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GIS - Geographic Information Systems Lec 1 - Part A

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (Assiut University)

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Geographic Information Systems

GIS

LEC - 1
INTRODUCTION TO GIS

PART A - WHAT IS GIS? HISTORY

OF GIS

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1.1. GIS DEFINITIONS AND

PRINCIPLES

1.2. HISTORY OF GIS

1.3. GIS MAIN CONCEPTS

1.4. GIS FUNCTIONS

1.5. GIS COMPONENTS

1.6. GIS APPLICATIONS

1.7. DATA IN GIS

1.8. SELECTING THE RIGHT DATA

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GIS Definitions and

principals

WHAT IS GIS?

GIS = GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SYSTEM(S)
GIS IS A COLLECTION OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND
GEOGRAPHIC DATA FOR CAPTURING,
MANAGING, ANALYZING, AND
DISPLAYING ALL FORMS OF
GEOGRAPHICALLY REFERENCED
INFORMATION.
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
INSTITUTE (ESRI), 2007

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DEFINITION OF GIS (1)

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM:

“AN ORGANIZED COLLECTION OF
COMPUTER HARDWARE, SOFTWARE,
GEOGRAPHIC DATA, AND PERSONNEL
DESIGNED TO EFFICIENTLY CAPTURE,
STORE, UPDATE, MANIPULATE,
ANALYZE AND DISPLAY ALL FORMS
OF GEOGRAPHICALLY REFERENCED
INFORMATION.”
—FROM UNDERSTANDING GIS—THE
ARC/INFO METHOD, ESRI, 1993

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MAJOR QUESTIONS
FOR A GIS:

•WHAT EXISTS AT A CERTAIN

LOCATION?
•WHERE ARE CERTAIN
CONDITIONS SATISFIED?
•WHAT HAS CHANGED IN A
PLACE OVER TIME?
•WHAT SPATIAL PATTERNS
EXIST?
•WHAT IF THIS CONDITION
OCCURRED AT THIS PLACE?
(MODELLING, HYPOTHESIS
TESTING)

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TOP BENEFITS OF GIS

•COST SAVINGS AND INCREASED

EFFICIENCY
•BETTER DECISION MAKING
•IMPROVED COMMUNICATION
•BETTER RECORDKEEPING
•MANAGING GEOGRAPHICALLY

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What is GIS “Geographic

Information System”?
A geographic information system (GIS)
uses computers and software to control the
fundamental principle of geography—that
location is important in people’s lives.
GIS combines layers of information about a
place to give you a better understanding of
that place.
What layers of information you combine
depends on
your purpose — finding the best location for a
new store, analyzing environmental
damage, viewing similar crimes in a city to
detect a pattern, and so on.
Why is this layering so important?
The power of a GIS over paper maps is your
ability
to select the information you need to see
according
to what goal you are trying to achieve.
A business person trying to map customers
in
a particular city will want to see very
different
information than a water engineer who wants
to see the water pipelines
for the same city.
Both may start with a common
map—a street and neighborhood map of the
city

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but the information they add to that map will

differ.

GIS CONCEPTS ARE

NOT NEW!
•LONDON CHOLERA EPIDEMIC 1854

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GIS concepts are not new!

The concepts used in GIS are not new to Geographers. In the purest sense
Geographers have made use of such systems for many years, but these have been
manually operated - card indexes with paper map overlays, atlases and similar
systems. The following is one example:
In the London Cholera epidemic of 1854 Dr. John Snow was able to locate the source
of the the outbreak by plotting the locations of fatal cases.

SPATIAL INFORMATION HANDLING

1854

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The location of cholera cases and the position of the water pumps in
Soho, London 1854
John Snow found that there was a concentration of some 500 cases within a few
hundred yards of one particular public water pump on Broad Street, Soho.
Snow was able to prove this: when the pump handle was removed, no new cases
were diagnosed in that Street. He proved that the pump had been the source of the
those cases and that the cholera was carried in the contaminated water.

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1.2. HISTORY OF
GIS
•PRIOR TO 1960
•GIS’S ORIGINS LIE IN THEMATIC
CARTOGRAPHY.
•MANY PLANNERS USED THE
METHOD OF MAP OVERLAY USING
MANUAL TECHNIQUES.
•THE 1960S AND 1970S
•MANY NEW FORMS OF GEOGRAPHIC
DATA AND MAPPING SOFTWARE.
•FIRST GIS DEVELOPED IN CANADA
FOR LAND USE INVENTORY.
•DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST
COMPUTER CARTOGRAPHY
PACKAGES FOR MAINFRAME
COMPUTERS.
•FIRST REMOTE SENSING IMAGES.
•MATHEMATICAL MODELS.
•ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ESRI)

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•THE 1980S AND 1990S

•FIRST COMMERCIAL GIS
PACKAGES.
•DIFFUSION OF
MICROCOMPUTERS.

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•INTEGRATION WITH OTHER

SOFTWARE (MAINLY CAD AND
DATABASES).
•US CENSUS BUREAU EFFORTS
IN THE 1980S:
•DIGITIZE SPATIAL, ECONOMIC AND
DEMOGRAPHIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE
UNITED STATES.
•CREATION OF THE TIGER FORMAT
(TOPOLOGICALLY INTEGRATED
GEOGRAPHIC ENCODING AND
REFERENCE ).

•THE 2000S
•INTEGRATED INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGIES WITH
GEOGRAPHY.
•POWERFUL APPLICATIONS ON
DESKTOP COMPUTERS.
•WEB/NETWORK BASED DATA
SOURCES.

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•PORTABLE AND INEXPENSIVE

FIELD GISS WITH GPS
CAPABILITIES.

•THE 1980S AND 1990S

•FIRST COMMERCIAL GIS
PACKAGES.
•DIFFUSION OF
MICROCOMPUTERS.
•INTEGRATION WITH OTHER
SOFTWARE (MAINLY CAD AND
DATABASES).
•US CENSUS BUREAU EFFORTS
IN THE 1980S:
•DIGITIZE SPATIAL, ECONOMIC AND
DEMOGRAPHIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE
UNITED STATES.
•CREATION OF THE TIGER FORMAT
(TOPOLOGICALLY INTEGRATED
GEOGRAPHIC ENCODING AND
REFERENCE ).

•THE 2000S

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•INTEGRATED INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGIES WITH
GEOGRAPHY.
•POWERFUL APPLICATIONS ON
DESKTOP COMPUTERS.
•WEB/NETWORK BASED DATA
SOURCES.
•PORTABLE AND INEXPENSIVE
FIELD GISS WITH GPS
CAPABILITIES.

INFORMATION ON THE
WORLD

•HOW IT LOOKS – FORM OR PATTERN

•HOW IT WORKS – PROCESS
•KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PROCESS MORE
VALUABLE THAN FORM, BECAUSE CAN
BE USED TO PREDICT
•GIS COMBINE

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•GENERAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN

SOFTWARE
•SPECIFIC INFORMATION IN DATABASES

The Basic Of GIS

The short history of GIS (it goes back to the late 1960's) was
founded in attempts in the UK, Canada and US to automate
some of the land-management and census activities of
government.
Figuring out how to do that, and how to explain what went
wrong when they tried, was the start of the science of GIS. It
was realized that many map-related concepts that seem so
simple to us (scale, a boundary), required a lot of effort to teach
to a computer.

What is a GIS?
The name says it all, but we have to understand the implications
of the words in the name.

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GIS and Related Software

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