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HEALTH

QUARTER 3 – MODULE 6

MELC: Promotes programs and policies to prevent and control communicable diseases

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PART I:
A. INTRODUCTION:
At its broadest, the prevention and control of communicable diseases is a matter of public health and
our first line of defence. Each province has a Public Health, Health Promotion or similar Act under which
local Medical Officers of Health are given powers to protect public health. Their main requirement is over the
reporting of communicable diseases.
These reporting requirements consist of:
a. a list of communicable diseases; sometime divided into categories;
b. the identification of parties who are obliged to report the diseases;
c. rules about diseases reportable in the case of major outbreaks, the reporting of diseases other than
those listed and reporting obligations peculiar to particular organizations, e.g. hospitals.

B. DISCUSSION

Aside from the preventive measures learned in your previous lesson, here are some programs regarding
the prevention and control of communicable diseases.

Public Health Measures to Prevent Infectious Diseases

Developed countries have regulations that help protect the general public from infectious diseases. Public
health measures typically involve eliminating the pathogen from its reservoir or from its route of transmission.
Those measures include ensuring a safe water supply, effectively managing sewage treatment and disposal,
and initiating food safety, animal control, and vaccination programs.
Safe water

Many pathogens that cause gastrointestinal diseases (for example, those that cause cholera and typhoid
fever) are transmitted via water. Travelers to developing countries are frequently advised to be immunized
against these diseases. This is generally unnecessary in other developed countries because the water used for
washing, drinking, and preparing food is purified before it goes into homes. Purification methods include
settling, filtration, and chlorination.

Sewage treatment and disposal

Sewage includes wash water, water from toilets, and storm run-off. These fluids may carry the pathogens
for many waterborne diseases, including giardiasis and hepatitis A; therefore, to ensure public safety the
government (and the governments of other developed countries) requires that sewage be treated to eliminate
pathogens. The minimal acceptable level of treatment involves collection and sedimentation of sewage waters,
separating solid matter (sludge) from the liquid (effluent) portion of sewage. The effluent is chlorinated to kill
pathogens before it is released to rivers or lakes. The sludge is burned or dumped.

Food safety programs

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 Different countries has many standards, inspection plans, and regulations about food preparation,
handling, and distribution. Meat-packing facilities are inspected regularly to detect and eliminate diseased
animals, ensure that standards for processes such as meat cutting and refrigeration are observed, and detect
residues from pesticides and antibiotics as well as contamination by bacteria and other parasites. Restaurants
and supermarkets are similarly inspected. Milk is pasteurized and dated for sale and is analyzed periodically
for contamination. Industry standards for canning and preserving foods are maintained through periodic
quality control checks and, if contamination is found in representatives of any batches, public health officials
recall the entire batch and alert the public through the media.

Animal control programs

Animals are carriers of many diseases that also affect humans. Inspecting domestic herd animals for
tuberculosis (due to the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis) and brucellosis (a disease that causes spontaneous
abortion in domestic herd animals and abscesses of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes in
humans) has helped eliminate the threat of passing the pathogens for those diseases to humans in contaminated
milk and meat. Before their pets can be licensed, dog owners must show proof of rabies vaccination.

Vaccination programs

Most states now require that parents or guardians show proof of vaccination before their children can be
enrolled in day-care facilities or public schools, although some states allow certain exemptions, including
exemptions based on religious beliefs. The value of immunization for an individual's health is obvious;
however, it is also important for public health. If a certain proportion of a population (called the threshold
proportion) is immune to a disease, the pathogen that causes that disease will be unable to reproduce itself at
a high enough level to maintain itself in the population. This is because once the infected host recovers or
dies, there will not be enough new, susceptible hosts for the pathogen to infect. Eventually, the pathogen
cannot spread any further and could be eliminated from the population. Even if elimination of the pathogen
does not occur, there will be relatively few cases of the related disease and epidemics of the disease in the
population will be avoided. This phenomenon is called herd immunity.

C. READINGS

An epidemic, or outbreak, can occur when several aspects of the agent (pathogen), population (hosts), and the
environment create an ideal situation for spread. Infectious agents are plentiful, mutate rapidly, and can
become resistant to drugs if not destroyed completely. Low vaccination rates, poor nutrition, age (young and
elderly), and immunosuppression all contribute to infectious risk. Overcrowding, poor regional design and
hygiene due to poverty, dirty drinking water, rapid climate changes, and natural disasters, can lead to
conditions that allow easier transmission of disease.

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Once it has been established that an emergency condition exists, there must be a prompt and thorough response
for communicable disease control. A camp should be created, and the disease managed rapidly. The overall
goals are rapid assessment, prevention, surveillance, outbreak control, and disease management. For more
detailed information on the logistics of communicable disease control, please view the World Health
Organization (WHO) field manual

D. EXAMPLES

Examples of Major infectious diseases in our country:

1. Food or waterborne diseases:

Bacterial diarrhea – is a loose, watery stools (bowel movements) 3 to 4 times in a day that
suffers from abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, fever, and blood in the stool, mucus
in the stool, bloating and nausea.
Hepatitis A- is a viral liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness. It is transmitted
through ingestion of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with
infectious person.

Typhoid fever- is an infectious bacterial fever in an eruption of red shots on the chest and
abdomen and severe intestinal irritation.

2. Vector borne diseases

Dengue fever – a debilitating viral disease of the tropics, transmitted by mosquitos, and
causing sudden fever and acute pains in the joints.

Malaria- a disease cause by a parasite spread to humans through the bites of infected
mosquitos usually experiences high fever and shaking chills.

3. Water contact diseases:

Leptospirosis- a bacterial disease that affects human and animals caused by “leptospira” where
one may suffer from high fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, yellow eyes and skin, red
eyes and abdominal pains.

PART II. ACTIVITY PROPER:

A. MATCH column A to B by writing the correct word/answer on the circle. A word pool is provided below
for you to choose from.
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Word Pool: Safe water Sewage treatment and disposal Vaccination programs
Animal control programs Food safety programs

A. B.
POLICIES FOR COMMUNICABLEDISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. Inspecting domestic herd animals for tuberculosis (due to the
bacterium Mycobacterium bovis) and brucellosis (a disease that causes
spontaneous abortion in domestic herd animals and abscesses of the liver, spleen,
bone marrow, and lymph nodes in humans) has helped eliminate the threat of
passing the pathogens for those diseases to humans in contaminated milk and meat.
2.
Water purification methods include settling, filtration, and chlorination.

3. Immunization for an individual's health requires parents or guardians of their

children’s proof of vaccination before they can be enrolled in day-care facilities or
public schools, although some states allow certain exemptions, including
exemptions based on religious beliefs.
4.
Inspection plans, and regulations about food preparation, handling, and distribution

5.
To ensure public safety the government (and the governments of other developed
countries) requires that sewage be treated to eliminate pathogens. The minimal
acceptable level of treatment involves collection and sedimentation of sewage
waters, separating solid matter (sludge) from the liquid (effluent) portion of
sewage. The effluent is chlorinated to kill pathogens before it is released to rivers
or lakes. The sludge is burned or dumped.

B. Journal Making
Make your own POLICY OF SELF COMMITMENT on how you can help prevent the spread of
communicable diseases. Use the question below as your guides. A rubrics will be used to rate the activity.
As a teenager, what can I do to prevent the spread of diseases?

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 What can I do to prevent the spread of the disease? Discuss your answer

Journal rubrics

Category
Creativity Ideas are unclear, Simple ideas. Little Interesting entry. Unique and original
repeat words and variation in word Some variation entry. Hooks he reader.
sentence structure choice and in word choice Uncommon word choice
sentence structure. and sentence and complex sentence
structure. structures.
Organization Ideas are randomly The journal entry is The journal is The journal entry is
arranged somewhat hard to pretty well exceptionally organized.
follow. organized. One One idea or scene
scene may seem follows another in a
out of lace. logical order
Comprehension The reader can The reader can The reader can The reader can
understand little of understand ideas understand most understand all of what I’
what I ‘am trying to less than half of of what I’ am am trying to
communicate what I’ am trying trying to communicate
to communicate communicate

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Key to Correction

A.

1. Animal control programs

2. Safe water

3. Vaccination programs

4. Food safety programs

5. Sewage treatment and disposal

B.ANSWERS MAY VARY

Possible Answer:
Simple things I can do to stop the spread of infectious disease at home,
school or in your marketplace.
As well as maintaining good general health, there are some basic
actions that everyone can take to stop the spread of infectious diseases:

• Immunise against infectious diseases

• Wash and dry your hands regularly and well
• Stay at home if you are sick
• Cover coughs and sneezes
• Clean surfaces regularly
• Prepare food safely

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PART III. SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

I. Directions: Enumerate at least 10 ways in preventing the spread of Infectious diseases

1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
6. ________________________
7. ________________________
8.________________________
9. ________________________
10. _______________________

II. Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to show the correct word.
1. A liquid use for food preparation and Is safe to drink
FEAS TRAWE - _____________________________
2. It is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater.
WASGEE RETMNTAE ________________________
3. A global concern that covers a variety of different areas of everyday life. Refers to handling, preparing and
storing food to reduce the risk of becoming sick.
OODF TYFEAS ________________________________
4. It helps the immune system develop protection from a disease.
CCVTOINAINA ________________________________
5. It handle animals of all types and investigate mistreated animals and control those that are deemed
dangerous, abandoned or lost.
LAMINA LORTNOC ______________________________

III. Direction: Share your thoughts. Rubrics will be used to rate the activity
Make a slogan about “Preventing Infectious diseases”.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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Rubrics for Slogan

Criteria Excellent (5) Very Good(4) Good(3) Fair(2) Poor(1) Total

Coverage Output is well Output include Some details Few details Details are
of the topic detailed which details that that captures that captures not clear
capture the captures important important
important important information information
information information about the topic. about the topic.
about the topic. about the topic.
Visual Colour choice Colour for Some color for Used too many Did nor
Impact for backgrounds background colors. Did nor changed
backgrounds was consistent and text was used color for background
and text was and appropriate consistent and effect. of the
thoughtful, appropriate. color.
appropriate
and used
consistently.
Creativity Output Output includes Output Output Output
contains an a good amount includes some includes some does not
adequate of graphics and of graphics and of graphics and contain
account of enhancement enhancement enhancement graphics
graphics that are that are but not and
enhancements appropriate appropriate appropriate enhanceme
nt that are
appropriate
Design Output is Output is Output is Output is Output is
Lay-out exceptionally attractive attractive with attractive with poorly
and attractive in though it might good design poor design designed
Organizati terms of color be a little and lack of and lack of and lacks
on and Neatness. messy. Text and neatness. Text neatness. The neatness.
Text and graphics were and graphics placement of Inappropria
graphics were placed to make sometimes text and te text and
healthy the project easy made the graphics graphics
organized and to read. project hard to sometimes were
made the read. made the placed.
project easy to project hard to
read. read.
TOTAL SCORE 20

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References:

A. Books
Learning Module in Physical Education and Health. 337
Teachers Guide in Physical Education and Health Quarter 3

B. Online and Other Sources

https://www.sfcdcp.org/communicable-disease/healthy-habits

https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/healthy-living/environmental-health/infectious-
disease-prevention-and-control/prevent-spread-infectious-disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4910139