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    Gis Geographic Information Systems Lec 5 Part B

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    shayma190852
    This document discusses the structure of raster data models in geographic information systems. It explains that raster data is organized in a grid structure with each cell representing an area on the ground. It describes three common methods for storing raster data: cell-by-cell encoding, run length encoding, and spatial access methods like R-trees and quad trees. Run length encoding compresses data by storing the value and repetition count for runs of identical pixel values. R-trees and quad trees index raster data spatially to enable efficient spatial queries.

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    Gis Geographic Information Systems Lec 5 Part B

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    shayma190852
    7 views22 pages
    This document discusses the structure of raster data models in geographic information systems. It explains that raster data is organized in a grid structure with each cell representing an area on the ground. It describes three common methods for storing raster data: cell-by-cell encoding, run length encoding, and spatial access methods like R-trees and quad trees. Run length encoding compresses data by storing the value and repetition count for runs of identical pixel values. R-trees and quad trees index raster data spatially to enable efficient spatial queries.

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    This document discusses the structure of raster data models in geographic information systems. It explains that raster data is organized in a grid structure with each cell representing an area on the ground. It describes three common methods for storing raster data: cell-by-cell encoding, run length encoding, and spatial access methods like R-trees and quad trees. Run length encoding compresses data by storing the value and repetition count for runs of identical pixel values. R-trees and quad trees index raster data spatially to enable efficient spatial queries.

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    7 views22 pages

    Gis Geographic Information Systems Lec 5 Part B

    Uploaded by

    shayma190852
    This document discusses the structure of raster data models in geographic information systems. It explains that raster data is organized in a grid structure with each cell representing an area on the ground. It describes three common methods for storing raster data: cell-by-cell encoding, run length encoding, and spatial access methods like R-trees and quad trees. Run length encoding compresses data by storing the value and repetition count for runs of identical pixel values. R-trees and quad trees index raster data spatially to enable efficient spatial queries.

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    GIS - Geographic Information Systems Lec 5 part B

    Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (Assiut University)

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    Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university


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    Geographic Information Systems


    GIS
    LEC - 5
    RASTERS MODEL

    PART B - STRUCTURE OF RASTER MODEL

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    Cell size of raster data

    Because the raster data model is a regular grid,


    spatial relationships are implicit. Therefore,
    explicitly storing spatial relationships is not required
    as it is for the vector data model.

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    Raster Data Structure

    1. Cell-by-Cell Encoding

    2. Run Length Encoding

    3. R tree and Quad Tree

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    CELL-BY-CELL ENCODING

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    PROBLEM:
    Big amount of data!

    RUN LENGTH ENCODING

    §The run length coding is a widely used


    compression technique for raster data.
    §The primary data elements are pairs of
    values or tuples, consisting of a pixel value
    and a repetition count which specifies the
    number of pixels in the run. Data are built
    by reading successively row by row through
    the raster, creating a new tuple every time
    the pixel value changes or the end of the
    row is reached.

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    Properties of R-tree:
    §Consists of root, internals nodes and
    leaf nodes.
    §Root contains the pointer to the
    largest region in the spatial domain.
    §Parent nodes contains pointers to
    their child nodes where region of

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    child nodes completely overlaps the


    regions of parent nodes.
    §Leaf nodes contains data about the
    MBR to the current objects.
    §MBR-Minimum bounding region
    refers to the minimal bounding box
    parameter surrounding the
    region/object under consideration.

    A common real-world usage for an


    R-tree might be to store spatial objects
    such as:
    restaurant locations or the polygons
    that typical maps are made of: streets,
    buildings, outlines of lakes, coastlines,
    etc. and then find answers quickly to
    queries such as:
    § "Find all museums within 2 km of my
    current location“
    § "retrieve all road segments within 2
    km of my location" (to display them
    in a navigation system)
    § "find the nearest gas station"
    (although not taking roads into
    account)

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    References
    •http://delab.csd.auth.gr/~tiakas/query_languages.pdf
    •https://www.youtube.com/watch?
    v=65TnKwCqpy0&list=PLRNNjIk9ArAoSycesz6wc5sJshpwnc
    KmU&index=1
    •Lecture notes from Dr. Taysir Hassan Abdel Hamid Faculty of
    Computers and Information Assiut University
    •https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/raster-
    and-images/what-is-raster-data.htm
    •https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/830/Researches/56647_26929.pdf
    •https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jv1g09f
    •https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/quad-tree/

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