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01 - Lecture 1 - Shallow Foundations
01 - Lecture 1 - Shallow Foundations
01 - Lecture 1 - Shallow Foundations
Introduction
-ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ-:
-ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ.
Df 3B
-ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ )ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ( ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ.
Df 3B
-ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ-:
-١ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟـ Shallow foundationsﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ Deep foundationsﺇﻻ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ Shallow foundationsﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ.
1
-ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ Shallow foundationﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ
ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ-:
1- Geotechnical design:-
-ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ Geotechnical designﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ )(B x L
ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ-:
-٢ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ .Bearing capacity of soil
) Allowable contact stress (q all
q all
1
Allowable settlement
q all
2
B1 B2
)Footing Breadth (B
-ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﻫﻰ )… (P.C. footing, R.C. footing, Smells, Strap beamsﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﺃﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ).(B.M., Shear and Punching
2
Settlement of Shallow foundations
S
2- Differential settlement:-
-ﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺄ.
3- Distortion angle (δ):-
-ﻫﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ differential settlementﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ
ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ.
-ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ-:
-١ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ differential settlementﻟﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ Sﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ .differential settlement
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- Main types of Shallow foundations:-
-ﻭﻫﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ
ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﻁﻮﺏ.
-ﻭﻫﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ )ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ( ﻭﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ.
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ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ 3-Combined footings:-
-ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ Combined footingﻫﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ-:
-ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻛﻞ
ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ-:
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ-:
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﻭﺟﺪ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ
ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻦ ) (qallﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ
ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ .Rectangular combined footing
C1 C2
a1
a2
BR.C.
BR.C.
b1 b2
5
-:ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
Property ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ
ﻭﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺪﺕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓline
-: ﻣﻊ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚCombined footing ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ
ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰExterior column ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ-١
.Rectangular combined footing ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡInterior column
Property line
C1 C2
Combined footing
ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰExterior column ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ-٢
.Trapezoidal combined footing ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡInterior column
Isolated footing For C 1
C1 C2
Combined footing
6
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ 4-Strap Beam footing system (Cantilever footing):-
-ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻤﺮﺓ
ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ )ﺷﺪﺍﺩ (strap beamﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ).(F1, F2
S
P1 P2
Df
Strap beam
R.C. footing R.C. footing t R.C.
P.C. footing P.C. footing t P.C.
x e S-e
L R.C.1 t P.C. L R.C.2 t P.C.
L P.C.1 L P.C.2
y
L R.C.1/2
e
t P.C.
t P.C.
C1 C2
BR.C.1
BR.C.1
BP.C.1
BP.C.1
a2
a1
b1 b2
F1
F2
t P.C.
t P.C.
x S
L R.C.1 t P.C. L R.C.2 t P.C.
L P.C.1 L P.C.2
-ﻭﻫﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﺒﺸﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ
ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ 50 – 70 %
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ.
7
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰRaft foundation ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟـ-
Basement
wall and
Cellular rigid frame
construction
8
- Main components of shallow foundations:-
min. 25 cm
Df
R.C. Footing t R.C.
t P.C.
BR.C.
BP.C.
a
b
t P.C.
-٢ﻓﺮﺷﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﻹﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻤﺎ
ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺻﺪﺃ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ.
-٣ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻤﻚ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ .(20 cm
9
-ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ-:
-١ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ) (BP.C., LP.C.ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ
) (BR.C., LR.C.ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ) (0.5 tP.C. – tP.C.ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ
ﺭﻓﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ .tP.C.
-٢ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ tP.C.ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 20 cmﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ
ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ-:
Pcol
A R.C. BR.C. L R.C.
q all
BP.C. BR.C. 2 t P.C.
& L P.C. L R.C. 2 t P.C.
-٣ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ tP.C.ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ 20 cmﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ
ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ
ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ-:
Pcol
A P.C. BP.C. L P.C.
q all
BR.C. BP.C. 2 t P.C.
& L R.C. L P.C. 2 t P.C.
-ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ultimate loadsﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﻩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ working loadsﺣﻴﺚ-:
)- Pu= 1.5 Pw = 1.5 (PD.L. + PL.L. For PL.L.< 75% PD.L.
- Pu= 1.4 PD.L. + 1.6 PL.L. For PL.L.> 75% PD.L.
10
2- Design of critical section in Bending Moment:-
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ tR.C.ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ B.M.ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ-:
M u 106
d C1
f cu B
-ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً-:
-ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ً ﻟﺨﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟـ coverﺇﻟﻰ 7 cm
ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ 5 cmﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ.
-ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟـ dﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ 30 mmﺃﻭ
80 mmﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ.
Examples:-
If d = 813 mm take d = 830 mm t = 830+70 = 900 mm
If d = 548 mm take d = 580 mm t = 580+70 = 650 mm
-ﻗﻴﻤﺔ qscuﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ.
For R.C. beams:-
f cu
q scu = 0.24
γc
4- Ultimate stresses in Punching:-
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- Minimum requirements for shallow foundations:-
- BR.C.min 800 mm
- t R.C.min 400 mm
d R.C.min 330 mm
Min. dimm. for R.C. footing is (800 800 400 mm)
2- Minimum reinforcement:-
5- tP.C..
-: ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ-
-:( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰa x b) ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ-١
Pcol(kN) 103
A col = a (mm) x b (mm) =
f co
12
Where:-
i.e.
Assume a=250 mm and find b (If b > 5a increase a).
-٢ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ fcu and fy.ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ-:
-٢ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ
) (combined footingsﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﺒﺸﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ) (local raftﻋﻨﺪ
ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ.
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ )(ground beams, tie beams or smells
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ-:
-٢ﺣﻤﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻰ )ﺃﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻡ(.
13
-ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ-:
-ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺎ ً )ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺑﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ differential
settlementﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ.
-ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺑﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ
ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ.
-ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ )ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻡ( ﻭﻓﻰ
ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺑﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ
ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ.
14
-ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ-:
-١ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ Spread footing systemﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ
ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻼﻁﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ
ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟـ .Uplift
-٢ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﻋﻦ 50%ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ
ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ).(Raft foundation system
-ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﻦ 50%ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ
) (Raft foundation systemﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ
ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﻤﻼﺕ.
-ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ Spread footings
ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ
ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﻦ 50%ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ
ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﻴﺎﺕ.
-ﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ Raft foundation
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ).deep foundations (piles
-ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ
ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﺮﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭﻭﻡ.
-ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ-:
-١ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ) (Raftﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ Flat slabﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ
ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟـ .SAP, STAAD, PLAXIS, ….
-٢ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ Soft clayﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺟﺪﺍ
ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـ Floating raftﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺏ
ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ.
15
Design of Strip footing
ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ
Pwall (kN\m )
A
t P.C.
Masomry
or R.C. Wall
bwall
BR.C.
BP.C.
Df
R.C. t R.C.
P.C. t P.C.
t P.C. BR.C. t P.C.
t P.C.
BP.C.
1.00 m
Section A-A
A
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎstrip footing ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ-
( ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰB>>L)
.ﻁﻮﺏ
ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ1.00 m ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎstrip footing ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ-
.ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ
Given:-
- Pw = wall load (kN/m\)
- qall = allowable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
- bwall = wall thickness
- tP.C. = plain concrete thickness
Steps of design:-
1- Calculate the area of footing:-
i- for tP.C.< 20 cm:-
Pwall
A R.C. BR.C. 1 m.
q all
BR.C. = S ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ٥ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻷﻗﺮﺏ
BP.C. BR.C. + 2 t P.C.
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ii- for tP.C.> 20 cm:-
Pwall
A P.C. BP.C. 1 m.
q all
BP.C. = S ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ٥ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻷﻗﺮﺏ
BR.C. BP.C. 2 t P.C.
3- Check shear:-
.( ﻣﻦ ﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔd\2) ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ-
d
z c Pwall u (kN\m )
2
f R.C. Wall
q scu 0.16 cu bwall
1.5 lc
Qsu = q u z
t
Qsu 103 o o
q su S 2 45 45
(N/mm ) qu
d 1000 z d\2
BR.C.
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if q su q scu safe
if q su qscu unsafe (increase d and recheck)
5- RFT:-
As min 1.5 d
M u 106
As S mm 2 / m \ use A s = ? ? \ m\
f y 0.826 d
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- Example 1:- 300kN/m`
1.95 0.4
c 0.775 m
2 d=33 cm
( c ) 2
Mu qu
2 q u =261.5 kN\m 2
I
(0.775) 2 1.95 m
M u = 261.5 76.5 kN m
2
M u 106 76.5 106
d C1 5 277 mm
f cu 1000 25 1000
Use d 330 mm t 400 mm
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3- Check shear:- 510 (kN\m )
d 0.33
z c 0.775 0.61 m
2 2 l c=0.775m 40 cm
f
q scu 0.16 cu
1.5 d=33 cm
o o
45 45
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q scu 0.16 0.653 N/mm2 z=0.61 d\2 q u =261.5 kN\m 2
1.5
1.95 m
Qsu q u z 261.5 0.61 159.5 kN
Qsu 103 159.5 103
q su 0.483 N/mm 2 qscu safe
d 1000 330 1000
5- RFT:-
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-ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً-:
) Pwall u (kN\m
-ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ Masonry wallﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ
bw
4 Masonry Wall
ﺃﻥ ﺟﺴﺎﺋﺔ Rigidityﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﺟﺴﺎﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺵ
lc ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻭﻫﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ) (bw/4ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ
t R.C. ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﻤﻰ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ-:
o o
45 45
BR.C. b w /2
z d\2 qu c
2
BR.C.
d
z c
2
-ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ B.M.ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ Shear forceﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ.
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