Back electromotive force (back EMF) in a DC motor refers to the electromotive force

(voltage) generated within the motor itself due to the motor's rotation. When a DC
motor is in operation and the armature coil rotates within the magnetic field, it
induces a voltage in the coil according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

The back EMF is generated in the opposite direction to the applied voltage,
attempting to oppose the change in current that occurs when the coil rotates. Its
magnitude is proportional to the speed of the motor and the strength of the
magnetic field. Mathematically, the back EMF (E) can be expressed as:

�=�⋅Φ⋅�E=k⋅Φ⋅ω

Where:

 �E is the back EMF.

 �k is a constant representing the motor's characteristics.
 ΦΦ is the magnetic flux within the motor.
 �ω is the angular velocity of the motor.

The back EMF is crucial in understanding the behavior of DC motors. As the motor
accelerates, the back EMF increases, reducing the net voltage across the motor
terminals. This phenomenon is described by the motor's equation:

�=�+�⋅�V=E+I⋅R

Where:

 �V is the applied voltage.

 �E is the back EMF.
 �I is the armature current.
 �R is the armature resistance.

The back EMF plays a significant role in determining the motor's speed and
efficiency. At no-load conditions (when the motor is not under any external load), the
back EMF approximately equals the applied voltage, and the armature current is
minimal. As the load increases, the armature current rises, and the net voltage across
the motor decreases, resulting in a reduction in speed. Understanding the back EMF
is crucial for analyzing and controlling the performance of DC motors in various
applications.