University of Kelaniya

Department of Archaeology
Tourism and Cultural Resource Management
History of Tourism (TCRM 12224)

Professor Herath Madana Bandara

Definition
• "Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries
which deliver a travel experience comprising transportation,
accommodation, eating and drinking establishments, retail
shops, entertainment businesses and other hospitality
services provided for individuals or groups traveling away
from home“
• "The sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from
the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host
governments and host communities in the process of
attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors"
Macintosh and Goeldner
UNWTO Definition of Tourism
• "Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not
more than one consecutive year for leisure and not less than
24 hours, business and other purposes.“
• Tourism is different from travel. All travel is not tourism.
• It involves a displacement outside the usual environment
• Type of purpose: travel must occur for any purpose different
from being remunerated from within the place visited
• Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a
minimal. Tourism displacement can be with or without an
overnight stay.
International Tourist (Tourism)

• Tourism that crosses national borders.

• Globalisation has made tourism a popular global leisure
activity.
• The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people
"traveling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes".
• The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to
500,000 people are in flight at any one time
Domestic Tourism
• Domestic tourism is tourism involving residents of one
country traveling only within that country
• A playing holiday is a holiday spent in the same country;
vacation spent in the same region.
• With the resurgence of the package holiday, British travel
agent Thomas Cook has identified that domestic holidays are
not always a cost-effective means of holidaying. A one-week
family holiday to Devon for four can cost in the region of
£2,299, whereas an equivalent holiday to Majorca £2,036.
• In the UK, the growth of domestic holidays has had a major
impact on its domestic tourist industry.
Inbound Tourism
• Incoming tourism is also known as inbound tourism.
• Incoming tourism means travelers arriving in different
countries from their own.
• Incoming tourism is a valuable source of income for the
country and the local economy, because it's not just the
hotels and attraction the benefit from the spending power of
tourists.
• Money spreads out to benefit all sorts of local people, for
example the money that goes to hotels goes as wages to the
waiters, chambermaids, receptionist etc, who then spend it
on what they want to.
 Outbound Tourism
• Outbound tourism describes the phenomenon of residents traveling
from one country to another
• E.g., from Australian perspective, visitors from United States are
inbound, while from US standpoint, they are outbound tourists
• In 2012, the world’s top five destinations were the United States,
Spain, France, China, and Macao (China).
• With regard to expenditure on outbound tourism, China has shown
by far the fastest growth. China leaped to first place (US$102
billion), overtaking both long-time top spender Germany ($84
billion) and second largest spender the United States ($83 billion)
• Globalization is the driving force for modern outbound tourism
Global Phenomenon
• World’s largest and fastest growing industry
• World travel and tourism is growing almost twice as fast as the world
Gross National Product (GNP)
• Third international trade
• tourism receipts represented 30% of the value of world trade in the
service sector
• Creates 200 million jobs globally/ one out of every 10 jobs
• 10% of world’s GDP
• 5000 trillion $ industry
• 1.5 trillion tourists
International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts

• Year Arrivals (Millions) Receipts (US$ Billions)

• 1950 25 2
• 1980 278 104
• 1995 528 403
• 2000 574 475
• 2005 797 679
• 2010 940 919
• 2016 1235 1500
 Globalised system
• Multinational companies; Tour wholesalers – airlines, hotel chains, tourism service
companies
• Travel advisory regarding safety issues
• WTO; World Tourism Organization carries out training,
consultative and technical programmes with UN support and financial resources from UNDP;
WTO is responsible at an official level for stimulating inter governmental corporation and
liaison;
WTO helps to stimulate collective action in the aspects of long term planning and in the
areas of policy and strategy;
WTO provides a forum of consultation, the exchange of ideas at an official level, collecting
and publishing essential information on Socio-economic data;
carving out market segment studies which are the basis for the preparation of Tourism
Policies and the development of strategies and marketing plans.
• Regional organizations; such as PATA are involved in travel and trade and marketing and
marketing research in promoting their destinations
Definition of History
• "History is a narration of the events which have
happened among mankind, including an account of the
rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes
which have affected the political and social condition of
the human race."—1876. A Manual of General History.
John Jacob Anderson
• the past as it is described in written documents, and the
study thereof.
• Events occurring before written records are considered
prehistory.
Evolution of Travel
• As seasons changed and animals migrated, people
traveled to survive.
• Early travelers moved on foot
• Travel may have remained a localized experience;
climbing a mountain or crossing a river to satisfy their
own sense of adventure and curiosity
• Many cultures and nations moved great armies and
navies to conquer and control resources and trade
routes
• Military forces often traveled great distances
Ancient Era
• Travel for any reason was time consuming, expensive and dangerous
• The development of travel for trade and commerce (development of
paths and routes)
• The development of water travel
• The improvements of routes and paths (crude, vehicles)
Evolution of Travel
• Mesopotamia was the birthplace of many fundamental
inventions and innovations such as cities, the wheel, money,
etc. that made ability to travel for tourism related purposes
• Rise of Egyptian, Eastern Mediterranean, and Roman
Empires that travel began to evolve into tourism
• The Phoenicians were interested in travel because of a sense
of curiosity and discovery and establishing trade routes
• Mayans on the Gulf Coast (Mexico) and the Shang Dynasty
(China) probably traveled for many of the same reasons as
the Phoenicians
The Empire Era
• From Mesopotamia, civilization gradually spread to the
Nile Valley and Indus Valley.
• Monuments of the Nile Valley attracted religious and
ceremonial tourists.
• Thus it is from ancient Egypt that some of the earliest
explicit evidence of pleasure tourism is found.
• from the time of the Egyptians to the Greeks and finally
came to an end with the fall of the Roman Empire
• During this time, people began traveling in large
numbers for governmental, commercial, educational,
and religious purposes out of both necessity and
pleasure.
Mesopotemia Civilisation
• 3100 BC
• Situated within the between valleys of Euphrates and Tigris in
Western Asia covering parts of present Iraq, Kuwait, Syria and south
turkey.
• Had written languages of Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian et
• Fell to Alexandra the great in 332 BC
• Muslim conquest in 7th century AD
• Literature, Mathematics and technology, Logic and philosophy, art
• Mesopotamian religion, calendar, astronomy, medicine, architecture
• Copper works, cloths, irrigation, banking, commerce, barley and fruits
• Festivals, music, sports (hunting, wrestling, boxing, polo)
• Men dominated family life, council of elders, burials
• City states, emperor and governors, king as the god, law,
Egyptian civilisation
• 3100 BC
• Nile valley in North Africa
• Fell to Alexandra the great in 332 BC
• Cleopatra in 30 BC
• Roman period 30 BC – 641 AD, Christianity, under Muslims in 639 AD
• Pharaoh, pyramid, Egyptian gods, Temples, mummies
• Barter system, coinage, first animal husbandry in savannas, farming
• Nobel family and slavery,
• Pottery, stone tools, bronze
• Mathematics, medicines
The Empire Era
• The Egyptian Kingdoms (4850–715 b.c.) were the first known
civilization to have consolidated governmental functions at
centralized locations.
• Travelling by boat was easy because of the Nile River
• As travel became commonplace, basic necessities such as
food and lodging had to be provided.
• Several factors combined to encourage travel during the
height of the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Empires.
Greek civilization
• 8th century BC
• Phoenician alphabet – scripts
• 680 BC – Introducing coins, city states-Athans-Empire great Alexander
• 646 BC – Roman rule
• World’s first democracy- citizens rule
• By 600 BC- 30%-50% slavery
• Origin of Western culture
• Public Schools- Aristotle's lyceum school, Platonic academy
• Prosperous Industrial economy
• Philosophy – Plato, Socrates
• Olympic games
Roman Empire
• 5000 years ago- story of Romulus
• Italic speaking
• 500 BC – Senate, Roman republic 509-27
• Julius seizer – 49 BC, Markus Antonius, Octavian
• AD 64 – Emperor Augustus
• Great fire of Rome,
• 1st century AD – Christianity, Bishop of Rome (Pope)
• Small chariots, coins, bracelets, rugs
• Cities – Persepolis – World heritage site
• Religion – Zoroastrianism 1500-500 BC – Persian peace time
• Fall – 480 BC and 330 BC to Alexandra the great
Roman
• Coins were the only medium of exchange
• Planned network of good roads, water routes,
• Greek and Latin were the official languages
• The legal system
• Sports, sightseeing, excursion, health
• Today’s tourism industry closely follows the patterns establishedin the
roman empire
Persian Empire
• 550 BC – Cyrus the great –Archaemenid power
• World’s 1st super power – Mesopotamia, Egypt, and indo civilizations
came under one government - Modern Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine,
North-west India, South to Egypt
• Standard currency, weight, measures, roads
• Aramis official language
• Communication between three continents, First postal services
• Art – metalwork, rock carvings, weaving
• Architecture – rock murals
The Empire Era
• The Greek Empire (900–200 b.c.) promoted the use of a
common language throughout much of the Mediterranean
region
• the money of some Greek city-states became accepted as a
common currency of exchange.
• As centers of governmental activities, these city-states
became attractions in themselves.
• They offered Shopping, eating, drinking, gaming, and
watching spectator sports and theatrical performances to
satisfy visitors
The Empire Era
• Olympic Games in ancient Greece surely associated with pre-
modern tourism.
• The game site at Olympia can be considered as one of the
oldest tourist resorts while games themselves are one of the
first examples of sport and event tourism.
• Moreover, the sanctuaries of the healing gods were also a
significant tourist attraction in the country.
• However, tourism at that time was a hard work because the
infra structure was primitive, dangerous and unsanitary.
• Therefore, travelers as tourists were relatively small and
restricted to the adult males.
The Empire Era
• The growth of the Roman Empire (500 b.c.–a.d. 300)
fostered expanded tourism opportunities for both middle-
class and wealthy citizens.
• Good roads and water routes made travel easy.
• With inns, Fresh horses people could travel 125 miles a day
• These roads, which connected Rome with such places as
Gaul, Britain, Spain, and Greece, eventually extended into a
50,000-mile system.
• The most famous road was the Appian Way, joining Rome
with the “heel” of Italy.
The Empire Era
• Roman currency was universally accepted and Greek and
Latin were common languages.
• A common legal system provided protection and peace of
mind
• Away from home for commerce, adventure, and pleasure.
• Greek city-states and cities in the Roman Empire became
destination attractions
• free time; travel is easy and safe; exchangeable currencies;
common languages; and established legal systems create a
perception of personal safety.
Indus valley Civilisation
• 3000 – 1300 BC / 2600-1900 BC mature form
• North-west Afghanistan, Pakistan and Western and North-western
India in the basis of Indus river
• Urban planning – Planned cities, baked brick houses, drainage system,
water supply system, large buildings, handicrafts and mettle works
• The fall of civilization because of shortage of water supply
• Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa – World Heritage sites from 1979
• Writing system – Rigveda
• Trade and transportation- bullock carts, boats, canal network
• Single states and no single ruler – enjoied equal status
Indus Valley Civilisation
• Uniform weights and measures
• Kautilya’s Arthasasthra 400BC
• Art and Craft- pottery, gold jewelries, cubical dice and games, ceremics
• Terracotta- women and animals
• dancing girl statues, seals
• Indus- Mesopotamia relations
• Agriculture- barley, wheat cattle farming
• Language- proto Dravidian, writing systems, signboards
• Religion- God and goddess – linga and yoni - shiva
• Vedic culture – great bath, funerals
 Maya Civilisation
• a Mesoamerican civilisation developed by the Maya peoples
• Logo syllabic script- the most sophisticated and highly developed writing
system in pre Colombian Americas
• Art, architecture, mathematics, calendar and astronomical system
• Maya civilization encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and
Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador
• "Maya" refers to the peoples of the region
• The Archaic period, prior to 2000 BC, saw the first developments in
agriculture and the earliest villages.
• The Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD) saw the establishment of the
first complex societies in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple
crops of the Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers.
• The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC, and by 500 BC these cities
possessed monumental architecture, including large temples with elaborate
stucco façades.
Maya civilisation
• Hieroglyphic writing was being used in the Maya region by the 3rd century BC.
• Beginning around 250 AD, Maya were raising sculpted monuments
• This period saw the Maya civilization develop many city-states linked by a
complex trade network.
• In the 9th century, there was a widespread political collapse in the central Maya
region, resulting in internecine warfare, the abandonment of cities, and a
northward shift of population.
• In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire colonised the Mesoamerican region, fall
of Nojpetén, the last Maya city, in 1697.
• Power normally Passes to the Eldest son. King was also war leader.
• Political make-up of a kingdom varied from city-state to city-state.
• By the Late Classic, the aristocracy had greatly increased
Maya civilisation
• The Maya civilization developed highly sophisticated art forms, created art
using wood, Jade, obsidian, ceramics, sculpted stone monuments, stucco,
and finely painted murals.
• Maya cities expand haphazardly, and the city centre would be occupied by
ceremonial and administrative complexes
• Different parts of a city would often be linked by causeways
• The principal architecture of the city consisted of palaces, pyramid-
temples, ceremonial ball courts, and structures aligned for astronomical
observation.
• The Maya elite were literate
• The Maya recorded their history and ritual knowledge in screenfold books,
• The Maya developed a highly complex series of interlocking ritual
calendars, and employed
• As a part of their religion, the Maya practiced human sacrifice.
Chinese civilisations
• Humans probably reached East Asia between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago.
• Oldest clay pottery have been discovered in a Chinese hunter-gatherer cave that
dates back to 18,000 years ago
• Historians believe farming began in China about 7,000 BCE. Millet and Rice
• Civilization developed in China the same way it developed in South Asia, South
west Asia and North Africa.
• Civilization occurred sometime around 2000 BCE around the Yellow River.
• The culture that developed in Ancient China became the nation of China that
exists today.
• China is the oldest continuous civilization in the world.
• In China, the powerful families that controlled land became leaders of family-
controlled governments called dynasties.
Chinese civilisations
• The Xia Dynasty (2000 BCE-1600 BCE) was the first dynasty in Chinese
history.
• It lasted around 500 years and included the reigns of 17 emperors
• The Xia people were farmers, with bronze weapons, clay pottery and burial
artifact.
• Silk is one of the most important products China has ever created.
• The Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE-1046 BCE) was originally a clan living along
the Yellow River during the Xia Dynasty.
• The Shang were the oldest Chinese civilization to leave behind written
records
• During the Shang Dynasty people worshipped many gods. Ancestor
worship, bronze artifacts
 Chinese civilisations
• The Zhou Dynasty (1046 BCE-256 BCE)
• During the Zhou, the use of iron was introduced to China
• Agriculture was usually directed by the government - feudal system
• Taoism and Confucianism developed—the two most important Chinese philosophies.
• From 221 BCE to 206 BCE the Qin Dynasty - China’s first empire.
• This dynasty designed standard currency, standard wheel axle size, and standard laws
• standardized the different systems of writing into one system called small seal script
• Legalism against Confucianism
• Mongolian invasions resulted the beginning of the Great Wall of China.
• Canals and bridges, were also built to help strengthen trade and transportation.
• An amazing tomb known as the Terra Cotta Army
• It is from this dynasty that we get the name “China”.
Chinese civilisations
• The Han Dynasty began in 206 BCE and lasted 400 years until 220 CE
• The government made Confucianism the official belief system
• conquered land in modern Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam, and even into
Central Asia.
• system of examinations - Imperial Examinations to find qualified people
• invented paper, steel, the compass, and porcelain.
• The paths of caravan traffic are often called the "Silk Road"
• Bddhism reached China during this period.
• China primarily used wood as its main building material. Similar to
Ancient Iraq (Mesopotamia), very few ancient structures exist today.
The Middle Ages and the Renaissance Era
• Travel almost disappeared during the Middle Ages (5th–14th
centuries a.d.).
• As the dominance of the Roman Empire crumbled, travel
became dangerous and sporadic.
• The feudal system that eventually replaced Roman rule
resulted in many different autonomous domains.
• This breakdown in a previously organized and controlled
society resulted in the fragmentation of transportation
systems, currencies, and languages, making travel a difficult
and sometimes dangerous experience.
The Middle Ages and the Renaissance Era
• As the Roman Catholic Church gained power and influence,
people began to talk of Crusades to retake the Holy Land.
• There were nine of these Crusades (a.d. 1096–1291), but
each failed.
• In 1291, Acre, the last Christian stronghold, was retaken by
the Muslims, bringing the Crusades to an end.
• Although conquest and war were the driving forces behind
the Crusades, the eventual result was the desire of people to
venture away from their homes to see new places and
experience different civilizations.
 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance Era
• After the Crusades, merchants such as Marco Polo traveled to places
well beyond the territories visited by the Crusaders
• Polo’s travels and adventures (1275–1295) across the Middle East
and China continued to heighten travel and trade.
• Travel emerged slowly during the Renaissance (14–16th centuries).
• Merchants began to venture farther from their villages as the
Church and kings and queens brought larger geographic areas under
their control.
• Trade routes slowly began to reopen as commercial activities grew
and merchants ventured into new territories.
The Middle Ages and the Renaissance Era
• Idea of traveling for the sake of experiences and learning is
attributed to first recorded “tourist,” Cyriacus of Ancona. His
journeys around the Mediterranean Sea in a quest to learn
more about and experience Greek and Roman History.
• From the Middle Ages (c.1100-1500), Europe gradually
emerged and Christian pilgrimage or travel for religious
purposes was the trend of tourism. These travelers
wandered beyond there own locality, however, still travel
was dangerous and uncomfortable
• The desire to learn from and experience other cultures
heightened awareness of the educational benefits to be
gained from travel and led to the Grand Tour Era.
The Grand Tour Era
• The Grand Tour Era (1613–1785), height of luxurious travel
originated with wealthy English became fashionable among
people who had time and money.
• The knowledge provided by these travels, became a status
symbol representing social and educational experiences.
• Grand Tour participants traveled throughout Europe, seeking
to experience the cultures of the “civilized world” and
acquire knowledge through the arts and sciences.
• Their travels took them to a variety of locations in France,
Switzerland, Italy, and Germany for extended periods of
time, often stretching over many years
The Grand Tour Era
• Paris was the first major destination of the tourists followed
by cities of Italy.
• The following quote from an English author, Samuel Johnson
has captured the effect of the visit of Mediterranean.
A man who has not been in Italy, is always conscious of
an inferiority, from his not having seen what is
expected a man should see. The grand object of
traveling is to see the shores of the Mediterranean
Towner (1996) has estimated that some 15000-20000
members of the British leisure class were abroad on the grand
tour at any given time during the mid 1700s
The Grand Tour Era
• Industrial Revolution, which began c. 1750, forever changed
economic and social structures.
• Nations moved from agriculture and commerce to modern
industries.
• People became tied to regimented structures and demands
of factory life
• Economic growth and technological advances led efficient
transportation, integration of markets across geographic
boundaries, and higher personal incomes for people.
• Travel became a business necessity as well as leisure activity
 The Mobility Era
• Growing economic prosperity, advent of leisure time and
availability of cheap travel led in a new era in history of tourism.
• People began to search for new ways to spend their precious
leisure time away from their jobs in offices, stores, and factories.
• The Mobility Era (1800–1944) was characterized by increased
travel to new and familiar locations, both near and far.
• Tourism activities began to rise as new roads, carts, passenger
trains, and sailing ships became common sights in early 1800s.
• Great Britain and France developed extensive road and railroad
systems well before Canada and the United States. This reduced
their costs, attracting more and more people to the idea of travel.
The Mobility Era
• Thomas Cook (1808–1892) can be credited with finally bringing
travel to the general public by introducing the tour package.
• In 1841, he organized the first tour for a group of 570 people to
attend a temperance rally in Leicester, England. For the price of a
shilling (12 pence), his customers boarded a chartered train for
the trip from Lough-borough, complete with a picnic lunch and
brass band.
• In 1856, Cook initiated his first international tour through Europe
• Stangen and Cook opened their travel agencies in Berlin (1863)
and in London (1864) respectively and offered tours to
developing countries
• The first round the world excursion was organised with an
itinerary that included Australia and New Zealand. Then the
reason for excursion shifted from spiritual purposes to
sightseeing and pleasure.
The Mobility Era
• Cook used products of industrial revolution- railway,
steamship and telegraph- that increased efficiently his
business of tourism.
• That led to emergence of package tour (a pre paid travel
package includes transport, accommodation, food and other
services).
• The next major steps in the Mobility Era were the
introduction of automobiles and air travel.
• Henry Ford’s mass production of Model T in 1914 that
brought individual freedom to travel.
• Orville and Wilbur Wright led in era of flight with their
successful test of airplane in North Carolina, in 1903.
The Modern Era
• Means of mobility and interest in seeing new places was not
enough.
• Mass tourism was established during the first half of the
20th century when industrialists created the paid vacation
• The working and middle classes in industrialized countries
thus were given the financial means and the time to satisfy
their newfound wanderlust.
• Indeed, at the dawn of the 21st century, most workers in
virtually all industrialized nations have several weeks of
vacation time that they may choose to spend traveling.
The Modern Era
• The time from about 1880 to 1950, tourism characterized by
the rapid growth of domestic tourism within the wealthier
countries but less rapid expansion in international tourism.
• In 1924 the International Union of Official Organizations for
Tourist Propaganda was formed, later to become the
International Union of Official Travel Organisations (IUOTO)
as the world body concerned with tourism.
• Later it was named as World Tourism Organisation
• Today the WTO is renamed as UNWTO
The Modern Era
• International tourism had been interrupted in the period
between 1880- 1950 because of two major wars, World War
I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45) and two major
economic depressions in 1890s and 1930s
• In 1914, the first official travel guide on Bali was published
• About 3000 tourists visited Bali before Second World War
• In 1922, Morocco Tourism Federation was established
• In 1920, West Indies registered almost 80,000 tourists
• In 1939, first transatlantic passenger flight
 The Modern Era
• Mass tourism received additional boost after World War II.
• During this war, millions of people throughout the world, including
over 17 million Canadian and U.S. citizens, were exposed to many
new, different, and even exotic locations as they served in a variety
of military assignments. They forced many people to share their
experience with family and friends when they returned home.
• Following the end of World War II, Cars were being produced in
large numbers; gas was no longer rationed; and prosperity began to
return to industrialized countries.
• As American families travelled around the country in cars, the motel
business began to boom.
The Modern Era
• In 1950s, hotels and motels expanded quickly - First north American
family oriented motor hotel chain
• Introduction of jet in the 1950s, and popularity in 1960s accelerated
growth of domestic and international travel.
• In 1950, credit card was born in the form of the Diners Club card. credit
cards provided travelers with purchasing power anywhere in the world
without the risk of carrying cash
• Credit cards are preferred form of international buying power as travelers
can charge their purchases in the local currency.
• In 1955, First McDonald's store, first theme park in America
• Time, money, safety, and the desire to travel combined to usher in an
unparalleled period of tourism growth that continues today
The Modern Era
• Tourism's importance was shown in conference on International
Travel and Tourism held in Rome in August-September, 1963.
• Visitors were divided into: Tourists-temporarily visitors to a
country staying at least 24 hours, for the purpose of leisure or
business; and Excursionists- temporary visitors staying in a
country less than 24 hours, but excluding transit passengers.
• Progress was made in the 1963 conference in the simplification
of frontier formalities and barriers to travel.
• As a result many countries began to plan tourism sector with
developing transportation, tour operation, the accommodation
industry, resorts and other activities related to tourism.
The Modern Era
• The 20th-century phenomenon that came to be known as
mass tourism now includes two different groups of travelers.
mass tourists who buy packaged tours and follow an
itinerary prepared and organized by tour operators
• individual mass tourists who visit popular attractions
independently but use tourism services that are promoted
through the mass media.
• In addition, many travelers are now seeking more than just
going to a destination to be able to say “been there, done
that.”
• They have a desire to become truly immersed in all the
destination has to offer and when able to, give back through
educational and volunteer programs.
 The Modern Era
• into the 21st century, widespread Internet access, opening of
previously closed international borders, and increased wealth and
mobility of citizens in increasingly industrialized countries such as
China and India are opening new venues for travelers and
providing millions more potential tourists.
• Even countries such as Vietnam and Cuba that were once off
limits to U.S. travelers are experiencing explosive tourism growth.
• Terrorism, political and economic instability, and health scares
have discouraged travel.
• Increased security efforts have also meant increased hassles and
time constraints for travelers at airports, borders, and attractions.
 Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• Tourism in the form of travel for the purpose of trade and religious travel was
taking place much earlier in Sri Lankan history.
• Sir Emerson Tennent says in his well known book on Ceylon (now Sri Lanka);
• ‘There is no island in the world, Great Britain itself not excepted, that
has attracted the attention of authors in so many distant ages and so
many different countries as Ceylon. There is no nation in ancient or
modern times possessed of a language and a literature, the writer of
which have not at some time made it there theme. Its aspect, its
religion, its antiquities, and productions, have been described as well by
the classic Greeks, as by those of the Lower Empire, by the Romans; by
the writers of China, Burma, India and Kashmir; by the geographers of
Arabia and Persia; by the mediaeval voyagers of Italy and France; by the
analysts of Portugal and Spain; by the merchant adventures of Holland,
and by the travelers and topographers of Great Britain.’ (Quoted from
Hulugalle, 2000: Preface)
 Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• Sri Lanka's relationship with India form a major part of her tradition
beginning with the romantic epic of Rama and Sita
• the arrival of Vijaya, first Aryan king of Ceylon, and his seven
hundred companions who embarked on an aimless voyage
• the sudden appearance of Mahinda, the son of the emperor Asoka,
with the precious gift of Buddhism
• the arrival of theri Sangamiththa with the sacred Bo tree
• a noble train of scholars and savants spanning the centuries, among
them Buddhagosa who rewrote the Singhalese commentaries on
the Buddhist scriptures in the Pali language.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka

• Such episodes featuring the seas, the ports and the coastline
are enshrined in the annals of our country and highlight its
island character and unique location.
• These evidences highlight only inbound traveling. However,
it is evident that outbound traveling was a feature in the
early history of Sri Lanka.
• According to Hulugalle (2000), there is an episode of the
island's history that four envoys from Ceylon visited to Rome
about the years 45 A.D.
 Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• Ceylon was first heard of in Europe when the companions of
Alexander the Great what they had been told of the island
• First map of Ceylon was made by Ptolemacus, a Greek astronomer.
• The sea faring nations knew Ceylon from very early times because
of its position in the trade routes.
• Cosmos Indicopleustes visited Ceylon in the sixth century who was
a native of Alexandria, and then they called Sri Lanka "Taprobane".
• Marco Polo, the Venetian, Iban Batuta, the Moor, Fa-Hien, the
Chinese pilgrim visited Ceylon.
• Fa-Hien used historic Silk Road, that was followed by travelers,
scholars, explorers, religious dignitaries, royalty and pirates.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• From the first century A.D. up to the fifteenth century A.D.
Sri Lanka and China maintained a prolonged political,
religious and economic relationship with each other
• By the ninth century A.D. a Japanese monk named
Ven.Kukain who crossed over to China learned about Sri
Lanka.
• However, relationship between Japan and Sri Lanka began to
develop after the British conquered the island of Sri Lanka.
• Today Japan plays a major role in tourist industry in Sri Lanka.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• Before the European nations came to be interested in the
island, various dynasties and powers from South India,
starting with Sena and Gutthika, South East Asia and China
tried to establish trade monopolies.
• The Arabs had a virtual monopoly of the trade with Ceylon
because of international links had Sri Lanka with the Arab
world.
• Arab traveler Iban Batuta visited the Adam's Peak and after
that Arabs visited Sri Lanka frequently not only for the trade
but also for religious purposes.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• The first international gathering recorded in Sri Lanka was in
the Second Century B.C. for the foundation laying ceremony
of monuments attracting Buddhist representatives from
various regions from East and the West.
• This event brought people of various countries together to
celebrate the blossoming of the Buddhist tradition in the
country.
• These evidences say that Sri Lanka had close contacts with
the outside world and had some kind of tourist activities
mainly in trade and pilgrimage
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• During the four centuries that followed, the Portuguese, the
Dutch and British, in turn, enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the
island's overseas commerce.
• With the development of export crops the British allowed
other nations to have free access to ports and markets while
building the administrative system.
• This evidence reflects that Sri Lanka enjoyed with some kind
of inbound tourism and the purpose of those visits was
limited to the trade or pilgrimage.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• In the modern context, there was no formal tourism sector in
Sri Lanka before 1966.
• Then tourism occupied an insignificant place in the economy
of the country and efforts to boost the industry were not
very successful.
• At that time main promotion agency for tourism was the
Tourist Bureau, which was established in 1937 as a
government department under the ministry of Commerce.
• It had the sole task of handling a few visitors who came from
abroad, mainly by ship, and some business and pilgrim traffic
from India.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• At that time Sri Lanka was not equipped to cater to tourist
traffic because hotel facilities were substandard and needed
considerable improvement.
• The number of hotel rooms in the whole island was less than
800. The few big hotels catered mostly to commercial
travelers and businessman.
• In Colombo, there were only three large hotels and
accommodation outside Colombo consisted of rest houses
which had limited accommodation and were unsuitable for
foreign visitors. Total tourist travels to Sri Lanka in 1948 were
estimated at 21000 excluding the net migration of 20,000.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• Sri Lanka was among the South Asian countries that became
host countries for the surge of tourists from the first world,
and recognised its tourism potential very early and
inaugurated a planned tourism and tourist development
programme from the 1960s.
• The Ceylon Tourist Board (CTB) was set up in 1966 by an Act
of Parliament as a policy making body.
• The CTB subsequently took over the functions of Tourist
Bureau.
• Meanwhile The Ceylon Hotel Corporation was also
established.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• The major promotional activity was the foundation of a ten
year plan for development of the industry, financed by the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
• As the government started tourism promotional activities
from 1966, Sri Lanka experienced rapid expansion of its
tourism sector.
• Then, Western Europe has throughout been the most
important market for Sri Lanka Tourist industry and has
accounted for as much as half of the total number of visitors.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• Asia (East Asia and South Asia) the second largest regional
market, which Indians and Japanese have been mainly
responsible for the expansion of it, has exceeded 30%.
• North America's share has been declining in recent years as a
poor air links. Unlike the past, pleasure is the main purpose
in travel to Sri Lanka accounting for more than 95% of visits.
• However, many tourists visit for business, visiting friends and
relatives, and cultural and other reasons.
• 99.9% of international tourists today arrived by air and the
balance used Colombo harbour as the port of entry.
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka
• International tourists are the most important; however there
is significant domestic tourist activity and excursion activity
in Sri Lanka.
• These changing characteristics of the tourist industry should
be taken into account in planning tourism for sustainable
development.
• The 1972 Five year plan also incorporated the ten year
plan for tourism development
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka

•Sri Lanka Tourism Master plan 1993

Optimum market target 874,000 in 2000
14 tourism zones were established - West Coast
(North from Colombo), West Coast (South of
Colombo), Colombo City, Colombo Region, West
Coast, South West Inland, South Coast, South East,
Hill Country, Kandy Region, North West Inland, Ancient
Cities, East Inland, East Coast, North
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka

• The Tourism Act No. 38 of 2005

Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority
Tourism Promotion Bureau
Sri Lanka Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management
The Sri Lanka Convention Bureau
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka

• Ten Year Development Plan - Mahinda Chinthana – Vision for

a New Sri Lanka
Tourism will be the third Foreign Exchange Earner
Regional hub in tourist industry
Shift from mass tourism to Special interest tourism
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka

• 2011 – 2016 Five year Tourism Plan – Development Strategy

of Tourism in Sri Lanka
Increasing tourist arrivals to 2.5 million in 2016
Increasing jobs to 500,000
Attracting high spending tourists
Facilitating Domestic tourism
Creating positive image – Land like no other – Wonder of
Asia
Historical Development of Tourism in Sri Lanka

• Sri Lanka Tourism Strategic Plan 2017-2020

Achieving UN sustainable development goals
increase revenue for the country
support local communities
Placing the Third Foreign Exchange Earner
India
• 7th largest country in the world
• 2nd largest in terms of population
• Prehistory- Indus valley civilization
• Conquered by Great Alexander in 327 BC
• Hindu empire – Magadha
• Maurya – Chandragupta, Bindusara, Asoka
• Mughal empire
• European invasion –
• Independence in 1947
India
• 1652 languages
• Hindi – official language
• English, Bengali, thelingu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Panjabi,
Nepali, Kashmir, Malayalam, etc.
• 50% Hindu, 13% Islam, 0.7% Buddhist etc.
• Dance, theater, music, art, literature, festivals, architecture,
traditions, clothing, foods, ruins, sculptures, etc.
India
a developing market economy.
world's 5th largest economy by nominal GDP
annual average GDP growth has been 6% to 7%
from 2014 to 2018, the world's fastest growing major Economy
GDP per capita USD 2172
HDI .468 in 2017
Unemployment 6.1 IN 2018
India
• Trade and grand tour - Disapamok
• Religious Tourism – maurya empire
• Tree shades, Ajanta, Ellora, sanchi
• Rest houses for pilgrimages
• Mughal monuments
• Hotels – in British period
• Ashok is the first hotel
• World Heritage sites- 30 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed
• Taj Mahal, Ajanta Caves, Buddha Gaya, Red fort, Sanchi
India
• 1945/46 Sargent committee
• 1949 Tourist traffic branch under ministry of transport
• 16820 international tourists in 1950
• 1956 Plan
• 1957 member of International Official Tourism Organisation
• 1958 tourism department under Transport ministry
• 1963 Air India co.
• 1966 India Tourism Organisation
• 1967 Ministry of Tourism and civil Aviation
India
• 1992 National action plan
• 1985-1989 7th five year tourism plan
• 1992-1997 8th five year tourism plan
• 1999-2000 visit India year
Pakistan
• present day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures
including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley
Civilisation (2,800–1,800 BCE), at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
• The Vedic period (1500–500 BCE) was characterised by an Indo-Aryan
culture Multan was an important
• The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient around 1000 BCE.
• the Persian Achaemenid Empire (around 519 BCE)
• Alexander the Great's empire in 326 BCE
• the Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by
Ashoka the Great, until 185 BCE.
• Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education
in the world
• the Rai Dynasty (489–632 CE) of Sindh ruled this region and the Pala
Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire
Pakistan
• The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh in
711 CE
• The Early Medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of
Islam
• Rule of several successive Muslim Empires: Ghaznavid Empire (975–
1187 CE), the Delhi Sulthanate (1206–1526 CE, the Mughal Empire
(1526–1857 CE).
• By the early 18th century, increasing European
• During this time, the English East India Company had established
coastal outposts.
Pakistan
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan led to the creation of the All India Muslim
League in 1906.
• In 1930, Allama Iqbal called for "the amalgamation of NorthWest
Muslim-majority Indian states" consisting of Punjab, Northwest
Frontier Province, Sind
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan
• The 1946 elections resulted in the Muslim League winning 90 percent
of the seats reserved for Muslims
• the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947
• In 1970 Pakistan held its First democratic elections since
independence
• in 1971 East Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh
Pakistan
• Democracy ended with a Military coup in 1977 – General Zia-Ul-Haq
become the president in 1978. President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988,
and Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the
country's first female Prime Minister.
• General Pervez Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from 1999
to 2001 and as President from 2001 to
• After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007appointing party member
Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister
• The general election held in 2013 and Nawaz Shariff was elected as the
Prime Minister,
• In 2018, Imran Khan won the 2018 general election
Pakistan
• SAARC member
• Developing country USD 1561
• Islamic nation
• Urdu language
• Six designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the archeological ruins
at Moenjodaro; the Buddhist ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and neighboring
city remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol; the fort and Shalamar Gardens in
Lahore; the monuments at Makli; Fort Rohtas; and the ancient ruins
of Taxila.
Pakistan
• Aviation service started in 1949
• Pakistan Tourism Development corporation in 1970
• Tourism collapsed from 1980-1990 because of Afgan-Soviet war
• Rise from 1990- 2000
• Marketing policy in 2007
• Best destination for adventure tourism by British backpackers society
in 2018
Bangladesh
• SAARC country
• Former East Pakistan
• Independence in 1971
• Developing country- GDP per Capita USD 1516
• Bengali language
• Prime minister- sheik Hasina
• Currency- taka
• Islam dominated 72%
• Bengali culture- Famous for music, dancing, cinema and literature
Bangladesh
• Modern Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in 1971
• The country's borders corresponded with the major portion of the ancient and
historic region of Bengal
• Bangladesh's early documented history featured successions of Hindu and
Buddhist kingdoms and empires, struggling for regional dominance.
• Islam arrived during the 6th-7th century AD and became dominant gradually
since the 13th century
• From the 14th century onward, it was ruled by the Bengal Sultanate, founded by
king Samasuddin Ilyas Shah
• the region came under the Mugal Empire, as its wealthiest province
• The population of the capital city, Dhaka, exceeded a million people.
• Bangladesh history links to Indian History
Bangladesh
• Well developed towns had emerged by 300 BCE
• Maurya empire - Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription
• Mauryan and Gupta empires exercised authority over most parts of
the Bengal delta
• Indo-European languages became prominent from 400 BCE
• Vanga Kingdom had overseas trade relations with Java, Sumatra, and
Siam
• According to Mahavamsa Vanga prince Vijaya conquered Lanka in
544 BC
Bangladesh
• Gangaridai Empire and Nanda Empire were preparing a massive
counter-attack against the forces of Alexander The Great on the banks
of Ganges
• Bengal was left on its own after Mauryan power declined.
• Gopachandra ruled the area in the early 500s.
• The Khargas became rulers in the next century.
• They were followed by the Deva dynasty
• Around the middle of the eighth century a firm Buddhist, Gopala,
assumed power in Bengal
Bangladesh
• The Pala Dynasty ruled Bengal until the middle of the twelfth century and
the first independent Buddhist dynasty of Bengal.
• They provided support to Buddhist universities in Vikramashila and
Nalanda
• The Chandra dynasty Bengal from the beginning of the 10th century CE.
• The Sena dynasty started around 1095
• the Palas around 1150.
• The Deva Kingdom, a Hindu dynasty ruled over eastern Bengal
• Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah became the ruler of independent Bengal in 1342
Bangladesh
• They built India's biggest mosque, the Adina mosque
• in 1526 the Mughals established India's greatest state
• Following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 1700s, Bengal
became a semi-independent state
• It was later conquered by the British East India Company in 1757.
• The borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the
Separation of Bengal and India in August 1947
• became East Pakistan
• Independence in 27 March 1971 – Sheik Mujibar Rahman
Bangladesh
• Tourism promotion after independence in1971
• 1972- Bangladesh parjatan corporation
• Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC) is an autonomous body under the
ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism
• National Hotel and Tourism Training Institute (NHTTI) for professional
tourism management training established in 1974 under Bangladesh
Parjatan Corporation.
• Civil aviation and tourism ministry- 1977
• National tourism policy- 1992
• Bangladesh Tourism Board established in 2010
The Maldives
• 1192 atolls
• 200 atolls is occupied
• 105 atolls are tourist destinations
• Dhivehi language
• Muslim nations
• Tourism and fisheries
• 350,000 population
• SAARC member
• Developing country- Per capita USD 10535
 Maldives
• earliest settlers were descendants of Tamils from ancient Tamilakam in the
Sangam Period (300 BC–AD 300)
• Maldives were influenced by Kalingas of ancient India who were earliest sea
traders to Sri Lanka
• The earliest written history of the Maldives is marked by the arrival of
Sinhalese people
• The Introduction of Islam at the end of the 12th century
• After the 16th century, when Colonial powers took over much of the trade in
the Indian Ocean, first the Portuguese, then the Dutch, and the French
occasionally meddled in local politics.
• In 1558 the Portuguese administered from their main colony in Goa.
• In the mid-17th century, the Dutch, who had replaced the Portuguese
The Maldives
• However, this interference ended when the Maldives became a
British Protectorate in the 19th century and the Maldivian monarchs
were granted a good measure of self-governance.
• During the British era, which lasted until 1965, Maldives continued to
be ruled under a succession of Sultans.
• The Maldives gained total independence from the British on 26 July
1965.
• However, the British continued to maintain an air base on the island
of Gan in the southernmost atoll until 1976.
• The British departure in 1976 at the height of the Cold war almost
immediately triggered foreign speculation about the future of the air
base.
The Maldives
• A United Nations mission on development which visited the Maldives
Islands in the 1960s did not recommend tourism
• Ever since the launch of the first the resort Kurumba Island) in Maldives in
1972
• At present, there are over 132 resorts located in the different atolls
• In 2009, local island guesthouses started popping up in the Maldives.
• In 2015, a total of 1.2 million tourists visited the Maldives, and another 1.5
million visited in 2016.
• In 2018, the Maldives operated 130 island-resorts.
• Extensive upgrades at the Velana International Airport will allow for 7.5
million visitors by early 2019 or 2020.
Maldives
• 1st Tourism Master Plan 1983-1992
• 2nd Tourism Master Plan 1995-2005
• 3rd Tourism Master Plan 2008-2012
• 4th Tourism Master Plan 2013-2917
• 5th Tourism Master Plan 2020- 2025
Nepal
• people have been living in the Himalayan region for at least eleven
thousand years.
• The earliest rulers of Nepal were the Kiratas (Kirata Kingdom-32 Kirati
kings ruling over 16 centuries.
• Around 500 BCE, small kingdom, Shakya, founded Buddhism, and
came to be known as Gautama Buddha (traditionally dated 563–483
BCE).
• By 250 BCE, the southern regions had come under the influence of
the Maurya Empire and later under the Gupta Empire in the 4th
century CE.
• The kings of the Lichhavi dynasty have been found to have ruled
Nepal after the Kirat monarchical dynasty around 250 CE.
• the late 8th century, Thakuri kings ruled over the country up to the
middle of the 12th century CE
Nepal
• In the early 12th century, Malla kings consolidated their power and ruled
over the next 200 years,
• In 1482, the realm was divided into three kingdoms: Kathmandu, Patan,
and Bhaktapur.
• In the mid-18th century, Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha king, set out to put
together what would become present-day Nepal.
• Rivalry between the Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company over
the control of states bordering Nepal eventually led to the Anglo-Nepali
War (1815–16).
• In 1923, the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of
friendship that superseded the Sugauli Treaty of 1816.
• Legalized slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924.
Nepal
• India sponsored both King Tribhuvan (ruled 1911–1955) as Nepal's
new ruler
• King Mahendra (ruled 1955–1972) scrapped the democratic
experiment in 1959 until 1989
• In 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal started a violent bid to replace
the royal parliamentary system with a people's republic
• In response to the 2006 democracy movement, King Gyanendra
agreed to relinquish sovereign power to the people.
• On 28 December 2007, – declaring Nepal a federal republic, and
thereby abolishing the monarchy
• Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, the first President of Nepal
Nepal
• Low income country – Developing country
• GDP per capita 1048
• HDI .427
• SAARC
• a landlocked country in South Asia
• eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the
highest point on Earth.
• Kathmandu is the capital
• ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley's traders
• Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Nepal
• Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal and its largest source of foreign exchange
and revenue.
• The Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Nepal and its cool weather are also strong
attractions.
• Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, is located in Nepal.
• The world heritage site Lumbini, birthplace of Buddha, is located in the south of
the West
• The government of Nepal declared 2011 to be Nepal Tourism Year. The
government of Nepal has also recently declared Visit Nepal 2020 with the aim of
bringing in two million tourists by 2020.
• The major religion in Nepal is Hinduism, and the Pashupatinath Temple, the
world's largest temple of Shiva, located in Kathmandu, attracts many pilgrims and
tourists.
Nepal
• The tourism history of Nepal began from the date when Manjushree, a Buddhist
monk from Tibet, visited Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Ancient King Ashoka from India came to Lumbini and raised Ashoka Pillar.
• During the Malla and Lichhivi period, Nepal got to see golden progress in the
tourism industry.
• The Mallas ruled over Nepal from around 750-1480 A.D. Plenty of magnificent
and eminent pagodas, royal residences and houses reflect the richness of art and
architecture during the Malla period.
• in 592 A.D. gave rise to a strong relationship between Nepal and China and
boosted the China-Nepal tourism relation to the next level.
• After that, Nepal was established as the only route to visit China via Lhasa and
travel from China to India via Lhasa for a certain period. This marital relationship
ended up favouring Nepal to increase visitors from both countries.
• In1737 A.D, King Jaya Prakash Malla gave written permission to Christians for
spreading Christianity which increased a lot number of Christian tourists.
• During those early days of Nepal, Chinese, Tibetan and Indians tourists used to
visit Nepal with religious and commercial purposes. Likewise, Chinese tourists
visited Lumbini.
Nepal
• King Prithvi Narayan Shah unified the disseminated states of Nepal into unified
Nepal in 1767 A.D. which gave a new dimension and way of tourism in Nepal.
• In 1792 Captain Kirk Patric visited Nepal which also helped much to promote
Tourism of Nepal. He wrote a book about Nepal named, “An Account of the
Kingdom of Nepal” which helped Nepal a lot to promote its tourism in foreign
countries.
• Later, the Sugauli treaty was signed in 1816 A.D. between the Nepal Government
and the British East India Company which favoured Nepal in the promotion and
furtherance of tourism in Nepal.
• During this time interval, many botanists and naturalists like Sir Brian Hodgson
FRS, and Sir Joseph Hooker FRS visited Nepal, which helped to promote the
natural tourism of Nepal worldwide.
• During the era of Prime Minister, Bir Shumsher different famous peoples from
Europe like Silva Levy and Percival London visited Nepal.
• Furthermore, King George V and the Prince of Wales came to Nepal for hunting
tigers in the terai forests in 1911 and 1921 respectively which again helped in
boosting the popularity of tourism in Nepal.
Nepal
• After the arrival of popular democracy in 1950 the entryway of Nepal
has stayed open to outsiders with the longing to visit Nepal.
• After, democracy foreigners were embraced by the Nepal
Government by providing them tourist visa.
• Tourism in Nepal after 1950 was popular due to the mountains of
Nepal.
• Mt. Annapurna I, Mt. Everest, Mt. Cho Oyu, Mt. Makalu, Mt.
Kanchenjunga, Mt. Manaslu, Mt. Lhotse, and Mt. Dhaulagiri were
scaled in 1960 only. So we can say 1950’s as one of the golden periods
of tourism in Nepal.
Nepal
• In 1955 Nepal became the member of the United Nations Organization
(UNO) which helped Nepal to promote tourism at an international level.
• In the same year, 1955 world-renowned Thomas Cook and Sons brought a
group of 60 tourists for a Nepal travel.
• In 1956, under the supervision of French George Lebrec, National Planning
Council on Tourism was established and started to boost tourism.
• The same year i.e. 1956 National Tourist Development Board was also
established.
• In 1958 Royal Nepal Airlines Corporation first started its operation
• In the late 1960s and 1970s, hippies started to move in Nepal.
 Nepal
• In the year 1962, for the first time, the Tourism Department started keeping
the statistics of the foreign tourists getting into Nepal.
• In the year 1972, Including the joint partnership of UNDP and ILO, Hotel
Management and Tourism Training Centre was established
• This institution was renamed as Nepal Academy of Tourism and Hotel
Management (NATHM) in 1999.
• In 1998, Nepal Tourism Board was instituted to promote Nepal as an
attractive tourist destination.
• In 2011, Tourism Year was celebrated for the second time in Nepal.
Afghanistan
• humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago
• graveyard of empires - among them the Achaemenid, Macedonian,
Indian Maurya and Islamic empires
• Urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE
• Indus valley civilization stretched up towards modern day Afghanistan
• Buddhism was widespread before the Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
• The religion Zoroastrianism is believed by some to have originated in
what is now Afghanistan between 1800 and 800 BCE
• Alexandra the great and his Macedonian forces arrived in Afghanistan in
330 BCE
• In the mid-to-late first century CE Afghanistan, became great patrons of
Buddhist culture, making Buddhism flourish throughout the region.
Afghanistan
• Arab Muslims brought Islam to Herat and Zaranj in 642 CE
• Genghis Khan and his Mongol army overran the region who
established the Timurid Empire in 1370.
• By the early 19th century, the Afghan empire was under threat from
the Persians in the west and the Sikh Empire in the east.
• Dost Mohammad Khan declared himself emir in 1826.
• In 1838, the British marched into Afghanistan and arrested Dost
Mohammad
Afganistan
• After the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the signing of the Treaty of
Rawalpindi on 19 August 1919, King Amanullah Khan declared
Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state.
• The institution of slavery was abolished in 1923.
• King Amanullah Khan and Queen Soraya Tarzi on a visit to Berlin in
1928
• Mohammed Zahir Shah, Nadir Shah's 19-year-old son, succeeded to
the throne and reigned from 1933 to 1973
• the 1964 constitution was formed, and the first non-royal Prime
Minister was sworn in.
Afghanistan
• In April 1978, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized
power
• the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War
• the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, but continued to support
Afghan President Mohammad Najibullah until 1992
• In late September 1996, the Taliban, in control of Kabul and most of
Afghanistan, proclaimed the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
• From 1996 to 2001, the al-Qaeda network of Osama bin Laden and Ayman
al-Zawahiri was also operating inside Afghanistan.
• the 11 September attacks were carried out in the United States. US and UK
forces bombed al-Qaeda training camps. Working with the Northern
Alliance, the US removed the Taliban from power.
• In December 2001, the Taliban government was overthrown
• In September 2014 Ashraf Ghani became President.
Afhanistan
• Developing country
• Per Capita income USD 545
• HDI .489
• Unemployment 23.9%
• SAARC member
• The taller Buddha of Bamian
Afghanistan
• The tourism industry of Afghanistan developed with government help in
the early 1970s
• In 1999, the United Nations estimated the daily cost of staying in Kabul at
$70
• Afghan embassies issue between 15,000 and 20,000 tourist visas annually.
• the Taliban do not necessarily target tourists.
• Afghanistan has four international airports, including the Hamid Karzai
International Airport, Mazar-e Sharif International Airport, Kandahar
International Airportand Herat International Airport
• Some of the major hotels in Kabul are the Serena Hotel, the Hotel Inter-
Continental Kabul, and the Safi Landmark Hotel
Bhutan
• Bhutan was inhabited as early as 2000 BC
• Buddhism was first introduced to Bhutan in the 7th century AD.
• Portuguese Jesuits Estêvão Cacella and João Cabral were the first
recorded Europeans to visit Bhutan in 1627,
• In 1953, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck established the country's
legislature – a 130-member National Assembly – to promote a more
democratic form of governance.
• In 1965, he set up a Royal Advisory Council, and in 1968 he formed a
Cabinet.
• In 1971, Bhutan was admitted to the United Nations, having held
observer status for three years.
Bhutan
• In July 1972, Jigme Singye Wangchuck ascended to the throne at the age of
sixteen after the death of his father, Dorji Wangchuck.
• Bhutan's political system has recently changed from an absolute monarchy
to a constitutional monarchy
• King Jigme Singye Wangchuck transferred most of his administrative
powers to the Council of Cabinet Ministers and allowed for impeachment
of the King by a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly.
• In 1999, the government lifted a ban on television and the Internet, making
Bhutan one of the last countries to introduce television.
• A new constitution was presented in early 2005.
• This was followed by the first national parliamentary elections in December
2007 and March 2008
Bhutan
• landlocked country in South Asia
• never been colonized in its history
• Situated on the ancient Silk Road
• In South Asia, Bhutan ranks first in economic freedom, ease of doing
business, and peace, and is the least corrupt country in the region
• Vajrayana Buddhism 77.4% and Hindu 22%
• GDP per capita 3117 – Developing country
• HDI .617
• pioneering the concept of gross national happiness
Bhutan
• Tourism in Bhutan began in 1974. In 1974, 287 tourists visited Bhutan
• preferring higher-quality tourism. named in 1999 as “high value, low impact,”
• Until 1991, the Bhutan Tourism Corporation (BTC), implemented the
government's tourism policy.
• privatised the Corporation in October 1991, As a result, as of 2018 over 75
licensed tourist companies operate in the country.
• Most foreigners cannot travel independently in the kingdom.
• The most important centres for tourism are in Bhutan's capital, Thimphu, and
in the western city of Paro
• Druk Air used to be the only airline operating flights in Bhutan, however as of
2012 the country is serviced by Bhutan Airlines as well.
• Potential visitors to Bhutan obtain visas through a Bhutanese embassy or
consulate in their home country.