Social Science Capsules For Sslc-History (2 Files Merged)

LESSON -1 Louis XVI summoned the State General to levy new taxes upon On October 1917 the Bolsheviks
evy new taxes upon On October 1917 the Bolsheviks organized armed rebellion against
commoners. the provisional Govt. Kerensky fled from the country. Russia came
REVOLUTIONS THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD under the control of Bolsheviks. (October Revolution)
The French Parliament had three Estates. Traditionally each estate
1. What were the main features of Renaissance? had one vote. As a result the nobility and the clergy could always
Humanisam, Scientific temper, Spirit of criticism & Spirit of inquiry. It over rule the third estate. 6. The Chinese Revolution
motivated the people to question irrational beliefs & traditions. The commoners demanded individual vote for each members of all
• Renaissance gave birth to enlightment The Manchu dynasty in china favoured the foreign interference &
the three estate. domination some secret organizations revolted against it in 1900
• The thinkers propagated the ideas like freedom, democracy,
equality and nationalism. The third estate declared themselves as the National Assembly of (Boxer Rebellion) .
• It encouraged the people to protest against the autocratic france and assembled in the tennis court nearby (Tennis court Oath) In 1911 another revolt took place under the leadership of Dr. Sun
system. The third estate demolished the Bastille prison and passed the Sat Sen against Manchu Dynasty. This ended Monarchy in China.
2. Write a short note on the American war of Independence? declaration of the right of mans of the citizen. When Chiang Kai- Shek came into power he gave opportunity for
From the 16th C onwards the Europeans began to migrate to North
foreign powers to freely interfere in China. The communist protested
America to exploit the resources. In 1792 the new constitution proclaimed France as a republic.
against this and they were brutally suppressed. Later Mao ze dong
By the 18th C England had established thirteen colonies in North 4. Latin American Revolution rose to the leadership and he conducted Long March and captured
America. In the 16th & 17th C Spain and Portugal established their colonies in the centre of Kuomintang rule. In 1949 China became republic.
British treated these colonies as centres for collecting raw Latin America. 7. How did American war of independence influenced the later history
materials and as market for selling their products. They exploited the wealth and resources of Latin America and of the world?
erased their traditional culture. The Spain and Portugal propagated a) Gave direction and motivation to the later freedom struggles
As part of Mercantilism several laws were implemented in the British
their language, religion and customs there. and revolutions all over the world.
Colonies.
b) Put forward the concept of republican form of govt.
The ideologies of some thinkers also stimulated the people of the Several schools were established for imparting Spanish system of c) Prepared the first written constitution
colonies to fight against the exploitative laws of the British education Spanish farming methods & crops were adopted. d) Contributed to the concept of federal system
e) Guided human rights activities
The delegates of the colonies met at Philadelphia in 1774 to protest The Latin American colonies were liberated under the leaders like 8.
against policies and rules imposed by England. Francisco Miranda, Simon Bolivar and Jose De San Martin. By 1825
all the Latin American colonies became free. Revolutions Results
People of the colonies submitted a petition to the king of England. American war of independence • The American continental
But the king sent a military force to suppress the people. 5. The Russian Revolution – George Washington, John Locke, congress issued the famous
The second continental congress hold at Philadelphia in 1775 under Farmers and factory workers led a tragic life under the autocracy of Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, declaration of independence on
the leadership of George Washington. the Tsarist emperors. Benjamin Franklin 4 July 1776.
• Thirteen colonies got freedom
The American continental Congress issued the famous declaration of The low agricultural production affected the farmer’s income. They
according to the treaty of Paris
independent on 4th July 1776. had to pay huge tax. The Marxist ideologies formulated by Karl Marx
in 1783
and Frederik Engels stirred the workers. Based on their ideology the
The war between England and the colonies ended in 1781. • George Washington became
Social Democratic workers party formed. Later it was splited in to
According to treaty of paris the thirteen colonies became the 1st president of USA
Mensheviks (Alexander Kerensky) and Bolsheviks (Lenin, Trotsky)
independent. French Revolution – Voltaire, • The end of feudalism
The workers organized a huge march at Petrograd demanding Rousseau, Montesquieu • The idea of people’s
3. French Revolution
political rights and economic reforms. It was fired by the soldiers sovereignty
The French society was divided into three First estate (Clergy) and hundreds were massacred. (Bloody Sunday) • The emergence of Nationalism
Second estate (Nobles) and the third estate (Middle class people) • The growth of middle class
Ignoring the protest from Duma Micholas II decided to participate in
Voltaire, Rousseau & Montesquieu inspired the people to fight the first world war. The workers captured Petrograd and Nicholas II • The ideas of liberty, equality
against the inequality and exploitation. was thrown out of power. (February revolution) and Fraternity
Russian Revolution – • Seized the land owned by the
A provisional government was formed under Alexander Kerensky. Maximgorky, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan land lords and distributed it
1 History 2 History 3 History
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Turgenv, Anton Chekov, among the famers Simon Bolivar Liberator, George Washington 2. As a part of aggressive nationalism Pan-Slav, Pan German &
Mensheviks (Alexander Kerensky), • Factories, banks, of South America Revenge movements were formed.
Bolsheviks (Lenin & Trotsky) transportation facilities and Jose De San Martin Protector 3. Moroccan Crisis – A secret treaty was signed between Britain and
foreign trade were brought Social Contract Rousseau France and Britain recognized the claim of France over Morocco.
under public ownership Mao Zedong Long March But Germany opposed this and France agreed to transfer a part
• A new constitution came into of French Cargo to Germany. The problem was solved temporarily.
force 4. Balkan crisis – When the Austria laid its claim over Balkan region
• Formation of the union of with the support of Germany, Serbia claimed this region with the
Soviet Socialist Republic. LESSON -2 support of Russia
5. A Serbian Youth assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria.
Chinese Revolution - Dr. Sun • Communists seized agricultural WORLD IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Austria held Serbia responsible for this and declared war on
Yat Sen, Mao Zedong land and villages from the Serbia. Thus began first world war.
1. Facism – Benito Mussolini – Italy. The aim of the Fascists was to 6. Causes for Second world war
landlords and distributed it restore the ancient Roman empire violence and the ferocity were 1. The treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay a huge amount
among the farmers the strategies of the Fascists. Using his military force the ‘Black as war indemnity
• End of foreign power
Shirts’ Mussoline suppressed the opponent socialists and the leaders 2. Emergence of Nazism & Fascism under the leadership of Hitler
• China became the people’s
of peasants & workers were proclaimed as enemies. and Mussolini in Germany & Italy.
republic of China on 1 October 3. Formation of Military alliance – Axis powers (Italy, Germany,
1949 under the leadership of Nazism – Adolf Hitler – Germany. He projected the purity of the Japan) and Allied powers (Britain, France, China)
Mao Zedong. Aryan race and argued that only the Aryans should rule the world. 4. Germany attacked Poland in 1939 September 1. Allied nations
Latin American Revolution - • By 1825 almost all the Latin Socialists, Communists, Jews & democrats were executed. A declare war against Germany.
Fransisco Miranda, Simon Bolivar, American Colonies were Military force named Brown shirts and a secret police troop named 7. Liberalisation – Adoption of liberal regulations and taxation
Jose De San Martin liberated Gestapo were formed by Hitler. systems to facilitate the import of multinational product to
9. Impact of French Revolution 2. Liberation Movements domestic markets.
1. Stimulated all the later revolutions in the world 8. Privatisation – Privatisation of public sector undertakings to
2. The end of the feudal system in Europe Mahatma Gandhi India
promote private sector
3. Contributed the concept of people’s sovereignty Nelson Mandela South Africa 9. Globalisation – Economic system of the country linked to global
4. Led to the emergence of nationalism Quami N Krumah Ghana economy. Trans border flow of products, services, raw material,
5. Helped the growth of the middle class
6. Threatened the autocratic rulers in Europe Jomo Kenyatta Kenya capital, latest technology and human resources is the main
10. Reforms of Napoleon 3. Non Aligned Movement feature of globalization. World bank, International Monetary Fund
1. Farmers were made the owners of land & World trade organization are executing various policies in
2. Formed sinking fund to avoid public debt Jawaharlal Nehru India
favour of globalization
3. Exercised State’s control over the clergy Gamal Abdul Nassar Egypt
4. Established Bank of France Marshal Tito Yugoslavia
5. Constructed Several roads LESSON -3
Ahmed Sukarno Indonesia
6. Prepared a new code of law by codifying the existing laws
11. 4. How did imperialism affect the colonies? PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Traditional economic system of the colonies was destroyed.
Administrative and judicial systems were replaced 1. Public Administration – It is the effective utilization of men and
A B People were forced to cultivate cash crops poverty and material for the implementation of existing laws, Govt. policies,
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, American war of independence unemployment increased programmes and development project.
Thomas Paine Natural resources were widely exploited indigenous arts, literature, 2. Importance of Public administration – It formulate Govt.
Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu French Revolution language, culture and education system were destroyed Policies it provide goods and services ensure welfare of the people.
Fransicio Miranda, Simon Bolivar, Jose Latin American Revolution 5. Causes for first world war It find out solutions in public issues.
De San Martin 1. The competition for colonies between European nations led to 3. Bureaucracy – The employees who work under public
Kerensky, Lenin, Trotsky Russian Revolution conflicts among them and caused mutual distrust and enmity administrative system and administer the country are together
Sunyat Sen, Mao Zedong Chinese Revolution
known as bureaucracy.
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4. Main features of bureaucracy against employee and can suggest necessary action. Lokayukta is were Mappilas to suppress the revolt the British raised a special
1. Hierarchical organization the Institution constituted at State level to hear the corruption armed Police battalion.
2. Permanance cases. Both of them follow judicial procedures. c) Santhal Revolt :- The Santhals were a tribe inhabiting the
3. Appointment on the basis of qualification 11. Suggestions to make administrative system more efficient valleys of Rajmahal Hills. They lived closely with nature and
4. Political Neutrality a) Change in the attitude of Govt. employees to public problem earned a living by farming and collecting forest produce, cattle
5. Professionalism b) Provide Service in time to deserved people rearing and hunting. The forest Act imposed by the British made
5. How is india’s civil service classified? c) Provide decent treatment to the people in Govt. Offices
their life miserable. They were prohibited to enter forest. At the
1. All india Civil Service d) Employees should be free from corruption
e) Activities should be transparent same time the British widely felled trees from forest to lay
a) Recruited at National Level
b) Appointed in Central or State Service railway lines and build ships. The situations led the tribes to fight
E.g:- IAS, IPS against the British.
LESSON -4 d) Kurichya Revolt :- It was organized by Kurichya & the Kurumba
2. Central Services tribes of Wayanad in 1812. Imposition of excessive tax by the
BRITISH EXPLOITATION AND RESISTANCE British, compulsion for paying tax in cash and seizing of
a) Recruited at the National Level
1. Write the main features of the Permanent settlement, the Ryotwari agricultural land for non-payment of tax were the reasons for this
b) Appointed in Central Govt. departments only.
and the Mahalwari land revenue systems? revolt. The British Govt. Suppressed the struggle and killed
E.g :– Indian Foreign Service, Indian Railway Service A) Permanent land revenue settlement :- Kurichya leader Rama Nambi.
3. State Services a) Zamindar was the owner of the entire land 3. What were the reasons for the ruin of Indian textile industry?
b) Tax was collected by Zamindars a) The machine made textile imported from Britian
a) Recruited at State Level c) Farmers were to pay upto 60% of the yield as tax b) The expansion of railway
d) The tax was to be paid in cash strictly before the cut off date c) Export of raw materials
b) Appointed in State Govt. Departments only
B) Ryotwari System :- d) Exploitation of the officers
E.g :- Sales Tax Officer a) The land revenue was collected directly from the farmers e) High tax imposed on Indian textiles in Britian
b) Excessive tax rate 4. Explain the causes of the revolt of 1857?
6. Write the factors which adversely affect the efficiency of public a) Miseries of the Farmers – The Permanent land revenue
c) The tax rate were frequently increased
administration? d) Ownership of land was vested with the farmers settlement, Ryotwari and mahalwari systems were implemented
a. Hierarchical Organization often intercepts quick decisions C) Mahalwari System :- by the British destroyed the backbone of the farmers. They had
b. Corruption a) The village headman collected the tax
c. Political interference to pay high rate of taxes in cash. The farmers were compelled to
b) The tax rate was excessive cultivate commercial crops instead of food crops.
d. Frequent transfer c) The entire village was considered as a single unit for tax
e. Red tapism b) Poverty of Craftsman – Largescale import of machine made
collection British textiles ruined the Indian textile industry. The Import of
7. The benefits of E-governance to people.
2. Write short notes on the Indigo revolt, Mappila Rebellions, Santhal
a) Need not to wait in Govt. offices for services aluminium vessels, destroyed pottery making sector. Tanning
b) Can receive service with the help of information technology revolt and kurichya Revolt.
and carpentry industries were also destroyed.
c) Govt. Services are offered speedily and with less expense a) Indigo Revolt :- With the industrial revolution in the 18 th C in
c) Dissatisfaction of Kings – In addition to Doctrine of Lapse, the
d) Efficiency of the offices and quality of the service get enhanced England the demand for indigo increased. The British gave the
princely states were accused of inefficient rule and were annexed
8. The main objectives of the Right to information Act farmers good amount as advance for the cultivation of indigo.
by the British
a) To prevent corruption The farmers were compelled to cultivate indigo at the most fertile d) Miseries of the Sepoys – Poor salary and abuse by the British
b) Create responsibility part of their land. Due to the interference of the British agents in
c) Make the functioning of the Govt. transparent the rumour that the cartridges in the newly supplied Enfield rifles
the harvesting season, the farmers received only lower price for were greased with the fat of cows and pigs provoked them. They
d) The citizens will get copies of public documents if they apply for them
indigo. In 1859 they declared that they were giving up indigo were unwilling to use the new cartridges and were punished by
9. What is the Right to Service Act?
a) Right to service Act is a law which ensures services to the people cultivation. They attacked indigo factories with bows, arrows the officers.
b) It determines the time limit for every service given by a Govt. swords and spears. 5. What were the results of the first war of independence?
office b) Mappila Rebellions :- The British treated the Janmis as owners a) It brought about several changes in the polices and
c) If the deserved service is not given within the time limit, the of the land. The revolt was against the atrocities of the landlords, administration by the British
responsible employee should pay a fine including eviction of tenants. Farmers of South Malabar cultivated b) The British Parliament took over India from the British East India
10. Lokpal – This institution constituted at the national level to prevent the land obtained on lease from landlords most of these tenants Company
corruption. It has the power to register cases on issues of corruption 6. Swadeshi Movements :-
7 History 8 History www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in 9 History

To check the economic drain the national leaders exhorted the  Abolished Sati and slavery Sare Jahan Se Accha Muhhammad Iqbal
people to boycott foreign goods and consuming Indian products.  Permitted widow remarriage Ghora, Gitanjali Rabindranath Tagore
Foreign goods were collected and burnt publicly.  Prevented Child marriage and polygamy Sevasadan, Premasram, Prem Chand
Massive participation of women labourers and students by 6. Prepare a table showing the names of the major newspaper during Rangabhumi, Godan
boycotting foreign bangles & Utensils, quit schools to take part in freedom struggle and their leaders Panchalisapadham, Kalipaattu, Subrahmanya Bharati
the movements were the main features of the Swadeshi Movement. Kannam Paattu, Kuyil Paatu
A B
7. Hayat –e- Sahi Altaf Husain Hali
The Hindu G. Subrahmania Iyer
Hayat –e- Javeed
Centres of 1857 Revolt Leaders Swadeshi Mithram
Nibandha Mala Vishnu Krishna Chiplunkar
Delhi Bahadur Shah II
Ente Gurunathan Vallathol Narayana Menon
Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai Amrit Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh
Bappuji
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal Motilal Ghosh
Indiayude Karachil
Kanpur Nana Saheb, Thantia Thopi Bombay Samachar Fardourji Marban
Faizabad Maulavi Ahammedullah Kesari, Maratha Bal Gangadhar Tilak
9. Nationalism in Art
LESSON -5 Bengali Surendranath Banerji
Voice of India Dadabhai Naoroji Bharat Mata Abanindranath Tagore
Shome Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar Sakunthalam Raja Ravi Varma
CULTURE AND NATIONALISM Sati, Village Drummer Nandalal Bose
New India Common Wheel Annie Besant
Young India Mahatma Gandhi Village life Amrita Sher- Gil
1. Write the circumstances led to Indian nationalism?
Harijan 10
Nationalisam is the sense of unity that exists among the people of a
nation irrespective of caste, creed, region and religion. The Al Hilal Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad Institution Founder
realization of British colonial exploitation fuelled Indian nationalism Vande Matharam Lal Lajpat Rai Asiatic society of Bengal William Jones
and strengthened the freedom movement. Nation Gopala Krishna Gokhale Calcutta Madrasah Warren Hastings
2. What were the main objectives of social reform movements? Sambath Kaumudi Mirat-Ul- Akbar Raja Ram Mohan Roy Banaras Sanskrit College Jonathan Dun Can
To eradicate evils and superstitions that existed in the Indian society. Indian Association Surendranath Banerjee
To ensure equal civil rights to education, travel and dress code 7. Indian National Congress A.O. Hume
3. Write the main objectives of social reformers?
Eradicate caste system, protect the right to all, eliminate Ideas of National education Institutions
discrimination against women, provide education to all, promote Secularism Jamin Millia Islamia – Moulana
widow remarriage and abolish child marriage and eliminate the Mohamed Ali, Shoukath Alki, Dr. LESSON -6
supremacy of the clergy. Zakir Husain & M.A Ansari
4. Prepare a table listing the social reform movements that existed in Nationalism Deccan Education Society – G.G.
STRUGGLE AND FREEDOM
various parts of India. Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 1. Write a short note on Champaran indigo struggle, Ahamedabad
Mahadev Govinda Ranade cotton mill strike and Peasant struggle in Kheda.
A B Women Empowerment Women university – D.K. Karve a) The struggle of the Indigo farmers in Champaran :-It was
Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Saraswati Internationalism Viswa Bharati – Rabindranath took place in 1917. Gandhiji’s involvement in the problems of the
Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda Tagore indigo farmers in Champaran compelled the authorities to pass
Aligarh Movement Sir Syed Ahmadkhan Revival of Traditional Arts Kerala Kalamandalam – Vallathol –
laws in favour of the indigo farmers. Gandhiji worked for the
Prarthana Samaj Atmaram Pandurang Narayana Menon
Theosophical Society Annie Basant progress of Champaran region by establishing primary schools,
Vocational education, Protest Wardha Education plan – Mahatma
Hitakarini Samaj Viresalingam initiating medical aids and introducing cleaning activities.
against foreign rule and caste Gandhi
Satya Shodak Samaj Jyothiba Phule b) Ahmadabad Cotton mill strike (1918) :- Gandhiji got involved
system
Self respect movement E.V Ramaswami Naicker in this strike following his satyagraha, the authorities agreed to
Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Sree Narayana Guru 8. Nationalism & Literature hike the wages of the employees and the strike came to an end.
Yogam c) Peasant struggle in Kheda (1918) :- Owing to the drought
5. Write the social evils abolished by the British as a result of the and crop failure, farmers in Kheda were living in utter misery. The
activities of the social reformers? Anandamath Bankim Chandra Chatterji rulers decided to collect tax from these poor villagers. Starting
 Prevented marriage of girls below 12 Years of age (Bandemataram) Satyagraha Gandhiji protested against that decision and advised
 Banned female infanticide Nil Darpan Dinabandhu Mitra

the people not to pay tax. Consequently the authorities were 8. The Lahore congress session was a turning point in the history of
forced to reduce tax rates. freedom movemet in india. Explain?
2. Results of Gandhiji’s Struggle
It held in 1929 under the chairman ship of Jawaharlal Nehru . The
• It popularized Gandhiji’s ideologies and method of protest LESSON -9
session declared that the ultimate aim of Indian Freedom struggle was
• His methods of protest attracted even the laymen to the
to attain complete freedom (poorna Swaraj). THE STATE AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
movement
• The city centric national movement spread to the rural areas It also resolved to start the Civil Disobedience Movement under the
1) State :- A group of people residing permanently within a particular
• He became a national leader acceptable to all strata of the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
territory with a sovereign Government. The term ‘State’ was first
society 9. Civil disobedience Movement:- With the Civil disobedience
3. Rowlatt Act :- On the pretext of preventing extremist activities the coined by the Western Philosopher Nicolo Machiavelli. Population is
movement Gandhiji meant to disobey all anti-popular and anti an indispensable factor in the formation of a state.
British Parliament passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919 limiting the civil
democratic civil laws made by the British government 2) Territory- It doesn’t mean land area alone. The land area, water
rights. It was recommended by Sir Sydney Rowlatt. As per this act
10. Why did Gandhiji selected salt as a powerful weapon against the bodies, coastal area etc within the boundaries are part of the
any person could be arrested and imprisoned without trial.
4. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre :- When the protests against Rowlatt British ? territory
3) Government;- It is an unavoidable constituent of a state (a) The
Act failed Gandhiji suggested starting Satyagraha. People in various  Salt tax constituted 2/5 of the income collected by the British govt. makes and executes law and ensures justice to the people (b)
part of the country went to the street and started demonstration
through taxes It ensures security and makes available different services to the
and strike. On April 13, 1919 a large number of people gathered  Salt tax was a heavy burden for the poor people. people (c) Maintain law and order (d) Increase employment
together at the Jallianwala Bagh maidan in Amritsar to protest  There was three fold hike on salt price opportunities (e) Implement development projects.
against the arrest of Saifuddin Kichlu and Sathyapal (Leaders of Anti  The British government banned small scale indigenous salt 4) Sovereignty- State has the right to take decisions on national and
Rowlatt Act agitation). The army Chief General Dyer ordered to production. international affairs independently without any external control. This
shoot without warning. The shooting of ten minutes killed 379
11. Quit India Movement supreme authority of a state is called sovereignty. It is the absolute,
protesters.
unlimited and indivisible power of a state.
5. The features of non-cooperation movement (A) Causes 5) Function of state-
• Lawyers shall boycott courts (a) Protection of boundary
(a) Reluctance of the British to implement constitutional reforms in
• The public shall boycott foreign products (b) Maintain internal peace
India.
• Boycott elections (c) Protection of right
• Returning the British awards and prizes (b) Pubic disgust with price hike and famine. (d) Implementation of justice
• Students shall boycott English schools (e) Protection of health
(c) The assumption that the British would be defeated in the Second
(f) Provide educational facilities
6. How did the Indian society responded to Gandhiji’s appeal for non- World War. (g) Implement welfare programmes
coperation. (B) Results (h) Provide transportation facilities
• Farmers of Awadh refused to pay taxes  The British government arrested leaders including Mahatma Gandhi. 6) Difference between obligatory function discretionary functions of a
• The tribal groups in Andhra entered the forest and collected  The uncontrolled mob demolished government offices, electric lines state
forest produces violating the forest law and transportation facilities.
• Workers struck work.  At the end of 1942, India was under the fire of popular unrest. Obligatory functions Discretionary function
• Lawyers boycotted courts Functions which have to be Function which have to be
• Students quitted colleges and schools 12 Proposals of the Mount batten plan implemented by the state at implemented as per the
• The public burnt foreign clothes on the street.  To form a separate country in Muslim majority area. all times at any cost. If the economic condition of a state.
 To divide Punjab &Bengal obligatory functions are not E.g Education and health care
7. Chauri Chaura incident:-in response to the police firing at a mob,
 To conduct a referendum to determine whether to add northwest performed the life and will provide better living
the villagers set ablaze the police station and 22 police men deid.
frontier province to Pakistan or not property of the people can not conditions for the people.
The incident disappointed Gandhiji and he realised that the people
 To appoint a commission to determine the borders in Punjab & be protected
could not fully understand the essence of Ahimsa.Gandiji withdrew
Bengal. Protection of boundary Protection of health
the non- cooperation movement.
Maintain internal peace Implement welfare
programmes

Protection of rights Provide educational facilities Potti Sriramalu started Satyagraha for the formation of Andra Pradesh
Implementation of justice Provide transportation facilities for Telugu speaking people. After 58 days of fasting he died. Following
7) Citizenship- It is the full and equal membership in nation. It enables this in 1953 he Government of India formed the state of Andra Pradesh.
a persons to experience political & civil rights. Citizens have certain A commission was appointed to reorganize Indian state with Fazl Ali as
duties to perform Democracy ensures the participation of the Chairman and H.N. Kunzru and K.M Panikkar as members.
citizen through political rights . Citizenship by birth is natural The Parliament passed the State Reorganization Act in 1956 and 14
citizen ship when a person acquires citizenship on the basis of the States & 6 Union Territories came into effect.
legal Procedure of a nation , it is acquired citizenship. 5. Progress in Economic Sector
8) Elements of a state  India adopted series of plans and schemes aiming at economic
development of the country. India adopted mixed economy which is
LESSON -7 a combination of socialist & capitalist system
 Centralised economic planning was adopted
Territory Population Government Sovereignty INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE  The Planning Commission of India was formed under the
Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1950
9) Political Science :- Political science is the study of the state and 1) Write the consequences of India Pakistan partition?
 It adopted the Five Year Plan aiming economic growth of the nation
Government Aristotle is known as , Father of political science ‘ • There was an inflex of refuges from India to Pakistan and from
 The Five Year Plan helped alleviate poverty, flourish agriculture and
Politics’ is the first book which makes a comprehensive analysis of Pakistan to India
industrial sectors, improve education and generate new energy
state. • Communal riots broke out in various places
sources
• Thousands of people were killed and women were attacked
 Major dams like Bhakra Nangal were constructed
10) Theories on the origin of state • People lost all their belongings
 Irrigation facilities boosted agricultural production in India
• Around ten million people arrived as refugees  On 2 October 1952, Govt. started 55 projects aiming at better
2) Integration of princely states was the most important
facilities for infrastructure, farming & livestock development.
challenge that India had to face after independence explain?
Iron & Steel Assisting Countries
Or
Industrial Firms
Divine right Evolutionary Social Contract Write a short note on the integration of the Princely States? Bhilai Soviet Union
Power There were around 600 Princely States in pre independent India. Britain Bocaro Soviet Union
Theory Theory Theory gave the Princely States in India the options to join either India or Rourkela Germany
Theory Pakistan or to be independent Sardar Vallabhai Patel and V.P. Menon Durgapur Britain
prepared an Instrument of Accession. Majority of the Princely States 6. Achievements in Science and Technology
signed the instrument of Accession and join Indian Union. But Tata Institute of Fundamental Homi Jahangir Bhabha
Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagarh resented and they were integrated Research Indian Atomic Energy
into Indian Union through military interventions. Commission
3. Write a note on the formation of the Constitution in India? Indian National Committee for Space Vikram Sarabhai
In 1946 the Constituent Assembly was formed with Dr. Rajendra Prasad Research (INCOSPAR)
as the Chairman. It appointed a drafting committee with Dr. B. R. Indian Space Research Organisation 1969
Ambedkar as Chairman. It drafted the Constitution after a series of (ISRO)
discussions and debates. The Constitution came into effect on 26 Aryabhatta (First Satellite) 1975
Missile Man of India Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam
January 1950 and India was declared a Republic.
Chandrayan (First lunar mission) 2008
4. Analyse the circumstances that led to the linguistic Mangalyan (Indian made space Mars
reorganization of States? shuttle)
There were many princely states with people speaking different 7. Educational Commissions in India
languages. There were demands from different parts of india for the
formation of states on the basic of languages. Commissions Year Objectives
Radha Krishnan Commission 1948 To study university
education
Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar 1952 To study Secondary furious and in 1721 the natives killed about 150 Englishmen who were Guruvayur Sathyagraha 1931
Commission education on their way to handover gift to the Queen of Attingal. Temple Entry Proclamation 1936
Kothari Commission 1964 To propose a national 2) Prepare a note on how Malabar, Travancore and Kochi came November 12
pattern of education under the British rule? 7)
8. Main recommendations of National Policy on Education 1986  As per the Sreeranga Pattanam Treaty of 1792 between the British Social Reformers Organisations
 Focusing on primary and continuing education and the Mysore rulers, Malabar came under British Control. Vaikunda Swamikal Samathwa Samajam
 Launching Operation Blackboard Programme to universalize primary  In 1972 Kochi Raja accepted British supremary and was forced to Ayyankali Sadhu Jana Pari-Palana Sangham
education and to improve infrastructure facilities in Schools. pay tribute Vaikkom Abdul Khader Maulavi Thiruvithamkur Muslim Mahajana
 Starting Navodaya Vidyalayas in every district  According to the Treaty of 1795, Travancore also admitted the British Sabha
 Encouraging girls education dominance. The British promised protection to Travancore from its Vagabhadanandhan Admavidhya Sangham
9. Cultural Achievements enemies Sahodaran Ayyapan Sahodaraprasthanam
3) Pazhassi Revolt :- The British promised Pazhassi the right to collect Pandit K.P. Karuppan Araya Samajam
Institution Activities Headquarters
tax from Kottayam region as reward for helping them in the wars Mannathu Padmanabhan Nair Service Society
Sangit Natak Akademi Promotion of drama & New Delhi
V. T. Bhattathiripad Yogakshemasabha
music against Mysore. But the British refused to keep their promise. They
Kumara Gurudevan Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha
Lalit Kala Akademi Promotion of Indian arts New Delhi claimed their dominance over Wayanad. Pazhassi Raja organized the 8) Vaikom Satyagraha 1924:- T.K. Madhavan
in India & abroad people and fought against this injustice of the British. In the fight It was one of the major struggle that took place in Kerala for claiming
Sahitya Akademi Promotion of Literature New Delhi against the British he lost his life on 30 November 1805. the right to travel. Following this struggle the lower castes secured
National School of Drama Conduct national drama New Delhi 4) Battles of Veluthampi and Paliathachan against the British permission to travel through the roads around the Vaikom Temple.
festival every year Veluthampi and Paliathachan reacted against the uncontrolled 9) Guruvayur Satyagraha 1931 :- K.Kelappan
National Book Trust of To make books New Delhi intervention of the British in the internal affairs of Travancore & Kochi. It was an agitation demanding entry for all castes of Hindus into
India available cost Veluthampi called for armed fight against the British through his Guruvayur temple. A.K. Gopalan was the volunteer captain of this
effectively Kundara Proclamation on 11 Janunary 1809. The armies of Travancore struggle. Following this protest the Temple Entry Proclamation was
To encourage reading & Kochi jointly attacked the official residence of Macaulay. But they announced on 12 November 1936 in Travancore and all sections of the
habit could not withstand the British Army. Veluthampi committed suicide society were offered the right to worship in temples.
10. Main principles of India’s foreign policy and deported Paliathachan to Madras. 10)Malayali Memorial :- In Travancore Political agitations started in
 Resistance to colonialism & Imperialism 5) 1891 under the leadership of Barrister G.P. Pillai, a memorandum
 Hostility to racism Battle of Colachel (Dutch were 1741 was submitted to the king signed by more than ten thousand people
 Peaceful co-existence defeated by Marthanda Varma) seeking proportionate representation for the people of Travancore
 Panchsheel Principles Sreeranga Pattanam Treaty 1792
in Govt. jobs. It was known as Malayali Memorial.
 Policy of non-alignment (Malabar came under British
11)Ezhava Memorial :- In 1896, Dr. Palpu submitted a memorial to
 Trust in the UNO Control
the King raising the problems faced by the Ezhava Community. It
11. Panchsheel Principles – 1954 signed by Nehru and Chou-En- Kundara Proclamation by 1809 January
was known as Ezhava Memorial.
lai (India and China) Veluthampi Dalawa 11
12)Nivarthana Prakshobham :- In 1932 Christian, Muslim and
 Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty Proclamation of Free primary Gouri Parvathy
Ezhava communities launched agitation seeking reservation in
 Mutual non-aggression education Bhai – 1817
government jobs in proportion to their population. It was led by N.V.
 Mutal non-interference in each others internal affairs Pandarappatta Vilambaram 1865
Janmi Kudian act 1896 Joseph, P.K. Kunchu and C. Keshavan.
 Equality and co-operation for mutual benefits
Tenancy Act (Kudiyaima Niyamam) 1914 13)
 Peaceful co-existence
Malabar Tenant’s Act 1929 Samkshepa Vedartham First book to be entirely published in
Formation of Thiru Kochi 1949 July 1 Malayalam
LESSON -8 6) Rajya Samacharam by Herman First Malayalam newspaper
Channar Revolt 1859 Gundert from Thalassery
KERALA TOWARDS MODERNITY Pashchimodayam Herman Gundert
Consecration of the idol of Lord 1888
Shiva at Aruvippuram by Sree Lion of Kerala Pazhassi Raja
1) Attingal Revolt :- The British attained the permission from Queen of
Narayana Guru Kerala Simham Novel by Sardar K. M. Panicker
Attingal to built a fort at Anchuthengu. Later it became an important Punnapra Vayalar Protest against 1946
military centre of the British in the Western Coast. The natives were Vaikom Satyagraha 1924
Diwan C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer
Cochin Rajya Prajamandalam E. Ikkanda Warrier, Panampalli  Equips the individual to respect diversity and to behave with Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life. It is
Govinda Menon, K. Ayyappan tolerance the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his
Andhra Kesari T. Prakasam  Helps to understand the different contexts of political, social, environment.
Onnekal kodi Malayalikal EMS Namboodiripad economic and environmental problems.  It helps to formulate the right perspective of society
 Equip the individual to suggest comprehensive solutions to different  It helps to know the relation between the individual and the social
institutions
LESSON -10 problems
 Studies social problems precisely
 Disseminate the message of peace and co-operation to the society
CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS  Helps to find solutions for social problems
 Make the individual civic conscious
 Provides guidance to social welfare measures by conducting studies
1) Define the concept of Civic consciousness? 7) Explain the factors which foster civic consciousness ? on the backward sections, the exploited and people who have faced
It is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine a) Family :- It has an important role in fostering and maintaining discrimination and oppression
sense of responsibility among its members. Inspiration and  Benefits social planning and development
interests of the society are the interest of the citizen. Those who have
encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness. 3) Write different methods of study in Sociology?
civic consciousness will always be ready to work for the society. a) Social Survey :- It helps to formulate a comprehensive point of
2) Importance of Civic consciousness b) Education :- It will help to develop value consciousness, view of the topic, based on the data collected from a group of selected
 It influences the progress of the state and society tolerance, leadership qualities and scientific temper. Through people. Questionnaires are commonly used in social surveys
 In the absence of Civic Consciousness human beings will become education, science and technology can be effectively utilized in a b) Interview :- This is a method by which information is collected
selfish and all the activities will be for his own achievements. It will orally. Interview is the talk between the interviewer and the
useful manner to the society.
adversely affect social life. In such a society there will be no peace interviewee. It helps to know and analyse the attitudes, views, beliefs
c) Associations :- It play an important role in empowering people & habits of the individuals.
or security.
by giving power and right to them. Through their activities they c) Observation :- It is a method by which whatever is seen, heard
 Civic Consciousness will help to solve many problems faced by the
impart civic and political consciousness in individuals. and experienced is recorded truthfully. When the researcher himself /
society. herself collect information directly from the area under study it is
 It will help to the progress and unity of the state d) Media :- Print and electronic media influences the society News called participant observation. In non participant observation, the
3) List out the factors determines Civic consciousness? & information reach the masses through the media. Judicious and researcher does not stay with the group under study. They are
 Formation of Civic consciousness is determined by life situations objective information lead to the formulation of creative ideas. observed from outside.
and experience d) Case Study :- It is used to make an in-depth study on rare and
e) Democratic System :- It prompts individuals to think about different social phenomena and problems. Such studies will be exact
 Family
 Education fellow beings and to work for the protection of their freedom, and comprehensive.
 Social system equality and rights. ………………..
 Association
 Political System
4) Analyse the relationship between Civic consciousness and
morality?
Morality means the ability to recognize virtues, accept virtues and to
perform duties with utmost responsibility. LESSON -11
Morality helps civic consciousness whereas immorality destroys it. SOCIOLOGY – WHAT ? WHY ?
Creation of moral consciousness in all walks of life is the most
1) How is creative writing different from the study of sociology?
effective way to foster civic consciousness
5) How can overcome the challenges of Civic consciousness? Creative writing Study of Sociology www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in
 Each one should evaluate his activities critically • Writing is based on imagination • Social issues subjects are
 Be the change which you expect from others and creativity analysed scientifically
 Equal weight should be given to both rights and duties • Social events are depicted on • Social conditions are analysed on
 Individual should act democratically and tolerably.
aesthetic realms the basic of cause effect
6) Role of Social Science in the formulation of Civic • The goal of creative writing is relationship
Consciousness? appreciation • Society is objectively analysed
2) What is meant by Sociology? Why do we study Sociology?
LESSON -1 11. Why is there an eastward increase and westward Coriolis force
decrease in time? Friction
SEASONS AND TIME The rotation of the earth is from west to east. So the sun rises first in 5. Coriolis Force :- Freely moving bodies get deflected in the southern
the eastern side and sunsets in the west on this basis there is an hemisphere due to a force generated as a result of earth’s rotation. It is
1. Equinoxes :- The apparent position of the sun during the earth’s eastward increase and westward decrease in time. known as the coriolis force.
revolution will be over the equator on March 21 and September 23. 6. Ferrel’s law :- Admiral Ferrel Found that the winds in the northern
Hence length of day and night will be equal during these days on both LESSON -2 hemisphere deflect towards their right and those in the southern
the hemisphere. hemisphere deflect towards their left due to the coriolis effect. It is
2. Summer Solstice : - The sun will be vertically above the Tropic of IN SEARCH OF THE SOURCE OF WIND known as Ferrel’s law.
Cancer on June 21. Longest day and shortest night are found in
1. Atmospheric Pressure :- It is the weight of atmospheric air. The Name of Local wind The area that blows
Northern hemisphere.
Loo North Indian Plains
3. Winter Solstice :- The sun reaches vertically above the Tropic of variations in the atmospheric pressure is the basic cause for wind. It is
Mango showers Kerala & Karnataka (South India)
Capricorn on December 22. This day is known as winter solstice. measured using an instrument called Mercury Barometer. It is recorded
Kalbaisakhi West Bengal, Bihar, Assam
Longest day and shortest night are found in Southern hemisphere. in units like Millibar (mb) and hectopascal (hpa). Chinook Rockie mountain (North America)
4. Perihelion:- The distance between the earth and the sun will vary 2. Temperature, altitude and humidity are inversely proportional Harmattan Sahara desert (W.Africa)
continuously throughout the revolution. The day on which the sun and to atmospheric pressure. Justify? Foehn Alps (Europe)
the earth are closest is known as perihelion. The day on which the sun Temperature :- Like any other matter air also expands when it gets 7. Write the factors which are responsible for the formation of
and the earth are farthest is known as aphelion. heated. The expanded air is less dense and hence it ascends. This the monsoon winds?
5. What are the reasons for the occurrence of seasons? leads to the lowering of atmospheric pressure. The apparent movement of the sun, coriolis force,
Revolution, Parallelism of the earth’s axis and inclination of the axis. Altitude :- The rarification of air with altitude is the reason for the Difference in heating of land and waterbodies
6. Local time :- When the sun is vertically overhead, it is noon. The time decrease in atmospheric pressure. It decreases with increasing altitude 8.
estimated at each place, based on the apex position of the sun is at the rate of 1mb per an altitude of 10 meters. WINDS
termed as the local time. Humidity :- Humidity refers to the quantity of water present in the air.
7. Standard time :- The local time would be different at each longitude. Water vapour is lighter than air and hence it ascends. If the quantity of
It would create a lot of confusion. To solve this the longitude that water vapour is more, then naturally the atmospheric pressure will be
passes through the middle of a country is selected as standard less. Planetary Local Winds Periodic
meridian. The local time at the standard meridian is the standard time. 3. Write the important global pressure belts? Winds Winds
8. Indian Standard Time:- The 82 ½° E longitude is considered as a) Equatorial Low pressure belt :- This is the zone where the sun’s
standard meridian of India. The local time along this longitude is rays fall vertically throughout the year. The air expands due to the
generally considered as the common time of India. This is known as the Sun’s heat and rises up. Low pressure experienced throughout the
Indian Standard Time. year. Winds are very feeble here. It is also known as doldrum. Tradewind Westerlies Monsoon Sea breeze
9. Greenwich Time:- The zero degree longitude is known as the b) Sub tropical High Pressure belt :- The hot air ascending from Easterlies Mountain
Greenwich Meridian. Time is calculated worldwide is based on the equatorial low pressure belt cools gradually and subsides at the sub Land breeze
breeze,
Greenwich line. Hence this line is also known as Prime Meridian. The tropical zone (30°N & 30° S) Valley
local time at the Prime Meridian is known as the Greenwich Mean Time c) Sub Polar low pressure belt :- As this zone is close to the pole
(GMT) the air is colder here. Though the cold air remains close to the
10. International Date Line :- 180° longitude is known as earth, the air is thrown up due to the rotation of the earth. As a Loo Kalbaisakhi Chinook
International Date Line. There is a difference of 24 hours on both sides result low pressure is experienced here (60°N & 60°S) Foehn
of 180° longitude. So the travelers who cross 180° longitude from the d) Polar high pressure : This zone experiences service cold
9. Trade Winds :- It blows from sub tropical high pressure belts to
east to the west calculate time by advancing one day. The travelers throughout the year. The air remains chilled and it is the reason for
equatorial low pressure belt. They are known as North east trade winds
who cross the line from the west to east deduct one day. This line is not the high pressure experienced here (90°N & 90°S)
in Northern hemisphere and southeast trade winds in Southern
a straight line. Land area has been avoided along 180° longitude. 4. Write the factors which influence the speed and direction of
hemisphere.
wind?
Pressure gradient force
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Westerlies :-It blows from Sub tropical high pressure to sub polar low 7. Population Growth : - The increase in the number of people in an
pressure belt. They are stronger in the southern hemisphere due to the area within a specific period of time. It indicated in terms of
vast expanse of oceans in the southern hemisphere. They are known percentage.
as Roaring Forties (40°) Furious fifties (50°) and shrieking Sixties (60°) 8. Birth rate :- It is the number of live births per 1000
10. Sea breeze:- During day time the land gets heated more quickly 9. Death rate :- It is the number of deaths per 1000
than the waterbodies. This leads to the formation of low pressure over 10. Migration :- It is the settlement of people of a regions in another
the land and high pressure over the sea which causes the air blow from region
the sea. 11. Population Structure (Age Structure) :- It is the classification of
11. Land breeze :- As the land cools faster than the sea during the population into different age group (0-14 years, 15-59 years and 60
night it would be high pressure over the land and low pressure over the above)
sea. This results the movement of air from the land to sea. It is known 12. Labour force participation :- It is the ratio of the population in the
as land breeze. age group 15-59, who are either employed or actively looking for jobs.
12. Mountain & Valley breeze :- During the day time the air in
13. Dependent group :- The age group of 0-14 years and 60 years and
the valley gets heated up more than the air on the mountain tops. As a LESSON -4
above are included in the dependent group. They depends on the
result the wind blows upslope from the valley (Valley breeze).
working force of the country. TERRAIN ANALYSIS THROUGH MAPS
During night the air in the mountainous regions cools due to the
14. Sex ratio :- It is the number of females per 1000 males
intense cold conditions there. As cool air is denser, it blows towards the
15. Literacy rate :- It refers to the percentage of population that can 1. Topographic Maps - Large scale maps depict in detail all natural as
valley (mountain breeze)
read and write with comprehension well as manmade features on the earth’s surface. It contain
16. Name the projects implemented in India to develop education & Skills? undulations of the terrain, rivers, other water bodies, forest,
1) Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) agricultural land, villages, towns transport and communication
LESSON -3 2) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) systems.
3) Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) 2. Uses of topographic Maps
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 4) Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan (RVSA) a) To analyse the physical and the cultural features of the terrain
b) For military operations
17. Write the main problems existed in education Sector?
1. Human Resource :- People who have the manpower which can be c) To identify and study the natural as well as the cultural resources of
Drop out from schools without completing primary education.
utilized in the production sector is called human resource. Many goods a region as part of economic planning
Lack of availability of basic facilities in the education sector d) To understand land use pattern of a region and for urban planning
and services are necessary for improving human life.
2. How Can human resource be developed? Quality of education has to be improved 3. Conventional Signs and symbols – Various features on the earth’s
It is the development of people’s physical and mental ability. It can be 18. What are the contributions of healthy persons in the progress of a surface are represented in topographic maps using internationally
improved through education, healthcare & training country? accepted colours and symbols. The maps prepared in one country can
3. Size of population :- The total number of people residing in a country a) Production increases with the increase in efficiency be easily understood and analysed by the people of another
at a particular time is referred as size of population. b) National resources can be utilized properly 4. Contour Lines – There are imaginary lines joining places having the
4. Demography :- The branch of social science that analyses the c) Medical expense can be reduced same elevation above the sea level.
population, the changes in its size, its structural aspects etc is known d) Economic development is possible through increase in production 5. Form Lines – When it is difficult to measure the elevation of place
as demography. 19. Name the institutions for healthcare at different levels set up by govt? through land surveys, the elevation is represented with the help of
5. Need for population studies :- a) Medical colleges broken lines.
1) It help the Govt. to quantitatively assess the different needs of the b) District Hospitals 6. Spot height – It represent the actual height of a place by according
people. c) Community Health centres the height in digits beside a black dot
2) Informs the availability of human resource d) Primary Health centres 7. Triangular height – It recorded in maps using symbol
3) Depicts the extent of basic facilities required by the people. 8. Bench Mark – The height of reservoirs and prominent buildings are
e) Health sub centres
4) Quantifies the goods & services required recorded with the letters BM.
20. Life expectancy – It is the average number of years that a person lives.
6. Density of population :- It refers to the number of people per
square kilometer area
4 Geography 5 Geography 6 Geography
9. Eastings – There are North South lines. Their value increases towards enterprises and setting up educational institutions are considered as 3. Tax Imposed by Tax imposed by
the east for identifying a location we consider the value of the eastings developmental expenditure. Tax imposed by
immediately left to the geographic feature. Central Govt. State Govt. Local self - Govt
10. Northings – These b) Non – developmental expenditure :- Expenditure incurred by
are lines in the east west direction. Their value increases towards the way of war, interest and pension are considered as non-
north. For identifying location we consider the value of the northings developmental expenditure Corporate tax Value added Property tax,
immediately to the south of the feature. Personal tax, Stamp Professional
11. What are the three Public Expenditure income tax, duty, State tax,
union excise
things can be assessed from the contour lines in topographic maps? excise duty, Entertainment
duty
a) Altitude of a place Land tax tax
b) Nature of the slope
4. Value Added Tax : A product reaches the consumers through
c) Shape of the landform
12. Intervisibility - If Developmental Non- developmental different stages value is added at each stage.
two places are mutually visible, that these places are intervisible. expenditure expenditure (War expenditure, 5. Excise duty :- Tax imposed at the production stage of a commodity
(Construction of road, interest, Pension, 6. Customs duty :- It imposed on import and export of products. These
Intervisibility assessment is being applied for erecting electric posts,
bridges, harbours, new unemployment wage, flood are known as import duty and export duty.
mobile towers, wireless transmission towers etc. 7. Service tax :- It imposed on services. Eg:- Tax imposed on telephone
enterprises, educational relief fund)
13. Marginal 2. Public Revenue :- The income of the Government is called Public services
information of a toposheet – The general information given outside Revenue . Taxes are the main source of income for the Govt. The 8. Surcharge :- Additional tax imposed on tax
the margins in topographical maps such as toposheet number, name of person who pays tax is called tax payer. 9. Cess :- Additional tax imposed by the govt for certain specific purpose.
the area, latitude & longitude value of northings and eastings scale of It will be discontinued when enough money is received.
the map, contour interval, year of survey and publication and agencies Public Revenue 10. Public debt Loans taken by the Govt.
in charge of the survey. Public debt-loans taken by the Govt.
14. Physical features –
All natural feature such as water bodies (rivers , streams, well, tube
wells, springs) and different land forms are called physical features.
15. Cultural features – Tax Non Tax
All manmade features such as settlements, roads, boundaries, places
Direct Indirect tax Internal debt External debt
of worship, agricultural lands, post office police station and bridges
tax Fees, Fine &
shown in toposheets are called cultural features.
Penalties, Grants,
Tax paid by Tax imposed Interest, Profit
the person on one person Loans availed
Loans are
on whom it and paid by from foreign
availed by the
is imposes another. Tax govt. and
LESSON -5 tax burden is burden is not govt. from
individuals and international
felt by the felt by the tax
institutions institutions
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND PUBLIC REVENUE tax payer payer
1. Public expenditure :- Government undertakes many activities for

11. Write the reasons for the increase in India’s Public debt?
the welfare of the people. Money is required for all these activities. The Corporate tax Customs duty  Increase in population
expenditure incurred by the Govt. is known as public expenditure. personal value added
 Social Welfare activities
income tax tax Excise duty
 Developmental activities
a) Developmental expenditure :- The expenditure incurred by the service tax
 Increase of health facilities
Govt. for constructing roads, bridges, harbours. Starting up new
 High expenses in education sector

 Pension & Wages

 Increased defence expenditure Terrestrial Aerial Remote Satellite Remote
12. Public Finance :- It is the branch of economics that
Sensing
relates to public income, public expenditure and public debt.
13. Budget :- It is the financial statement showing the Capturing The continuous
expected income and expenditure of the govt. during a financial year photographs of the process of capturing It is the process
(From April 1 to March 31) earth’s topography photographs of earth’s of gathering
from the earth’s surface using camera information using
mounted on balloons the sensors
or aircraft mounted on
satellite
6. What is the use of overlap in aerial photographs ?
LESSON -6
In each aerial photograph nearly 60% of the places depicted in the
BUDGET EYES IN THE SKY AND DATA ANALYSIS adjacent photo is included. This is done for ensuring continuity and to
obtain three dimensional vision with the help of Stereoscope.
1) Remote Sensing :- It is the method of collecting information about an
object, place of phenomenon with the aid of Satellites without actual 7. Limitations of aerial photography ?
physical contact.  The shaking of aircraft affects the quality of photos
Balanced Surplus Budget Deficit
Budget Budget 2) Sensors – Instrument used for data collection through remote sensing  The aircraft requires open space for takeoff and landing
are called sensors. Camera and Scanners are sensors.
 Picturisation of large area is not practical
Income and Income is more Expenditure 3) Compare active and passive remote sensing  Frequent landings for refueling increase the coast.
expenditure are than is more than Remote Sensing
equal expenditure income 8.
Geostationary Satellites Sun Synchronous Satellite
14. Fiscal Policy and its objectives :- Governments  They orbit the earth at an  They orbit the earth at an
policy regarding Public Revenue, Public expenditure and Public debt is elevation of about 36000 km elevation of 1000 kms above the
called Fiscal Policy. It influences a country’s progress. Passive remote Active remote above the earth earth’s surface
Objectives of Fiscal Policy  1/3 of the earth comes under its  The field of view is less
 Attain economic stability Remote sensing done Remote sensing field of view
 Create employment opportunities with the help of solar  As the movement of these  Repetitive data collection is
done with the aid
 Control unnecessary expenditure satellites corresponds to the speed possible
energy of artificial source
 Improve the infrastructure of rotation of earth, it stay
of energy
 Reduce social inequality 4. Platform :- The surface on which the Camera or Scanner for data constantly above a specific place
 Make improvement in the production field collection is placed is known as Platform. It can be placed on balloons, on the earth
aircraft and satellite.  Helps in continuous data collection
 Used data for collection on natural
of an area resources landuse and ground
5. water
 Used in telecommunication and for  Mainly used for remote sensing
Remote Sensing (Based on Platform)
weather studies Purpose
 INSAT  IRS
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c) Overlay analysis :- It is used to identify the interrelationship of 2. List the differences between the peninsular and Himalayan
9. Spectral Signature :- Each object reflects electromagnetic radiation various surface features on earth and the changes they have rivers
differently. The amount of energy reflected by each object is its undergone over a period of time. It is helpful in understanding the
Himalayan rivers Peninsular rivers
spectral signature. changes in the area of crops and the changes in landuse.  Originate from Himalayan  Originate from the mountain
15. Uses of GIs mountain Eg. Indus, Ganga ranges in the peninsular plateau
10. Spatial Resolution :- The sensors in the satellites cannot recognize  Comparatively smaller catchment
• Compile data from different sources Brahmaputra
all objects on earth. The size of the smallest object on earth that can  Extensive catchment area
• Update and incorporate data easily area
be recognized by the sensor is the spatial resolution of that sensor.  Intensive erosion  Intensity of erosion is less
• Conduct thematic studies
 Create gorges in the mountain  Do not create deep valleys
11. List the different sectors where remote sensing is used. • Represent geographic features spatially
region and take meandering  Less irrigation potential
 For weather observations • Generate visual models of future phenomena
course in the plains  Navigation potential is low
 For ocean explorations • Prepare maps, tables and graphs
 High irrigation potential  Dried out in summer
 For understanding landuse 16. Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Navigable along the plains  Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
 For the monitoring of flood and drought  It helps sensing the latitudinal and longitudinal location and
 For identifying forest fire in deep forests and to adopt controlling  Flowing throughout the year Kaveri, Narmada , Tapti
elevation of objects on the earth’s surface
measures  In this system a series of 24 satellites placed at Six different
 To collect data regarding the extent of crops and spread of pest attack 3. Rivers in India
orbits between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above the
 For oil explorations earth’s surface. The GPS requires signals from at least four River Place of origin Tributaries Sea which it join
 To locate places with ground water potential. satellites to display information like the latitude, longitude, Indus Manasarovar lake Jhelum, Ravi, Arabian Sea
elevation & time in it. (2280 km) (Tibet) Chenab, Beas,
12. Geographic information system (GIS
Sutlej
Softwares are used for preparing maps with the help of data collected Ganga Gaumugh Caves Yamuna, Kosi, Bay of Bengal
through remote sensing and other methods of survey. These softwares
LESSON -7 (2500 km) Gomathy, son,
are also used for incorporating more details in the maps and analyzing Gandak, Ken,
INDIA LAND OF DIVERSITIES Chambal
them for various purposes. This system is known as Geographic
information system (GIS) spatial data and attributes are necessary for 1. Himalayan ranges are described as a natural barrier. Justify the Brahmaputra Chema-Yung – Tista, Luhith, Bay of Bengal
data analysis in GIS. statement ? or explain the significance of the northern (2900 km) dung glacier Subansiri
mountain? Mahanadi Maikala Ranges 1b, Tel Bay of Bengal
13. What is the convenience of using layers in GIS?
 These mountain played an important role in moulding climate (857 km) (Madhya Pradesh)
Spatial information can be converted into different layers with the help and human life in India. Godavari Nasik Indravathi, Sabari Bay of Bengal
of GIS Software. If we convert the earth’s surface features into layers (1465 km) (Western ghats)
 It protect us from foreign invasion from the north since ancient
we can easily prepare maps or tables of our preference from this. Krishna Mahabaleswar Bhima, Bay of Bengal
times
(1400 km) (Western ghats) Tungabhadra
14. Analytical capabilities of GIS
 Blocks the monsoon winds and cause rainfall throughout North
Kaveri Brahmagiri Range Kabani, Bay of Bengal
a) Network analysis :- The linear features in the map such as road, India. (800 km) (Karnataka) Amaravathi
railway and rivers are subjected to network analysis. The shortest  Prevent the dry cold winds blowing from the north from entering
Narmada Maikala Ranges Hiran, Banjan Arabian Sea
route, routes without toll, routes with less traffic and petrol pumps, India during winter (1312 km) (Chattishgarh)
hotels and hospitals can be identified.
 Caused the emergence of flora & Fauna Tapti Mutai Plateau Ahar, Girna Arabian Sea
b) Buffer analysis :- It is an analytical capability used for analyzing the (724 km) (Maharashtra)
 Source region of rivers
activity around a point feature or at a definite distance along a linear
feature. 4. Peninsular Rivers

West flowing East Flowing  Nearness to Ocean  Diverse soils and climate
 Altitude 2. Name the cropping seasons in India?
Narmada Mahanadi
9. Seasons in India
Tapti Godavari Cropping Seasons Period Major Crops
a) Winter Seasons
Krishna Kharif June to November Rice, Maize, Millets,
 India experiences winter when the position of the sun is over
Kaveri
the southern hemisphere Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane,
5. The northern plains are the backbone of the Indian economy.
 Snowfall is a common phenomenon Ground nut
Write your inferences by analyzing the statement?
 Days are generally warm and nights are severely cold in Rabi November to March Wheat, tobacco,
OR
Northern plaints are densely populated. Give reasons? North India Mustard, Pulses
The Northern plain is formed as a result of the continuous deposition  The cyclones originating in the Mediterranean sea causes Zaid March to June Fruits and Vegetables
by the Himalayan rivers for thousands of years. winter rainfall in the northern plains. It is much beneficial for
 Extensive alluvial plain the winter crops. 3. Write the geographical conditions required for the following
 Highly fertile soil b) Summer Season crops Rice, Wheat and Maize
 Variety of crops are cultivated here  Temperature in North India is very high compared to the a) Rice
 It is one of the most densely or populated regions in the world  Alluvial soil is most suitable for rice cultivation
southern region
 The network of roads, rails and canals are largely concentrated  India experience summer when the sun is over the northern  It requires high temperature (above 24°C) and a good amount
of rainfall (more than 150 cm)
here because of the flat surface. hemisphere  Rice is being cultivated in regions with less rainfall with the
6. Write a short note on Peninsular Plateau?  Loo, Mango showers, Kalbaisakhi etc are some local winds
aid of irrigation
 It made of hard crystalline rocks experienced in India during this season.  River basins and coastal plains are the important producing
 It includes variety of topography such as mountains, plateaus c) South west Monsoon regions
and valleys  When the sun is over the northern hemisphere North Indian b) Wheat
 Highest peak in this regions is the Anamudi (Idukki – 2695m) regions experience intense low pressure owing to the high  It is the second major food crop in India
 It holds numerous deposits of diverse minerals (Store house of pressure over the oceans wind blows from Indian Ocean to  Well drained alluvial soil is ideal for wheat cultivation
minerals) India.  It requires 10°C to 26°C temperature and 75cm of rainfall
 Major portion of deccan plateau has been formed by the cooling  The Arabian Sea branch of southwest monsoon wind reaches  Wheat cultivation in India is mainly dependant on irrigation as
of lava the coast of Kerala by early June causes heavy rainfall here it is a winter crop
 Black soil is extensively found in this regions. As this soil is best  The Bay of Bengal Branch of the Monsoon advances c) Maize
suited for cotton cultivation, it is known as black cotton soil. northward and causes heavy rainfall there  It is the third food crop in India
7. Coastal plains of India d) Northeast Monsoon Season (Retreating Monsoon)  It is cultivated in both summer & winter
 Intense high pressure over the Indian ocean causes wind to  It requires 75cm of rainfall
West coastal Plain East Coastal Plain blow from India to Indian ocean  Well drained fertile soil is ideal
 Between the Arabian Sea and  Between Bay of Bengal and the  It is a transition period between the rainy season and the forth  Mainly cultivated in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan &
the Western ghats eastern ghats coming winter U.P
 From the Rann of Kutchh to  From sundarban delta to  The days are unbearable due to high temperature and 4. Write factors that helped Mumbai to become the most
Kanyakumari Kanyakumari humidity (October heat) important cotton textile centre?
 Comparatively narrow  Comparatively wide  It causes rainfall along coromandal coast. This is the main  Easy availability of raw materials
 Lakes & Backwaters can be  Can be divided into north zircar rainy season of Tamil Nadu.  Cheap availability of power
found plain and coromandal coast  Export and import possibilities of the Mumbai port
 Can be divided into Gujarat  Deltas are formed LESSON -8
 Fresh water availability
coast, Konkan Coast & Malabar  Human resource availability
RESOURCE WEALTH OF INDIA
Coast 5. Sugar mills are confined to sugarcane producing regions. Why?
8. Write the factors influencing the climate of India. 1. What geographical factors are favourable for the cultivation of
 Latitude diverse crops in India?
 Physiography  Diverse topography
The sugarcane harvested must be immediately brought to the factories • Availability of water The six – lane super highways connecting the metropolitan cities in India
• Availability of labour such as Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata are together named as the
so as to extract the juice out of it. Otherwise the amount of sucrose in
• Transportation & export facilities Golden Quadrangle Super Highway. The National Highway authority of
the Sugarcane might decrease. 10. Write the short note on the mineral fuels India is responsible for such roads.
6. Coal : 14. Write the common advantages of water transport
• It is the major source of thermal power in India • The cheapest means of transport
Geographical
Crop Main Regions • It is used as industrial fuel • Suitable for large scale cargo transport
Conditions required
• Most of the coal found in India is of medium grade of bituminous • Does not cause environmental pollution
Tea Hill slopes Assam, West Bengal, type • Most suited for international trade
Annual rainfall of 200- Kerala, Tamilnadu • The largest coal field in India is Jharia in Jharkhand 15. Air transport
250 cm • The less energy efficient coal namely lignite is found in Neyveli in
Temperature - 25°C- The air traffic in India is under the control of Airport Authority of India.
Tamil Nadu There are 126 airports including 11 International airports under this
30°C Petroleum & Natural Gas establishment. The international and domestic flight services are handled
Well drained soil • Petroleum is the chief energy source of transportation by the corporations Air India and Indian Airlines.
Rich in humus content • Numerous by-products are obtained from petroleum such as
Coffee Moderate temperature Karnataka, Kerala, chemical fertilizers, artificial rubber, artificial fibres and Vaseline.
High rainfall Tamil Nadu • Largest of the mines is the Mumbai High in Maharashtra LESSON -9
• Petroleum mining in India started at Digboi in Assam, Gujarat and
Sugarcane Hot and humid climate Maharashtra,
Maharashtra are the major producers FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND SERVICES
Black Soil & Alluvial Soil Karnataka U.P & Tamil
• Natural gas is the fuel obtained along with Petroleum. Exclusive
Nadu reserves are exist along the coasts of Tamil Nadu & Andhra 1. “Reserve Bank of India acts as a last resort to all banks in their
Rubber Temperature - 25°C Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pradesh financial matters” substantiate the statement on the basis of
Rainfall more than 150 11. Non Conventional sources of energy functions of the Reserve Bank of India ?
Andaman & Nicobar
cm Solar energy, wind energy, wave energy, tidal energy and biogas are Reserve Bank of India is the apex bank of India. It was established in
islands
Laterite soil the major non-conventional sources of energy. These cheap renewable 1935.
and environment –friendly sources are given much priority in India Functions
7. Minerals because burning of fuels creates large scale environmental pollutions. a) Printing of currency – All currencies except one rupee note are
12. printed by the Reserve Bank of India. The one rupee note and its
Roads subsidiary coins are issued by the Central Finance Department.
b) Controlling Credit – This is made possible by bringing about
Metallic Minerals Non Metallic changes in the rate of interest. As rate of interest increases, volume
of loans decreases and vice versa.
National State District Village
c) Banker to Government – RBI accepts deposits from the
government sanctions loans and renders other banking services to
them. It does not charge any fees for these services.
Ferrous Non Ferrous Mineral Fuel Other Linking the state Connecting state Connecting the Ensuring the d) Banker’s Bank – It advise and assist all banks in their operations.
Metals capitals, major capital with the district head domestic It act as a last resort to all banks in their financial matters. It gives
cities, ports etc. district head quarters with the movements
The union ministry
necessary directions to the financial institutions in the country.
Coal, Mica quarters. State important places within the village
Iron ore Gold, Silver, is responsible for govt is responsible within the district. construction & Functions of Reserve Bank
mangane Copper, Petroleum the construction for the These roads are maintenance are
and management construction and built & maintained done by local self
8. Write the raw materials required for iron and steel industry ? of these roads maintenance of by the district govt.
Iron ore, coal, manganese, limestone & dolomite
9. What are the factors determine the site of the iron & steel Printing of Controlling Banker to Banker’s
13. Golden Quadrangle Super Highway
currency credit government Bank
industries
• Availability of raw material
19 Geography www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in 20 Geography 21 Geography
11. Features of development
banks
2.
 Work as an agent that helps in the development of different sectors
Financial Institutions
such as agriculture, industry and trade
 Provide loans for construction of house, small scale industry and
a) Saving deposit :- Banks provide low interest rate for saving deposits. basic infrastructure development.
The depositor can withdraw the money from the deposit, subject to 12. Explain the aims of
restrictions. Mahila banks, Payment banks and MUDRA banks ?
Bank Non banking Bharathiya Mahila Bank :- It was started in November 2013. Though
b) Current deposit :- This deposits are used mainly by traders and
Financial
industrialists. This type of deposits does not receive any interest. the bank accepts deposits from all, it provides loans mainly to women.
c) Fixed deposit :- The interest rate is calculated on the basis of the Payment Bank – It established to help the low income groups, small
Commerc Co- Developme Specialis time period for which the money is deposited if the money is scale industrialist and migrated employees
ial Bank operative nt Bank ed Bank withdrawn only after the completion of the specific time period, then  Accept deposits upto only one lakh rupees from individuals
Mutal fund Insurance Non
specified interest rate will be provided.  Provide interest on deposits as specified by the RBI
Institutions companies Banking  Do not provide loans
d) Recurring deposits :- It receive a specific amount every month for a
financial  Charge a specific fee as commission for bank transactions
3. Explain the basic function of banks? specified period of time. The interest rate will be higher than that of
saving deposits but less than that of fixed deposits  Debit card will be provided but no credit card
• Accept deposits from individuals, Institutions and govt. 13. Evaluate how micro
• Grant loans to individuals, institution and govt. 6. Cash credit – Banks also provide loans by accepting salary
certificates. The loans given to individuals and institutions by accepting finance helps the common man?
• Give back the deposit amount with interest Micro Finance
• Collect loan amount with interest such collaterals are called cash credit.
 It helps in encouraging savit habit amount the low income groups in
4. Functions of commercial banks 7. Overdraft – This is an opportunity for a customer to withdraw money
the society and to seek self employment
• Accepting Deposits – from the public. It provides interest for the over and above the balance in his / her account. It is provided to
 It helps to increase the standard of living of the poor
amount deposited individuals who have frequent transactions with bank.
 Makes use of the individual potential for group development
• Providing loans – it provides different types of loans to individuals 8. Electronic Banking (E- banking ) :-
 Provides loans to members in need
• It is a method by which all transaction can be carried out through
and institutions.  Starts small scale enterprises
The interest rate of loans will be higher than the interest rate of net banking and tele banking. Any time banking, anywhere banking, 14. MUDRA Bank :- A recently
deposits. net banking & Mobile phone banking are part of electronic banking. introduced bank for providing short term loans is MUDRA Bank. It
Interest rate depending on the duration of loan and its purpose • Money can be sent and bills can be paid anywhere in the world from
provides financial help to small scale entrepreneurs and micro finance
• Bank loans are provided by accepting collateral (Physical assets – Home 15. Function of Non Banking
gold, property documents, fixed deposit certificate) • Saves time Companies
• Majority of the banks provide locker facilities to individuals and • Low service charge • Provide loans for hire purchases
institutions for keeping their valuable assets. (Gold, property 9. Core Banking (Centralized online Real-time Exchange banking) • Provide loan for construction of house
It is the facility which is arranged in such a way that the branches of all
documents) • Provide Gold loan
banks are brought under a Central server. So that banking services
• Banks provide an opportunity to transfer money from anywhere • Provide loan on the basis of fixed deposits
• ATM facilities from one bank to another is made possible. By using this facility, an
• Running chitty
• It provide services like the payment of insurance premium, individual can send money from his bank account to his friends • KSFE is the major non banking financial company operating in
telephone & electricity bills and rendering services like bills and account elsewhere.
Kerala
10. Functions of co-
rendering services like mobile recharging & booking journey tickets. 16. Mutual Fund Institutions
5. operative bank It is a mode of investment. Common man is not always able to invest
Deposits  Provide loans to the public
in the share market directly. This limitation can be overcome through
 Protect the villagers from private money lenders
mutual fund. Money is collected from various investors and is invested
 Provide loans at low interest rate
in share markets, and debentures. The profit or loss from this is
 Encourage saving habit among people
distributed among the investors.
22 Savings
Geography Current Fixed Deposit Recurring 23 Geography www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in 24 Geography
Deposit deposit deposit
17. EXIM bank of India – Consumer courts Structure standards

Provides loans for exporting and importing products District consumer disputes redressal • Functions at district level b) Food safety department Ensures the quality of food products
SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) – Provides forum • President and two members c) Central Drugs price control Controls price of medicines
help to establish new small scale industries and to modernize existing (compensation claimed does not • At least one woman member committee
industries. exceed Rs. 20 lakhs) d) Drugs Control Department Ensures the quality and safety of
NABARD (National Bank for Agricultural and Rural State consumer disputes redressed • Functions at state level medicine
Development) – Apex bank in India which functions for the commission (Compensation claimed • President & two members e) Food safety & standard authority Ensures the quality of food precuts at
development of villages & agriculture provides financials assistance to is above Rs. 20 lakhs upto rupees • At least one woman member of india various stages like production,
agriculture, handicraft and small scale industries. one crore) • State government has the right to distribution storage sale and import.
appoint more members 11. Need for consumer
National consumer disputes redressal • Functions at national level education
commission • President & not less than four • Consumer education is necessary for the acquisition of right habits
LESSON -10 (compensation claimed exceeds by the consumers
members
rupees one crore) • Central government has the right • Helps to consume sensibly as per the wants
CONSUMER – SATISFACTION AND PROTECTION • It helps to aquire information regarding products and services
to appoint more members
1. Consumption :- It is the satisfaction of human wants using goods and 7. Write the important features of consumer courts? • It enables the consumer to make the right choice
services • Simple procedures • Makes the consumer aware of his / her rights
2. Consumer :- Consumer is a person who purchases and uses goods • Fast assurance of justice • Makes them capable of intervening in consumer disputes
and services by paying or agreeing to pay a price • Less court expenses 12. What are the
3. What are the situations in which the consumers are exploited ? • It is sufficient to submit before the court a written petition about the compensations for consumer disputes obtained through
• Selling low quality products loss and damages faced by the consumer consumer courts?
• Adulteration 8. Write the situations when complaints about consumer disputes • Replacing product
• Charging excess price can be filed? • Repayment of cash paid or excess amount appropriated
• Manipulation in weights and measures  When the purchased product is damaged or defective • Monetary compensation for the loss
• Delay in making service available  Defective services received from Govt/non Govt / private institutions • Direction to rectify the defects in services
4. What are the rights included in the consumer protection Act?  Appropriation of price over and above the amount legally fixed • Stopping harmful trade practices
Rights of the consumer as per the Consumer Protection Act  Violation of the prevention of adulteration law • Prohibition of the sale of harmful food items.
-1986  Sale of products which are harmful to life and safety
• The right to be protected against the marketing of goods and  Giving misleading advertisement for increasing sales. ……………………….
services which are hazardous to life and property 9. Write the Acts for the protection of the consumers ?
• The right to be informed about the quality related aspects of goods • Sale of Goods Act 1930 :- Violation of guarantee, warranty, after
and services sale services etc comes under this Act.
• The right to have access to goods and services at fair prices • Agricultural produce Act 1937 :- It is meant for determining the
• The right to be heard and to seek redressal at appropriate forums. standard of agricultural products
• Essential commodities Act 1955:- It protects the consumers for more study materials, visit
• The right to consumer education.
5. The consumer courts guard consumer rights. Substantiate ? from supernormal profit, hoarding and black marketing
There may be situations in which the consumers are not satisfied with • Weight and measures Act 1976 :- It is helpful in preventing Spandanam
the dealings of the producers and distributors. Under such cheating in weights and measures.
circumstances, they can approach the consumer courts for assisting or 10. Write the names of www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in
helping settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring departments and institutions working for the protection of
compensations for the consumers. consumers interests?
6. The structure of the district, state and national consumer
courts? a) Legal Metrology Department Ensures the weight and measures
25 Geography www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in 26 Geography 27 Geography

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LESSON -1 Louis XVI summoned the State General to levy new taxes upon On October 1917 the Bolsheviks

7 History 8 History www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in 9 History

10 History 11 History 12 History

13 History 14 History 15 History

22 History 23 History 24 History

1. Public expenditure :- Government undertakes many activities for

7 Geography 8 Geography 9 Geography

 Pension & Wages

10 Geography www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in 11 Geography 12 Geography www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in

13 Geography 14 Geography 15 Geography

17. EXIM bank of India – Consumer courts Structure standards

25 Geography www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in 26 Geography 27 Geography

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