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LAW ON NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS

CHAPTER I – Form and Interpretation

Study Guide:

I. Definitions

1. Negotiable promissory note - Sec. 184 defines a negotiable promissory note as an

unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker,

engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed r determinable future time, a sum certain in

money to order or to bearer.

2. Negotiable bill of exchange - Sec. 126 defines a negotiable bill of exchange as an

unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to another, signed by the person

giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or

determinable future time a sum certain in money to order to bearer.

3. Legal tender - it refers to coins and bank notes that must be accepted when issued in

payment of debt.

4. Procuration - an act of giving power to another to act as an agent or a proxy on one's

behalf

5. Non-negotiable instrument - these are commercial papers that does not have the

characteristics and does not conform to the requisites of a negotiable instrument as stated

in Section 1 of the Law on Negotiable Instruments.

6. Fictitious person - people who are not existing but are used falsely in documents or in any

other similar form.

7. Immediate parties - these are people, firms or entities who have close relationships that

are involved through contracts or agreements or joint signatories thereof.

8. Remote parties - these are the persons who are not familiar with the circumstances related

with the negotiation of an instrument.

II. Discussions

1. Enumerate the requirements as to form and content of an instrument in order that it will be

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negotiable under the law.

- Under Sec. 1, the requisites are:

o it must be in writing and signed by the maker

o must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum certain in money
o must be payable on demand, or at a fixed determinable future time
o must be payable to order or bearer; and
o Where the instrument is addressed to a drawee, he must be named or otherwise indicated therein
with reasonable certainty.

2. The drawee of a bill of exchange: dishonors or refuses to pay it. Will he be liable (a) to payee; (b) to the
drawer? Explain.

a. Yes, he is liable to the payee because he is primarily liable to the holder upon

acceptance of the instrument but if he did not accept the instrument, he would not be

liable.

b. It depends, he is liable to the drawer if he has funds of the drawer in his hands or there

is an agreement obligating the drawee to honor the drawer's order and dishonoring the instrument means
non-compliance of the drawee's obligation to the drawer.

3. Is ante-dating or post-dating an instrument illegal? Explain and illustrate.

- Section 12 of NIL generally states that ante-dating and post-dating is valid as long as it is

not negotiated after its maturity except when it is done for an illegal or fraudulent

purpose. The title is acquired as of the date the instrument is delivered.

Example: Post-dated instruments contain a date later than the date of the issuance and

used illegally if intended to cover insufficient funds without informing the payee while

Ante-dated instruments contain a date earlier than the date of the issuance and used

illegally to cover the charging of unreasonable high rate of interest.

4. What is the effect of the insertion of a wrong date in an undated instrument by the holder:

(a) as to him? (b) With respect to a holder in due course?

a. The effect to him is void because the one who made possible the commission of the

wrong bears the loss therefore the holder inserting the wrong date will avoid the

instrument as to him.

b. With respect to a holder in due course, he may enforce it because the date written is to

be regarded as the true date with respect to him who acquired it in good faith.

5. May a person be held liable on an instrument although his signature does not appear

thereon? Explain.

- According to Section 18, the general rule is that only persons whose signatures appear on

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the instrument are liable except.

o when they sign in a trade or assumed name

o when a duly authorized agent signs in behalf of a principal who is liable to the payee
o a forger is liable in case of forgery
o when an acceptor accepted a bill on a separate paper known as an allonge
o Or when a person who makes a written promise to accept a bill before it was drawn according to
Section 135.

6. In case of forged instruments, who are not allowed by law to set up the defense of forgery,

and are, therefore made liable to the holder?

- Those who are estopped by their acts, silence and negligence from setting up the defense

of forgery

-And indorsers, acceptors and persons negotiating by delivery who warrants or admit to

the genuineness of the signatures in question.

7. When is a promise or order to pay unconditional? Give two examples of terms appearing

in an instrument which will not make the promise or order conditional.

- According to Section 3, a promise is unconditional when it contains an unconditional

promise or order to pay a sum certain in money.

- Example: "Reimburse yourself from the rentals of my car", "Received goods purchased

in exchange"

8. Suppose an instrument contains a promise or order to do an act in addition to the payment

of money. Will it render the instrument non-negotiable? Explain.

- Yes because according to Section 5 an instrument containing a promise or order to do

any act in addition to the payment of money is not negotiable unless it gives the holder

an election to require something to be done in lieu of payment of money.

9. When is an instrument payable to bearer? Give the reason why an instrument payable to a

fictitious person is treated as a bearer instrument.

-Section 9 states that the instrument is payable to bearer:

o When it is expressed to be so payable

o When it is payable to a person named therein or bearer
o When it is payable to the order of a fictitious or non-existing person, and such fact was known to the
person making it so payable, or
o When the name of the payee does not purport to be the name of any person; or
o When the only or last indorsement is an indorsement in blank.

- An instrument payable to a fictitious person is treated as a bearer instrument because a

fictitious person is incapable of indorsing and has no right to the instrument because

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the person never existed and the maker or drawer has knowledge thereof.

10. Who are the original parties to a

(a) Promissory note - maker and payee

(b) Bill of exchange - drawer, drawee and payee.

11. Is the sum payable certain although the instrument is to be paid with costs incurred in

collecting the same plus attorney's fees? Why?

- Yes. Section 2 states that a sum payable is a sum certain even if paid with costs of

collection or an attorney's fee because it does not affect the certainty of the amount

payable at maturity.

12. Will the doing of an act in addition to the payment of money, make and instrument non-

negotiable? Explain.

-Yes, because according to Section 5 an instrument containing a promise or order to do any

act in addition to the payment of money is not negotiable unless it gives the holder an

election to require something to be done in lieu of payment of money.

13. When is an instrument payable to order? To whose order may an instrument be made

payable?

- Section 8 states that an instrument is payable to order when it is drawn payable to the

order of a specified person or to him or his order and the payee must be named or

otherwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty. It may be drawn payable to the

order of:

o A payee who is not maker, drawer, or drawee; or

o The drawer or maker; or
o The drawee; or
o Two or more payees jointly, or
o One or some of several payees; or
o The holder of an office for the time being.

14. Will the failure to name the payee affect the negotiability of an instrument? Explain.

- It depends because according to Section 8, when an instrument is payable to order, the

name of the payee must be stated or described with reasonable certainty otherwise the

instrument is deemed non-negotiable but when it is payable to bearer, the name of the

payee may not be written as long as the instrument is expressed to be so payable to

bearer.

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15. Give the requisites in order that an agent who signs a negotiable instrument on behalf of a

principal may not be held personally liable to the payee or holder

- According to section 20 the requisites for an agent to not be held personally liable are:

o He is duly authorized
o He adds to his signature words indicating that he signs for or on behalf of a principal or in a
representative capacity and
o He discloses or indicates the name of his principal.

III. Problems

Explain or state briefly the rule or reason for your answers.

1. A bill of exchange signed by W addressed to X states: "Please pay Y or order P10,000."

Is the bill negotiable?

Yes, because it complies with the requisites of a bill of exchange stated in Section 1

(b) of NIL

2. "I promise to pay X P10,000 within 10 days before I retire from government service." Is

the note negotiable?

No, the promise is conditional on an event which is not certain in contrast with what is

stated in Section 4 (c). Hence, it is not a negotiable instrument.

3. An instrument signed by W payable to X was indorsed by blank by X by simply writing

his name on the back thereof. The instrument was given by X to Y in payment for goods

sold by Y. Is the note negotiable in the hands of Y?

- No, because the instrument is not negotiable because W wrote it as payable to X not including his order
therefore it cannot be indorsed after X.

4. A promissory note signed by W with the amount and payee in blank, was stolen by X

who put the amount of P10,000 and his name as payee, and indorsed the note to Y. then Y

to Z Has Z have the right to enforce against W? X? Y?

- Z has no right to enforce it against W because according to section 15. an incomplete and undelivered
instrument if completed and negotiated without authority will not be a valid contract in the hands of
any holder as against any person whose signature was placed thereon before delivery
- Z has a right to enforce it against X and Y because they are parties whose signatures appear after the
delivery and are general indorsers that warrant the genuineness of the instrument.

5. W signs a promissory note payable to X, indicating that he signs "as agent." It is true that

he is acting for Y, His principal. May X hold W personally liable?

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- It depends whether W disclosed his principal because Section 20 clearly states that mere addition of
words describing him as an agent without disclosing his principal does not exempt him from personal
liability.

6. W, maker of a promissory note, payable to order of X who indorses it to Y whose

signature is forged by Z, who, in turn, indorses it to A State the right of A assuming he

acted in good faith

- A cannot enforce the instrument against W and X because his rights was cut off by the forged
signature of Y and neither can he enforce the note against Y because Y's signature is wholly
inoperative under section 23. A has a right of recourse against Z.

7. In the same problem, suppose the note is payable to bearer, and A indorses the note to B

who, in turn, delivers without indorsement to C who acted in good faith. Give the rights

of C.

- C acting in good faith makes him a holder in due course and has the right to enforce it to W, the
maker, X and Y, parties prior to the forged signature and A and B who are parties after the forged
signature because the instrument is originally payable to bearer and can be negotiated by mere
delivery disregarding the forged indorsement

8. W, maker of a promissory note payable to order of X, a minor, was indorsed by X to Y. 1

X liable to Y if W cannot pay?

- No, because sa general rule, contracts entered by a minor are voidable. X may raise the defense of
minority to escape liablity.

9. "I promise to pay X P10,000 or if he wants a brand new six (6) cubic feet refrigerator. Is

the promissory note negotiable?

- Yes, because under section 5, giving the holder an election to require something to be done in lieu of
payment of money does not affect the negotiability of an instrument.

10. X obtains W's signature for autograph purposes. Then X writes a negotiable instrument

over it and indorses it to Y, then Y to Z, then Z to A. Can the instrument be enforced by

against W?

- No, because under Section 15, the instrument is not a valid contract against any person whose
signature was placed thereon before delivery which was completed and delivered without his
authority.

11. W prepares a promissory note payable to order of X, his nephew, who steals the same and

indorses it to Y, then Y to Z, from Z to A who as unaware of the theft. May A recover

from W?

- Yes, because under Section 16, there is a prima facie presumption that delivery has been made but is
subject to rebuttal by W.

12. W, a retiree, issued a promissory note, to wit: "I promise to pay X or order the sum of

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P50,000 out of the retirement pay which I will receive from the government". Actually,

W will get more than P200,000 as retirement benefits. Is the note negotiable?

- No, because the indication of the fund or account out of which the payment shall be made makes the
promise conditional.

13. "I promise to pay X or order P10,000 on or before September 20, 2012, following the

terms and conditions of the contract executed by W this date". Is the note negotiable?

- Yes, Section 3 (b) states that an unqualified order or promise to pay is unconditional even if coupled
with a statement of the transaction which gives rise to the instrument.

14. W, maker, of a promissory note which reads. "I promise to pay X or order P50,000 after I

sell my car". The following day, W was able to sell his car. Is the note a negotiable

instrument?

- No, because the payment is made to depend upon a contingent act.

15. W signs an instrument as follows. "I promise to pay X or order P10,000." The instrument

is addressed to Y. Is the instrument a promissory note or a bill of exchange?

- According to Section 17 (e) where the instrument is so ambiguous that there is doubt whether it is a
bill or note, the holder may treat it as either at his election.

CHAPTER II – CONSIDERATION

Study Guide:

I. Definitions

1. Consideration - it is the essential cause or reason why parties enter into a contract

2. Holder for value - the person whom the instrument is negotiated because of a valuable

consideration given by him.

3. Accommodation party - one who purposely lends his name to another without

receiving any value through the act of signing an instrument as the maker, drawer,

acceptor or indorser.

4. Failure of consideration - it is the non-compliance of a party by failing or refusing to

the consideration agreed upon.

II. Discussions

1. State the liability of an accommodation party on an instrument.

- Under Section 29, an accommodation party is liable on the instrument even in the

absence of consideration between him and the accommodated party even though the

holder of the instrument knew him to be only an accommodation party.

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2. Give the two (2) presumptions that under the law arise from the issue of a negotiable

Instrument

- Under section 24, every negotiable instrument is deemed (1) prima facie to have been issued for a
valuable consideration and (2) that every person whose signature appears thereon has become a
party thereto for value.

3. State the liability of a maker of a promissory note when there is:

(a) Absence of consideration - The note would not be recovered between the maker

and the payee but the maker will be liable between him and a holder in due course

because absence of consideration is not a personal defense against the latter.

(b) Failure of consideration for the note - the maker is liable only to the extent of

consideration delivered to him known as partial failure of consideration otherwise

the payee could not recover if the consideration is not complied with.

III. Problems

Explain or state briefly the rule or reasons for your answer.

1. X indorses and delivers to Y as security (pledge) for X's debt in the amount of

P10,000, a promissory note for P12,000 issued by W in favor of X. How much can Y

collect from W.

- He can collect the P12,000 and apply it to X's debt and deliver the surplus to him under Section 27 as
Y is deemed a holder for value to the extent of his lien.
- If the note is subject to personal defenses, Y can only collect 10,000.
- If the note is subject to real defenses, Y cannot collect anything.

2. A promissory note was issued by W without consideration to X who indorsed it to Y,

from Y to Z for value. Give the rights to Z.

- Z is deemed a holder for value in respect to all parties who become such prior to that time because
there is value given for the instrument consistent with what is stated in Section 26. If Z is a holder in
due course, he may enforce the payment in full against W, X and Y. If Z is not a holder in due course,
W can set up the defense of absence of consideration.

3. W signs a bill of exchange in favor of X for P10,000. Give an instance when X may

enforce payment although W has not received any consideration from X for the bill.

- X may enforce payment from W if W has an antecedent or pre-existing debt. The

payment of debt is sufficient to be a valuable consideration and the debt may be that of
a third party.

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CHAPTER III - NEGOTIATION

Study Guide:

I. Definitions

1. Negotiation - the act of transferring a negotiable instrument from one person to

another to make the transferee the holder thereof.

2. Indorsement - it is a new contract and obligation making the transferee the holder

thereof and it generates an additional contract between the indorser who warrants the

genuineness of the instrument and all subsequent holders.

3. Assignment - transfer of the title to an instrument including all the defenses available

against the assignor without the need of an indorsement.

4. Issue - it is the first delivery of a complete instrument to a person who take it as a

holder.

5. Restrictive indorsement - an indorsement that destroys the negotiability of the

instrument because it either prohibits further negotiation, constitute that the indorsee is

an agent of the indorser or vests title to the indorsee for the benefit of a third party or

the indorser.

II. Discussions.

1. Give at least four (4) distinctions between negotiation and assignment.

NEGOTIATION
Mode of Transfer Effected by delivery or indorsement
followed by delivery.
Terms Negotiation refers only to
negotiable instruments.
Title The transferee becomes a holder in
due course that takes the instrument
free from defect in the title of the
transferor and subject only to real
defenses.
Liability Indorser is not liable unless there be
presentment and notice of dishonor.
ASSIGNMENT
Done by writing signed by the
transferor
Assignment refers generally to
ordinary contracts
The assignee acquires all the rights
and all the defects available against
the assignor.
Assignor is always liable even if in
the absence of notice of dishonor.

2. What are the rights of a restrictive indorsee?

- Under Section 37, the rights of a restrictive indorsee is:

o to receive payment of the instrument;

o to bring any action thereon that the indorser could bring;

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o to transfer his rights as such indorsee, where the form of the indorsement authorizes him to do so.

3.Can there be a negotiation to a payee? Explain.

- Yes, there is negotiation to a payee when the first delivery of the instrument is other

than the payee such as the agent of the maker or drawer or when the instrument is

delivered back to the payee by the last holder.

4. Is indorsement necessary in the transfer of an instrument? Explain.

- Generally, an indorsement is necessary in the execution of a negotiation of an order

instrument but it is not necessary if it is only an assignment of an instrument or if the

instrument is a bearer instrument. Indorsement is also necessary for a transferee of an

instrument payable to his order be considered as a holder in due course.

5. How and for what purpose or reason is a qualified indorsement made?

- According to Section 38, a qualified indorsement constitutes the indorser a mere

assignor of the title to the instrument and it may be made by adding to the indorser's

signature the words "without recourse" or any words of similar import which in effect.

limits the indorser's liability to the instrument.

III. Problems

Explain or state briefly the rule or reasons for your answer.

1. X indorsed an instrument by W for P12,000 to Y, to wit: "Pay to Y or order P10,000."

Is there a valid negotiation?

- It depends because generally an indorsement must be of the entire instrument under section 32 otherwise it
is not considered a valid negotiation unless the instrument is paid in part then it may be indorsed as to the
residue and be a valid negotiation.

2. X, payee of a note, indorses the same as follows: "Pay to Y or order." May Y negotiate

the note by mere delivery?

- If the note is payable to order originally, it may not be negotiated by mere delivery only unless it is an
indorsement in blank or an instrument originally payable to bearer wherein it may be negotiated by mere
delivery only.

3. W, issued a promissory note in favor of X who indorsed the note as follows: "Pay to

Y". May the note be negotiated by Y in the absence of words of negotiability, to wit:

"or order" or "to the order of"?

- It depends. Yes because according to Sec. 36, the mere absence of words implying power to negotiate does
not make an indorsement restrictive unless there is a restrictive word following the statement such as "only"
which would prevent further negotiation and would cease the negotiability of the instrument.

4. A promissory note by W payable to X or his order is indorsed by X to Y payment of

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which is subject to fulfillment by Y of a condition. W paid Y knowing that Y has not

yet complied with the condition. Has X have the right to recover from W the amount

paid to Y?

- No but he has the right on the proceeds from Y who would not become the owner thereof until the
condition is fulfilled as stated in Section 39 wherein the party required to pay may disregard the condition
and make the payment to the indorsee or his transferee even if the condition is not fulfilled but any person
to whom an instrument so indorsed is negotiated will hold the proceeds thereof subject to the rights of the
person indorsing conditionally.

5. Same problem as above. The note is indorsed successively by X to Z, then Z to A, A to

B. B to C, and C to X. On maturity, X claims payment from C. Has C have the right

to refuse payment from X?

- No because under Section 50, an instrument negotiated back to a prior party, he is not entitled to enforce
payment thereof against all intervening party to whom he was personally liable.

CHAPTER IV - Rights of the Holder

Study Guide:

1. Definitions

1. Personal defenses - these are defenses available between original parties or immediate

parties but not against a holder in due course.

2. Real defenses - these are defenses available against all parties including holders in

due course, immediate and remote parties.

3. Fraud in factum - it is a type of fraud where there is misrepresentation to deceive one

and causes him to enter without negligence into a transaction without accurately

realizing the true character of the instrument and the risk, duties and obligations

incurred by him.

4. Notice of infirmity or defect - Under section 56, to constitute notice of defect or

infirmity, the transferee must have actual knowledge, either of the defect or infirmity.

or of such facts that his action in taking the instrument amounts to bad faith.

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II. Discussions

1. What are the right of a holder in due course?

- Section 57 states the rights of holder in due course:

o holds the instrument free from any defect of title of prior parties
o free from defenses available to prior parties among themselves, and
o May enforce payment of the instrument for the full amount thereof against all parties liable thereon
- In Section 51, it is also stated that a holder in due course may sue in his own name and payment to him in
due course discharges the instrument.

2. Enumerate the conditions to qualify one a holder in due course.

- Under Section 52, a holder qualifies as a holder in due course if he has taken the

instrument under the following conditions:

o That it is complete and regular upon its face;

o That he became the holder of it before it was overdue, and without notice that it has been previously
dishonored, if such was the fact,
o That he took it in good faith and for value:

3. When is the title of one who negotiates an instrument defective under the law?

- Under Section 55, the title who negotiates an instrument is defective when he obtained

the instrument or any signature thereto by:

o fraud
o duress
o force and fear
o other unlawful means
o illegal consideration
o he negotiates in breach of faith; or
o other circumstances as to amount to a fraud

4. When is the date of maternity of an instrument?

- The date of maturity of an instrument is the time fixed therein.

- If payable on demand, it is determined by the date of presentment.

- If payable on occurrence of a specified event which is certain to happen, the date of maturity is the date when
the event actually happened.

5. Illustrate a situation where, in relation to an instrument, there are immediate, remote, and prior parties.

- D makes and delivers a promissory note to J and J indorses to P, and P to B.

- D-J, J-P and P-B are immediate parties while D and B are remote parties and D, J and P are prior parties with
respect to B.

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III. Problems

Explain or state briefly the rule or reasons for your answer.

1. W, a maker of a promissory note; X. payee, increased the amount and indorsed the

note to Y, a holder in due course, and from Y to Z who had notice of the fraud by X,

and from Z to A who had also notice of the defect.

Decide the rights of Z with respect to W, X, and Y, and the rights of A with

respect to all prior parties.

- Z has all the rights of such holder in respect of W, X and Y having derived his title from Y who was a
holder in due course therefore he is a holder through a holder in due course and he was not a party to the
fraud.
- A cannot recover from W because he did not acquire his title from a holder in due course and is not free
from personal defenses.

2. X secured without consideration in breach of faith the promissory note of W, and

indorsed it to Y, from Y to Z, from Z to A, the present holder.

(a) Is A required to show that he is a holder in due course?

- It depends because under Section 59, every holder is deemed prima facie to be a

holder in due course but when it is shown that the title of any person who has

negotiated the instrument was defective, the holder has the burden to prove that he is

actually a holder in due course or he acquired title from a holder in due course.

(b) What is the rule if the breach of faith was instead committed by Y against Z?

- The presumption that A is a holder in due course is not destroyed because X became

bound on the instrument before the acquisition of the defective title by Y.

3. M, maker of promissory note for P10,000 in favor of X who indorsed it to Y. State the

right of Y if he received notice of defect in the title of X:

(a) Before he has paid X - under section 54, he is relieved from the obligation to

make payment.

(b) After he has paid X P6,000 - under section 54, if he paid an amount before

discovering the infirmity, he can be considered a holder in due course only to the

extent of the amount paid by him.

(c) Y nevertheless paid X P10,000 under (a) - he would not be holder in due course

of the P 10,00 because he paid it still even if he received notice.

(d) Y nevertheless paid X P9, 000 under (b). - Y is a holder in due course to the

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extent of P 9,000.

CHAPTER V-Liabilities of Parties

Study Guide:

I. Definitions

1. Irregular or anomalous indorser - a person who is not really party to the instrument but

affixes his signature on the instrument before its delivery.

2. Party primarily liable - the person absolutely required to pay by the terms of the instrument

3. Indorser - Under section 63, an indorser is a person placing his signature upon an

instrument other than a maker, drawer or acceptor unless he clearly indicates by

appropriate words his intention to be bound in some other capacity.

4. Acceptor - an acceptor is the one who accepts an instrument and will be liable for

payment thereof according to the tenor of his acceptance.

5. Maker - the one who makes a negotiable instrument and engages himself to pay it

according to his tenor and admits the existence of the payee and his then capacity to

indorse.

II. Discussions

1. Give the distinctions between a maker of a promissory note and the drawer of a bill of exchange.

Drawer Maker
Issues a bill of exchange Issues a promissory note
Secondarily liable Primarily liable
Can limit his liability Cannot limit his liability

2. Give the distinctions between a general indorser and an irregular indorser.

General Indorser Irregular Indorser

Makes either blank or special indorsement
Indorses the instrument after its delivery to the payee
Liable only to the parties subsequent to him
Always makes a blank indorsement
Indorses before its delivery to the payee
Liable to the payee and subsequent parties unless he
signs for the accommodation of the payee which makes
him liable only to all parties subsequent to the payee.

3. Give the principal distinction between a primarily liable party and secondarily liable party.

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Primarily Liable Party Secondarily Liable Party

Absolutely and unconditionally required to pay by the Conditionally bound to pay the instrument upon
terms of the instrument upon maturity maturity

4. What conditions must be complied with to make a general indorser liable under an instrument?

- Under Section 66, a general indorser is liable when he engages on due presentment of the instrument that it shall be
accepted or paid or both according to its tenor an that if it be dishonored and necessary proceedings are duly taken,
he will pay the amount thereof to the holder or to any subsequent indorser who may compelled to pay it.

III. Problems

Explain or state briefly the rule or reason for your answer.

1. W, drawer, X, drawee of a bill of exchange payable to order of Y was indorsed successively to Z, A, and lastly, to
B, the present holder. X publicly made it known that he would not accept the bill. Learning this, B immediately tried
to recover from W. Decide.

- W is liable only to B and after necessary proceedings of dishonor are taken, indorser Y, Z and A would also be
liable to B and if A pays to B, A may recover from W, Y and Z. W, as drawer is permitted by law to limit his own
liability as inserted in the bill.

2. Same problem above. After accepting the bill, X discovered that the signature of Z was not genuine. X denies
liability. Decide.

- Under Section 62, an acceptor is primarily liable after he accepts it and cannot retract his acceptance against a
holder for value and an acceptor does not admit the genuineness of the drawer’s signature therefore in this case X
may not deny liability.

3. Same problem as (1). It was established that Z signed the instrument at the instance Y is not liable and for the
benefit of A for the purpose of identifying Y, the payee. For this reason, Z denies liability as an indorser. Decide.

- If Z indicated by using appropriate words his intention to e bound in other capacity, he may deny liablity otherwise
he is deemed an indorser under Section 63.

4. Suppose in the first problem, the instrument is promissory note payable to bearer and delivered to Y. It was
negotiated by delivery by Y to Z in whose hands the note was dishonored by W because of insolvency. Y denies
liablity to Z. Decide.

- Y is not liable because he does not warranty W’s solvency under Section 65.

5. Same problem. After dishonor, Z negotiated also by delivery, the note to A, a holder in due course, concealing the
lack of capacity of W to contract (not insolvency), being a minor. Are Y and Z liable to A?

- Y is not liable but Z is. Y is not because section 65 states that when negotiation by delivery only, the warrant
extends in favor of no holder other than the immediate transferee. Z is liable because he warrants that all prior
parties had capacity to contract when he delivered the instrument to A.

kuro_ashi