Differential Equations
o Equation of First Order and First Degree
o Homogeneous Differential EquationsEquation of First Order and First Degree
Definition
A differential equation of the type
M+N 2» =0
dx * 5
Where M and N are functions of x and y or constants is called a differential equation of the
first order and first degree.
Solution of differential equation when variables are separable
If an equation can be written in such a way that dx and all the terms containing x are on one
side and dy and all the terms containing y on the other side, this is an equation in which variables
are separable. such equation can therefore be written as f,(x)de = f,(y)dy and can be solved
by integrating directly and adding a constant on either side.
Separating the variables we get,
dy de
l+y? lex?
Integrating, we get,
dy j de
ley 14x?
=tan”' y=tan' x+ A, where A is constant,
stan! y-tan!x=A
1+ yx
are 40 .
=?lan 2S = tan 'C, where 4 = tan ' C =constant,
+
yen
J
+ yx
Sy-x=C(I4 yx)
Which is the required solution.HomeWorks:
Solve The followings
1. Solve & t+ y"
dx 14x?
i
dy ot
Solve — =e" + x en
dx
Solve sec* x tan ydx + sec? y tan xdy =0
dy 2 2)
4. Solve y-x—=al y> +=
ve Ye (» dx
Solve (e* + 1) cos xdx + e” sin xdx =0
wo
anEquation Reducible to the Form in which variables are separable
Equation of the form
dy _
ae f(ax+by +c). (1)
can be reduced to and equation in which variables can be separated by putting ax ++ by + ¢
v then,
dy lfdv |
———a
Then equation (1) get the form,
1 iz . dv
sla 9]=fO >
dv
== bfo)+a
in which variables are then easily separable.
bf)
Problem
dy e
Solve 7 (4x +y4+1)
Solution
Here,
d
Sa Grtytn? : eC)
Putting 4x + y + 1 = v in equation (1) and by differencing this with respect to x then
442) av dy _ dv
dx dx dx dx
So that we can get,
oy eg aegy tear?
The variables are now easily separable as,
au =dx> tan“ (2) =xte
ve+4 2 2)
7 a
2
1
stan™ =xte
= jtan x
Which is the required solution.Problem:
r
. Solve
dy
Solve = ~ :
che (4x + y +1)
Sol dy,
oe = sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)
Solve (x - y)? oe 2
Solve (x + y)? o. a
xdx + ydy _
xdx — ydx
Solve xB ys xx? +y?
Solve tar aea a yy eee
x+y-b} xX+y+b
Solve ae (x+y)?
dx
Solve (e” +1) cos xdx + e” sin xdy = 0Homogeneous Differential Equation
An equation of the form 22 aol AED in which f,(,y) and fo(x,9) are homogeneous functions
of x and y of the same dae fo. '
For the solution, this type of equations can be reduced to an equation in which variables are
separable by putting, y = vx, so that, &2 = v + xf
"
Problem
Solve (x? + y*)dx + 2xydy = 0
Solution
Given,
(x? + y?)dx + 2xydy = 0 = (x? +98) + 2xy
dy__G@?+y?)
Se ee
dx 2xy
Which is in the homogeneous form. So by putting y = vx, we will get
Cpe a coe CED ee were
rrr —r—s—Oei—OOCNC*C‘CiCSC“ Citi
v? —2v? 1+3v?
2v 2v
eo ee ee
1 ‘
= logx = —glog + 3v?) + loge, By Integrating
1
= logx + zlog(1 + 3v*) = loge
1
= logx + log(1 + 3v7)3 = loge
i
=x(1t+3v7)3=c
a
Nels
=x[1+3@)| =c
Which is the required solution.Problem:
1.
to
wa
Solve (x? +? )dx + 2xydy = 0
. dy yh 43x?
Solve eee yi t3x'y
ax:
Solve y? +x? ® Pra
dx dx
4. vy? = 23? Jd + x(2y? —x")dy=0
>. Solve 22
2xdx x°+y?=0
6. Solve 24 2G+Y) 9
Ix x
7. Solve x? ydx — x73dy = ydy
dy
. Sol + yy? =x
8 olve (x + y) Va
9. Solve eBay
10. Solve (xsin ye == sin = 3)
11. Solve (x? + awe? )dx + (y* + 2xy = x7 )dp =0
y iJ) dy
12. Solve (xcos— + ysin—)y=()
x #
ysin 2 — xeos*)x =
x x ayEquation Reducible to Homogencous Form
The equation of the form
dy _ax+by+c
dx Ax+By+C _
can be reduced to the homogeneous form by substituting,
x=X+hy=Y +k where h,k being constants
dy aY :
aetqg be dx = aX and dy =a]
The differential equation then reduces to,
ad aXt+h +b +k)te aXt+by taht bk +e
aX AXFW FBV FI + CANBY + Ah + BK +C
Choose h,k so that, ah + bk +c =Oand Ah-+ Bk +0 =0
Then the given equation becomes homogeneous as
aY aX +bY
aX AX +BY
Case of failure
1
= 5 (say) 3 A= am,B = bm
Then the given equation becomes,
dy axtbytc
dx m(ax + by) +C
then put, ax + by = z and apply the method of variable separable.
Problem
solve 2 xt 2¥=3
Oe ax xt y—3
Solution
Here,
dy x+2y-3
dx 2x+y-3
Put.x = =v+ksothat, %= fe dx=dxanddy=av
uix=Xth, y=¥+ksotha, T=, dx = dX and dy = d¥]
d¥ (X+A)+2V+h)-3 X+2V+h+2k-3
“aX” 2X+h)+V+k—-3) A+V+2h+k-3
Choosing h, ke so that,
h+2k—3=0 and
2h+k— 0
Solving this we get, h = 1, = 1 then,
avy _X+2y¥
aX 2X47
Now put,¥=ox,sothat, “ayy
xdy dv dv X + 2vx
>= = aa 142
ax VEX vtKX Se vy
dX OXF OX = Day
dv 1+2v 1+ 2v-2y- y2
“RR Qap 2 Oe
eaves 1 au
>— oy
1—y” ax
= 1
=s 2
2t+o* rle-3 ax
By integrating both sides we will get
1 3
= zlog( +v) ~ glos(1 —v) =logX + loge
= log(1 + v) — 3log(1 — v) = 2logX + 2loge
Oty) a
= log c*X
Sa-» °8
(Q+v)
“a=
Now by putting Y = vX in this solution we will get
tay,
ae XH V HCA7(X-Y)B
” anvye
= log
c2X?
Alsoasx =X +h,y=Y+kandh=k = 1,so the final solution becomes
Sxty-2=c(x-y)s
which is the required solution,
Problem:
dy x4 2y-3
dx oe +y-3
Solve (1 + 2y)(dx - dy) = dv + dy
1. Solve
wv
3. Solve (3x~7y~3) 23y—7047
dsA particular case
A differential equation of the form
dy avedyae
de She thy ek
in which coef!
ient of y in the numerator is equal to the coefficient of x in the denominator
with sigh changed can be solved or be integrated as follows:-
(eb thy Ady = (ax + by +e)dv =0 [Rearrange]
nv) + (iy + A)dy = (ax + ede = 0
> -b(av) pe" ' tw)-(Lac +e )
Problem
= A (it will be the solution)
Solve:
Solution
y Ix-y
Given that, & = 28=9 +1
dx x+2y-3
Here the coefficients of x and y are same but opposite in sign in the denominator and
numerator respectively, thus,
(x +29 -3)dy =(2x—y + Dede =0
= (xdy + ydx) + (2y - 3)dy - (2x + Idx =0
>awayty
which is the required soluti
Problem
13. solve (2x — y+ Idx = (2y — x — Nd =0