Bulgaria,
2010
[48] Malhotra, A., și alții, Friction Dampers for Seismic Upgrade of St. Vincent Hospital,
Ottawa, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada,
2004
[54] Negoita, Al. și alții Inginerie Seismica, Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1985
[57] Nims, D. K., și alții, Application of the energy dissipating restraint to buildings, Proc.
ATC-17-1 Seminar on Seismic Isolation, Passive Energy Dissipation and Active Control,
Applied Technology Council, vol.2, Redwood City, 1993
[60] Pall, A. și Pall R., Performance-based design using Pall friction dampers - an economical
design solution. s.l. : 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C.,
Canada, 2004
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 REHABILITATION OF BUILDINGS USING SEISMIC ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS - Abstract

[62] Pop, I. și Madularu, I. Aplicatii ale Ingineriei Seismice, UT Press, Cluj-Napoca 2009
[63] Pop, I., Madularu, I., Pop, I. M., Observations concerning seismic protection of buildings
in Romania,International Conference CONSTRUCTIONS 2008, vol. III, pag. 297-304,
Cluj-Napoca, 2008
[64] Pop, I., Madularu, I., Pop, I. M., Seismic protection of buildings between codes and
reality, International Conference CONSTRUCTIONS 2008, vol. III, pag. 305-312, Cluj-
Napoca, 2008
[70] Rodgers, G. W., și alții, High force-to-volume extrusion dampers and shock absorbers for
civil infrastructure, 19th Australasian Conference on Mechanics of Structures and
Materials (ACMSM19), Christchurch, New Zealand, 2006
[71] Ruiz-Garcia, J. și Miranda, E., Inelastic Displacement Ratios for Evaluation of Existing
Structures, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamic, Vol. 32, No. 8, 2003
[81] Singh, M.P. și Moreschi, L.M., Optimal placement of dampers for passive response
control, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 31, Issue 4, 2002
[85] Soong, T.T. și Spencer Jr., B.F., Supplementary Energy Dissipation: State-of-the-Art and
State-of-the-Practice, Engineering Structures, Vol. 24, 2002
[86] Tabeshpour, M. R. și Ebrahimian, H., Seismic Retrofit of Existing Structures Using
Friction Dampers, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing) Vol. 11,
No. 4, 2010
[93] Vaseghi, J. și alții, A Parametric Assessment of Friction Damper in Eccentric Braced
Frame, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 58, 2009
[95] Vezina, S., Pall, R., Seismic retrofit of MUCTC building using friction dampers, Palais de
Congres, Montreal, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vol.2,
Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 2004
[113] *** P13-63, Normativ conditionat pentru proiectarea constructiilor civile si industriale din
regiuni seismice
[114] *** P13-70, Normativ condiţionat pentru proiectarea construcţiilor civile şi industriale din
regiuni seismice
[115] *** P100-78, Normativ privind proiectarea antiseismica a construcţiilor de locuinţe,
social-culturale, agrozootehnice şi industriale.
[116] *** P100-81, Normativ privind proiectarea antiseismica a construcţiilor de locuinţe,
social-culturale, agrozootehnice şi industriale
[117] *** P100-90, Normativ privind proiectarea antiseismica a construcţiilor de locuinţe,
social-culturale, agrozootehnice şi industriale
[118] *** P100-92. Normativ privind proiectarea antiseismica a construcţiilor de locuinţe,
social-culturale, agrozootehnice şi industriale
[119] *** P100/1-2006. Cod de proiectare seismică - Partea I: Prevederi de proiectare pentru
clădiri
[120] *** P100/3-2008, Cod de proiectare seismica - Partea a III-a - Prevederi pentru
evaluarea seismica a cladirilor existente
[121] *** P8-62, Calculul şi alcătuirea constructivă a elementelor de construcţii civile şi
industriale din beton, beton armat şi beton precomprimat
[124] *** STAS 2923-63, Macrozonarea teritoriului R.S. România,Oficiul de Stat pentru
Standardizare, Bucuresti, 1963.
[125] *** STAS 8000-67, Calculul elementelor de beton, beton armat şi beton precomprimat
[126] *** STAS 10107/0-76, Calculul şi alcătuirea elementelor din beton, beton armat şi beton
precomprimat
[127] *** STAS 10107/0-90, Calculul şi alcătuirea elementelor structurale din beton, beton
armat şi beton precomprimat