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Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction - Midterm Reviewer
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction - Midterm Reviewer
▪ Hurricanes
Risk Reduction ▪ Volcanic Eruptions
Lesson 1: Disaster and Disaster Risk ▪ Tornadoes
What is the Ring of Fire? ▪ Tsunamis
Circum-Pacific Belt ▪ Earthquake
The Ring of Fire, also referred to as the ▪ Storms
Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Man-Made Disasters
Pacific Ocean characterized by active Man-made disasters are the result of man’s
volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. The negligence, errors, or intention.
majority of Earth’s volcanoes and 3 Categories of Man-Made Disasters
earthquakes take palace along the Ring of 1. Technological or Industrial Disasters
Fire. ▪ This includes infrastructure collapse,
▪ 450 active and dormant volcanoes leaks of hazardous materials,
▪ 75% of Earth’s volcanoes accidental explosions or utility
▪ Recorded 99% of the deadliest failures
earthquakes ▪ And these happen due to unregulated
What is Disaster? industrialization and inadequate
▪ Disaster is a sudden calamitous safety standards
occurrence that causes great harm injury 2. Transportation Disasters
and destruction and devastation to life ▪ This includes crash or collision of any
and property road, rail, water, aviation and space
▪ It disrupts the usual course of life causing transportation resulting to loss of life
both physical and emotional stress and major damage to properties
▪ An intense feeling of helplessness and 3. Social Disasters
hopelessness ▪ Or disasters induced entirely by
Disruption human
▪ There is a break or interruption or ▪ Examples are war and terrorism,
problem in an otherwise normal flow of social unrest and any economic
life for people or community activities that might push people in
Serious Disruption the state of need
▪ Large scale damage People Are Displaced from Their Homes
▪ Widespred ▪ Lack of personal safety
▪ The affected community don’t have the ▪ Lack of access of adequate basic
ability to manage on their own needs
Two Elements Are Often At Risk During Basic Needs affected by disaster:
Disaster ✓ Food
a. The People ✓ Health Services
▪ Injury ✓ Shelter
▪ There is a threat to life ✓ Water
▪ Diseases How Does Disaster Risk Come About?
▪ Emotional and mental instability Disaster Risk refers to the potential disaster
▪ Death losses in lives, health status, livelihoods,
b. The Property assets and services which could occur in a
▪ Uncountable damage to property community or society over some specified
▪ Loss of assets future time period
▪ Social and economic disruptions Potential Disaster Losses
▪ Environmental destruction ▪ Product of possible damage caused by a
Classification of Disaster hazard
Natural Disasters ▪ Combination of the probability of an
A natural disaster is a major adverse event event and its negative consequences
resulting from natural processes of the Earth.
3. Socio-Cultural Factors
▪ Religion
▪ Social status
▪ Traditions
▪ Perception by society
4. Economic Factors
▪ Assets and liabilities
▪ Income
▪ Social and economic class
5. Political Factors
▪ Government structure
Hazard
▪ Diplomatic issues
Hazard is potentially damaging physical
▪ Local government units
event, phenomenon, or huma activity that
6. Biological Factors
may cause the loss of life or injury, property
▪ Flora and fauna in the environment
damage, social and economic disruption or
▪ Health issues
environmental damage.
▪ Injuries
Vulnerability
▪ Diseases
Vulnerability is defined as the characteristics
NOTE: Disaster is an event that has
and circumstances of a community, system or
happened already
resource that make it susceptible to the
NOTE: Disaster Risk is an event that has
damaging effects of a hazard.
potential to occur
Exposure
Exposure refers to the degree to which a
Lesson 2: Risk Factors Underlying
community is likely to experience hazard Disasters
events of different magnitude. Risk Factors
Capacity (In the Context of DRRM) Risk Factors are processes or conditions,
Capacity is the capability and coping ability often development-related, that influence the
of schools, households, and communities to level of disaster risk by increasing levels of
manage when disaster hits. exposure and vulnerability or reducing
capacity
Risk Factors Underlying Disaster
1. Severity of Exposure
▪ Make an emergency kit which
measure those who experience disaster
Reduction of the level of vulnerability and first-hand which has the highest risk of
exposure is possible by keeping people and developing future mental problems,
property as distant as possible from hazards. followed by those in contact with the
Disaster Risk Factors victims such as rescue workers and the
Disaster Risk Factors are variables that lowest risk are those most distant like
either worsen or lessen the effects of hazards, those who have awareness of the
affecting the degree or scope of a disaster. disaster only through news.
1. Physical Factors – tangible objects 2. Gender and Family
infrastructure ▪ The female gender suffers more
▪ Availability of fire exits adverse effects. This worsens when
▪ Sturdiness of the building children are present at home. Marital
▪ Presence or absence of objects that relationships are placed under strain.
can harm you or help you 3. Age
2. Psychological Factors – include state of ▪ Adults in the age range of 40-60 are
mental capacity and health more stressed after disasters but in
▪ Are we dealing with babies? general, children exhibit more stress
▪ Are we dealing with kids? after disasters than adults do
▪ Are we dealing with adults?
4. Economic Status of County The Human Effect of Natural and Man-
▪ Evidence indicates that sever mental Made Disasters
problems resulting from disasters are 1. Displaced Populations – are people who
more prevalent in developing have had to leave their homes as a result of a
countries like the Philippines natural, technological or deliberate event.
Factors Which Underlie Disasters 2. Health Risks – aside from the obvious
1. Climate Change – can increase disaster risk immediate danger that natural disasters
in a variety of ways – by altering the present, the secondary effect can be just as
frequency and intensity of hazards events, damaging.
affecting vulnerability to hazards, and 3. Food Scarcity – the aftermath of natural
changing exposure patterns disasters affects the food supplies. Thousand
2. Environmental Degradation – changes to of people around the word are hungry
the environment can influence the frequency because of destroyed crops and loss of
and intensity of hazards, as well as our agricultural supplies, whether it happens
exposure and vulnerability to these hazards suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought.
3. Globalized Economic Development – it 4. Emotional Aftershocks – natural disasters
results in an increased polarization between can be particularly traumatic for young
the rich and poor on a global scale. Currently children. Left untreated, children suffering
increasing the exposure of assets in hazard from PTSD can be prone to lasting
prone areas, globalized economic psychological damage and emotional distress
development provides an opportunity to build Ways on How to Plan Ahead of a Disaster
resilience if effectively managed 1. Check for hazards at home
4. Poverty and Inequality – impoverished 2. Identify safe place indoors and outdoors
people are more likely to live in hazard- 3. Educate yourself and family members
exposed areas and are less able to invest in 4. Have disaster kits/supplies on hand
risk-reducing measures 5. Develop on emergency communication
5. Poorly Planned and Managed Urban plan
Development – a new wave of urbanization is 6. Help your community get ready
unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and 7. Practice the disaster preparedness cycle
with it, new opportunities for resilient Lesson 4: Disasters from Different
investment emerge Perspectives
6. Weak Governance – weak governance The Different Perspectives of Disaster
zones are investment environment in which 1. Physical Perspective
public sector actors are unable or unwilling to Calamities are phenomena that cause great
assume their roles and responsibilities in physical damage in a community
protecting rights, providing basic services infrastructure, its people and their properties,
and public services e.g. houses and environmental sources of
7. Geographical Location – the Philippines is living. These cited effects of a disaster can be
one of the most vulnerable countries in the easily measured and the most common
world to natural disasters. The country’s Effects of Physical Disasters
location makes it vulnerable to storms that ▪ Injuries
cause flooding, mudslides, and typhons ▪ Physical disabilities or illness
Lesson 3: Disasters and Its Effects ▪ Sanitation
What is the Difference Between Hazard ▪ Damage in infrastructure
and Disaster? 2. Psychological Perspective
Hazard – dangerous situation or event that Disasters are mostly unpredictable, which
carries a threat leave the victims in a state of shock. They
Disaster – event that harms human and tend to deny the loss and try to escape from
society reality. Being in a denial state makes the
victims more vulnerable to stress, anxiety,
and other different maladaptive reactions
Effects of Psychological Disasters Effects of Political Disasters
▪ distress hopelessness People who have trust in political institution
▪ intrusion/avoidance will assess the government’s risk assessments
▪ guilt feeling as credible and accept their hazard policies
▪ hatred/revenge (Johnson 1999)
▪ lack of trust 6. Biological Perspective
▪ dependence The disturbing effects caused by a prevalent
▪ insecurities kind of disease or virus in an epidemic or
▪ grief/withdrawn pandemic level is known as biological
▪ isolation disaster.
3. Socio-Cultural Perspective (a) Epidemic Level: Biological disaster
Filipinos are generally known as “matiisin”, affects large numbers of people within a
resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and given community or area. Ex: Dengue.
prayerful. The culture of “malalampasan din (b) Pandemic Level: Biological disaster
natin ‘to.” belief and “bahala na and Diyos” affects a much large region, sometime
syndrome give hope to most Filipino in the spanning entire continents or the globe
midst of a disaster Effects of Biological Disasters
Effects of Socio-Cultural Disasters ▪ loss of lives
▪ change in individual roles ▪ public demobilization
▪ disruption of social relationships and ▪ negative economic effect
personal connection ▪ unemployment
4. Economic Perspective ▪ hunger
Disasters affect the economic condition of a Lesson 5: Vulnerability
community because they reduce local and What is Vulnerability?
international trade. It can also partially or “The characteristics and circumstances of a
totally paralyze a country’s transportation community, system or asset that make it
system, just like what happened in the susceptible to the damaging effects of a
COVID19 pandemic. Implementation of a disasters." – UNDRR
partial and total shut down of local business Tendency to acquire consequences once a
operations result to a lot of people losing disaster came
means of living Vulnerability
Effects of Economic Disasters ▪ It is a state of being at risk.
▪ loss of life ▪ With all the identified hazard at home,
▪ unemployment there is a possibility that some family
▪ loss of property members might be susceptible or prone to
▪ loss of household articles the accident due to the presence of hazard
▪ loss of crops RA 10121 also knows as the Philippine
▪ loss of public infrastructure Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
5. Political Perspective Act of 2010 define the vulnerability as the
Natural disasters are commonly thought to be characteristics and circumstances of a
less politically argumentative than armed community, system, or resource that make it
conflicts, yet a closer look shows that both the susceptible to the damaging effects of a
effects of a natural disaster and the resulting hazard. Also, a situation specific. A hazard
distribution of humanitarian aid are specific
profoundly linked to politics ▪ Vulnerability is also situation specific.
Since agencies of government have a This means that if a specific province is
significant role to play in directing disaster prone to earthquake, it does not mean that
preparedness, prevention and recovery. all localities on that province is
Social systems establish vulnerability to vulnerable to it
natural disasters and governments are often ▪ The vulnerability of different towns or
considered to be responsible for the disaster cities or even provinces differ in the way
effects. they prepare for the hazard and the
amount and type of resources they have Reasons Why Certain Sectors of Society
in order to prevent and manage it Are More Vulnerable to Disasters Than
▪ To lessen vulnerability means to make the Others
community prepared and ready for the A. Demographic factors
possible damaging effect of the hazard. ▪ Populaton density
This further means that make the ▪ Age of population
community less vulnerable, it must be ▪ Distribution of population
resilient B. Socio-Economic factors
▪ So, to develop resiliency at home, you ▪ Wealth
should first identify the hazards and ▪ Education
prepared all the time for the possible ▪ Nature of society
outcome and respond immediately ▪ Understanding of the area
Lesson 6: Vulnerabilities in Disaster C. Community Preparedness
Factor Affecting Vulnerability One’s ▪ Building codes
Community: ▪ Scientific monitoring and early
1. Population Density Near a Hazard Event warning systems
▪ Population differs from population ▪ Communication networks
density ▪ Emergency planning
▪ Population refers to the number of D. Dealing with after effects
individuals inhabiting in a particular ▪ Insurance cover
space at the same time. If people are ▪ Emergency personnel
well distributed, there is lesser effect ▪ Aid Request
of disaster. Types of Vulnerability
▪ Population density refers to the 1. Physical Vulnerability – population
number in individual living in an area density, remoteness of settlement and
in relation to the size of an area. housing
▪ The primary consideration is not the 2. Social Vulnerability – inability of people,
population size but the population organizations and societies to withstand
density adverse impacts to hazards due to
2. Capacity and Efficiency to Reduce characteristics inherent social interactions,
Disaster Risk institutions and cultural values
Community is less vulnerable has the 3. Economic Vulnerability – the level of
capacity to reduce disaster risk because; vulnerability is highly dependent upon the
▪ it can provide accessibility and economic status of individuals, communities
availability of services facilities and nations
during and after disaster. 4. Environmental Vulnerability – natural
▪ it has the ability to anticipate, adapt, resource depletion and resource degradation
and respond to possible disaster Philippine Vulnerabilities to Natural
Lesson 7: Vulnerabilities of Different Disasters
▪ The Philippines lies in the typhoon belt
Elements Exposed to Hazards
(average of 20 typhoons/year)
What Is Vulnerability (Kahinaan)?
▪ Our rugged nature of landscape
▪ The characteristics and circumstances of
(vulnerable to landslide, mudflows, etc.)
a community, system, or asset that make
▪ It is an archipelagic country with many
it susceptible to the damaging effects of a
small islands
hazard
▪ Many of our areas are also at/below sea
▪ As indicated by UNISDR, “there are
level (vulnerable to flooding &
many aspects of vulnerability arising
inundation)
from various physical, social, economic,
▪ One of the longest shorelines in the world
and environmental factors”
at 32,400km (vulnerable to storm surges)
▪ With zero vulnerability, even super
▪ Still a primarily agricultural and fishing
typhoon hitting a highly populated area,
economy
does not translate into a disaster
▪ Poor institutional and social capacity to environmental assets present in an area that
manage, respond, and recover from are subject to potential damage or even losses
natural hazard Definition of Vulnerability
▪ High risk in terms of country’s ability to Means the characteristics and circumstances
manage and mitigate the impacts of of a community, system, or asset, that make it
natural hazards due to “entrenched susceptible to the damaging effects of a
corruption and high levels of poverty” hazard and inability of a community to
(Rappler, 2014) prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond to
▪ At risk to volcanic eruptions (active hazardous events
volcanoes), earthquakes (several fault Definition of Risk
lines and floods (denuded mountains) Implies the probability of possible adverse
Lesson 8: Effects of Hazard, Exposure effects. This results from the interaction of
and Vulnerability to Disaster Risks social and environmental systems, from the
Basic Concept of Hazard combination of physical danger, and exposed
▪ One important key to safety is item vulnerabilities
understanding a particular incident or Definition of Disaster
phenomenon that may affect people’s life A serious disruption to the functioning of a
▪ An ordinary incident or natural community or society which causes
phenomenon may turn into a hazard once widespread human, material, economic or
it become active and poses harm or environmental losses that exceed the capacity
danger to life property of the community or society concerned to
Definition of Hazards cope with the use of their own resources. It
“Hazards are those elements of physical results from the mix of hazards, risk
environment, harmful to man and caused by conditions and inadequate capability or
forces extraneous to him.” measures.
(Burton et al., 1978) Risk Model
Standards Australia (2000) defines a hazard ▪ Risk refers to the possibility or chance of
as: A source of potential harm or situation loss, harm or danger
with a potential to cause loss ▪ Model means a systematic description of
▪ A harmful condition, substance, human a phenomenon or abstract process
behavior or condition that can cause loss ▪ Risk model is systematic flow or
of life, injury or other health effects, harm illustration of the possible harm or danger
to property, loss of livelihood and may happen within the specific area
services, social and economic disruption Therefore, the elements at risk are:
or damage to the environment. 1. Those threatened by a harmful event; and
▪ Most hazards are “dormant or potential”, 2. Those are within the exposed area
with only a theoretical risk or harm. R=HxExV
However, once a hazard becomes General Classification of Elements at
“active”, it can create an emergency. Risk
▪ A hazardous situation that has come to 1. Physical Elements – Buildings: urban land
pass is called an incident use, construction types, building height,
▪ Hazard and possibility interact together to building age, total floor space, replacement
create risk costs
Definition of Exposure 2. Essential Facilities – Emergency shelters,
The presence of elements at risk or chance of schools, hospitals, fire brigades, police
being harmed from a natural or man-made 3. Transportation Facilities – Roads, railway,
hazard event. Elements include the metro, public transportation systems, harbor
individuals, households or communities, facilities, airport facilities
properties, buildings and structures, 4. Life Lines – water supply, electricity
agricultural commodities, livelihoods, and supply, gas supply, telecommunications,
public facilities, infrastructures and mobile telephone network, sewage system
5. Population – density of population,
distribution in space, distribution in time, age
distribution, gender distribution, Did you Know?
handicapped, income distribution ✓ Bangladesh is the most polluted
6. Socio-Economic Aspects – organization of country in the world according to the
population, governance, community 2020 report of IQAir.
organization, government support, socio- ✓ Philippines ranked 70th on the list
economic levels, cultural heritage and 3. Technological/Man-Made Hazard
traditions ▪ is caused by human errors or human
7. Economic Activities – spatial distribution activities
of economic activities, input-output table, Ex: accidental release of chemicals, toxic and
dependency, redundancy, unemployment, pesticides; nuclear radiations, factory
economic production in various sectors explosions, fires, and chemical spills
8. Environmental Elements – ecosystems, Hazard Signs and Symbols
protected areas, natural parks, Hazard Signs and Symbols - are designed to
environmentally sensitive areas, forests, become recognizable to anyone as a signal
wetlands, aquifers, flora, fauna, biodiversity word like "danger" or "warning"
Disaster Mitigation Measures Natural Hazard Signs and Symbols
Eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of 1. Tsunami – typically located near the sea
hazards by means of proactive measures where a tsunami might occur after a strong
taken before an emergency or disaster takes earthquake
place
Mitigation
Is the action of reducing something’s
severity, seriousness or painfulness
Lesson 9: Hazard and Its Types
What is a Hazard?
Hazard is any source of potential damage,
harm, or adverse health effects on something
or someone 2. Earthquake - signages can be found in
3 Classifications of Hazard places near fault lines where the damage is
1. Natural Hazard more dangerous.
▪ is an event that arises from natural
processes in the environment
Ex: earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides,
volcanic eruptions and floods
Did you Know?
✓ According to the PAGASA, more
tropical cyclones (TCs) are entering
the Philippine Area of Responsibility
(PAR) than anywhere else in the
world? With an average of 20 TCs in 3. Erupting Volcano - signages can be located
this region per year, with about 8 or 9 near an active volcano. They serve as a
of them crossing the Philippines. The precaution for people or visitors that are near
peak of the typhoon season is July the area.
through October when nearly 70% of
all typhoons develop
2. Quasi-Natural Hazard
▪ arises through the interaction of natural
processes and human activities.
▪ from the word "quasi" which means
“partly” or almost.
Ex: pollution, desertification, smog and fog
Other Natural Hazard Signs and Symbols Quasi-Natural Hazard Signs and Symbols
1. Aquatic Toxicity – this means that
chemicals or other poisonous substances is
released into the water or body of water
which causes it to be dangerous not only to
marine lives, but also to animals and humans