Differential Equation Y Definitions v FormationsReferences Y Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equation S. L Ross Y Differential Equations F. Ayres Y An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equation A. LudingtonDifferential equation An equation involving derivativ es or differentials of one or more dependent variables With respect to one or more mi independent variables is called a differential ‘equation. Example Le dv = (v4 sin nde Ordinary differential equation A differential equation involving derivatives with respect to a single independent variable is called an ondinary differential equation. Example 1. dy =(x+sinydde Partial differential equation A differential equation involving partial derivatives with respect to more than one independent variables is called a partial differential equation. Example Order of a differential equation The order of the highest derivative involved in a differential equation is called the order of the differential equation. Example: eg : 122,98, (4) =e! is the fourth order differential equation. dt dt dt Degree of a differential equation The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative which occurs in it, afier the differential equation has been made free form radicals and fractions as far as the derivatives are concerned. Example |. dy =(x+sin.x)de_is a differential equation of first degree. Linear differential equationA differential equation is called linear if : ; i) Every dependent variable and every derivative involved occurs in the first degree only, and ii) No products of dependent variables and/or derivatives occur. Example 1. dy=(x+sinx)dx isa linear differential equation of first degree. Non-Linear differential equation A differential equation which is not linear is called a non-linear differential equation. Formation of differential equations Suppose we are given an n-parameter family of curves. Then there will be n arbitrary constants occurring in the given family of curves. Then we can obtain an nth order differential equation whose solution is the given family as follows: Differentiate the given equation of the family of curves n times so as to get n additional equations containing the n arbitrary constants and derivatives. Then eliminate 7 arbitrary constants from the (m+J) equations so obtained and obtain an equation involving a derivative of nth order. Thus we form the desired differential equation of nth order.Problem Mliminate the arbitrary constants a and b from the relation y = ax + bx?. Salution Here, ys ax + bx?, Differentiating With r = a+ 2bx Again Differentiating with respect to x we peel to x we obtain ne the value ae &b in(1) we get, &(S- & — yd) x +5 oe ey? ya (Gor ‘dx? second order, first degree linear Ordinary Differential Equation with variable ient,Example: 1. v w Find the third order differential equation whose solution is the 3-parameter family of curves defined by x? + y? + 2ax + 2hy +¢=0, where a, b, care parameters. Find the differential equation of the family of curves y= Ae? + Be", for different values of A and B. - Find the differential equation of the family of curves y=e"(Acosx + Bsinx), where 4 and B are arbitrary constants. By eliminating the constants a and b obtain the differential equation for which Xv =ae* +be™ +x° isa solution, Find the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves y=e(x—c)". where c is an arbitrary constant. Find the differential equation of all circles of radius a. tbyte ’ 2 + By? =1 isasolution of &=-_B tyre Show that Ax’ + By? =1 is a solution Te