Centre of Mass:~ 1 A point where whol le mass of the system can be assumed there COM lies near to heavier obj. -s tt can be inside or outside the body —5 Italways on the axis of symmety and where two axis of symmetry will cut each other. + Position of COM depends upon frame of reference and choice of co-ordinates. — Centre of mass does not depend on choice of co-ordinate COM of discrete particle: ° oe mr + mr, £., (Position of C. pee are X,- ate m, +m, «ibs ma mit, 7 = aat e mm q,= tom mtm, Moment of Mass: MR = constant. Mh = mer, m mae —o r Kom = Vom = 2 cm =O r Center of Mass # internal Force ATTA TY com &1 V;,, change AY ! 4 COM OF TWO PARTICLE SYSTEM, d, d, © d © mid —— mitm, # If external force is zero then location y centre of mass will not change — False # If fext = O then state of COM will ng change. [V,,, = cost”] # Shift in C.O.M. eae m,Ay,+ m,dy, m+ im, 'FC.O.M. does not shift its position then m,Ay, =- m,Ay, Com of Continuous System:- d IF we break cricket bat from com M Pret large mass,Note:- Agar \Fext= 0, State of COM will not change. Q. Two ball of mass m, and m, projected with u, and u, in upward and at 50° from horizontal respectively then acceleration of c.o.m. will be? Sold. = 9 (downward) because both have same ace” g downward. Aag lage chahe basti mein COM Rahe apne masti mein pa [ Force is 2270, KENCE noney, external 7 be conserved. Both part will b a apposite direction Smallar ras will have greater energy work done by KE. of syste Janae momenturn bot > For s velocity in oppos internal force can change kinetic of system True 5 Internal force can change rornentum, °° systern — false > A body falling : under gravity breaks in two unens part in that case c.o.m. will continoy vertical motion does not shift horizonta > A shell following parabolic path explos somewhere in many part but comwui | continue parabolic path QA body of mass (44n) is lying in x-y plane at vest. It suddenly explodes into thru Pieces. Two pieces, each of mass (ni ‘move perpendicular to each other wit equal speeds (u). The total kinetic energ generated due to explosion is Sol. P MR** / J2Pan of mass M stands at one end of aA ik of length L which lies at rest on 4 frictionless surface. The man walks to gher end of the plank. If the mass of the ‘ank is M/3, then the distance that the Fran moves relative to ground is sol : m= Mass of walking Man wl: Displacement of man relative to ground = aL ok wel AG @ A bo A Lomb explodes into two parts © kg aid 8 kg if velocity of ekg is 10s en find KE. of 2kg will be Sol ee «Pi, Sxextoxt0 am" ae =225J QA vertical rod is placed on smooth ground and released then path of C.O.M will be \C.M Ans straight line in vertical HO Q. Object is projected with u at angle @ at maxirnum height it breaks into two equal part, if one just fall below raaxinunn height then range of other from point of projection. Sol. COM ka an afttey var, + MF vm, + my MR t MY R= — 2am 2R= Sen 2k 6Jaldi karo jaldbazi vahi.?a In all Colisions, P = Conserved. Momentum of individual mass isnot conserved but Payeem = Conserved! Ys Ua Fez Fes Va Va @> @~ -@@*' @-@ Elastie Collision | inelastic KE = Conserved Not Conserved. cD O 0)P of mass ™ and velocity ~ he 4 oe - A Bigets 7 obi fue and perfectly elas Two spe, C with an identical Q ie aa re A and ia initi Pecti Bol ee angle © between the cee at : ely colts masses ea ve rth i tes of iS moving wig At "est initial ra graves afer the collision shall be Has ater nd ith velocity lees 4 direct) ‘sion B has a velocity Y- in gh sp the law of conservat; é divert” Perpendicular t0 the os oon iS ion of lineay in the sy The Mass ¢ original aeons ie he dirany Mass A moves after cals noner Poe n. ce 4 mx 0 = Mpg + Vag wi ~~ +y, yet aye vert Mat ae ae = (Veg + Vop)* Se pow, vi) = Wer * Yar) OE nee 22 Pt * Vat * 2Vpe Vag Cos 8 i) ee i kineth = using conservation of kinetic energy, we get 3 1 4 = ny? Vosind 9 = tan” (2) 2 my; ap vert > Mar 5 i ecreeemt ¢ 3) to the x-axis 2 2g yi, avi 2 Vert Var ncomparing (1) and (ii), we get (ii) 69207 = 90° Wait for MR* Js direction me collision hoga velocity interchange ho jayega. F Usin® Usind U ene \(rest) \ Elastic Collision ~ F Ucos® Note:~ : ‘i . fd Elastic Collision wale sawaal mein:- E = Conservation lagao. Pe . trfectly Inelastic wale Sawaal mein:- Q ben identical block of mass wm moving va speed \ perpendicular to each other ind their velocity whe i after collsion. 9 wren eg Se Sol. K.E. > Not conserved P= Pr mau + aug = 20 A B Q. [mph if collision b/w A & Bis elastic then maximum cowapression in spring is? sol. Just after collsio mass) n (elastic collsion of same vest a res a : Ps ‘ Conservation lagao. Ml @ion of a2 (conservation o (KBs #3 ME. in COM frarne) waked 2 2 m (2m) Zm+am [2nu* "TR smooth horizontal circular track, as shown in Fig. then find time taken b/w 1 and 24 collision if collsion is elastic, before collision ma is at rest and 2m is waoving with V, bajaoge? Ab aisa tumbare liye §Du i ‘sro ke liye kab tak taali karo ki duniya taali bajaye.y Four identical ball placed on horizon, table then find their Velocit, te callsion 4 ate, Gro BOO" ©@BO Wy, SS SS : rest vest fm Q. Find 'e! (m. we 2 soe) 4/8 ren, B/C we 4-1 3 21 Sol.¢=75y52 12 4 Q. Two Identical object moving with Velocity 4wm/s and 1Om/s towards each ot)" find their velocity after collsion ite ae Sol. any ma osm gC + Dm x 30 2m 2m +O 1. i 4 25x10 2 =+1- 7.5 = -65 m/s Now Conserved momentum of system > 2 fe 40a — tom = ~6.5m + mv -6= -esey Ve 65-6 V=O5 m/s Azvs ty er et by which object ae Of ce ogo ‘nvelationd sa unit Kg 9 Di imension [ML7T°] mR* vara mass) x (Terre ow Spends more on distance rather than mass I 2M, L lL M, 2b (soles — Tensor. 7 Calculated from Axis of Rotation. o 1s F Graph:- r=Same M=Sameé 0 Mass:~ Le dist” from 4. Point:-1=MP?/ AOR 2. “whe b= Myr + Mats > MO. about C.O.M. & 1 to line: ° Object of mass m is placed at (x,y 2 then moment of Inertia about x axis |= m (y* + 2) about y axis |= m (+ 2) about z axis |= m (y+) Three identical mass placed on corner of equilateral triangle of side (a). the sh eh “ 0 4-Point mass placed on the corn (os) er of square @) (wm) Ol, (A! to plane (w) S ay 2 22 \™(e) | is® waa? enna2ennl2 ay = 4mnaejous body > MOL. of Continu Non Uniform body. MOI OF ROD:- A= cross-section area (Cinear mass density) A= ap (0 = volumetric density) MOL of half Perpendicular to p ° ring about centre lane. | Mol OF DISC: MOI OF HOLLOW CYLINDER:-~ (a) lem = MR® | 1, = 2 MR* cm |. (6) Rod L cm Ringof SOLID CYLINDER:- 0 MR? @ 7 a __3MR? om |, a ) tte 1 2 ME MR? I = mol OF SOLID SPHERE:- cm a lem = > MR? s a a hey MR’ + MOI OF HOLLOW SPHERE:- eee eee MR* 5MR” eet eit com oT | Mor OF RECTANGULAR PLATE:- (2) Ut" t0 Plane f Me 12 4 _ Mat ia S_ wahi distance kaw kea hoga joh AOR 4 hoga. (b) 1 to Plane:- t M t=—(@ + A) 32 cm b “Square Plane Sheet: a = b. a Mo® fee 6 MOI OF CUBE:- Ma? Vom = 6 2Ma~ be SMa = a 12 MOI OF CONE:- 3 eM Me 4 em = 5 h *triangular Plate. R Ma? lean bs ’MOI OF SEMICIRCULAR DISC:~ me 12 MR Zi AR "com = an 4 16 ley, = MR? |= - tn mee [2 - 28] THEOREMS:~ Parallel axis > valid | Perpendicular axis > for all type of body | valid for planer object oF om + Md? Lekely d= distance b/w | I, & |, + axis axis passing through] parallel to plane COM. and ‘0! 1, > I, to plane CONCEPT OF M.O.l. OF CUTTING SECTION: ~ M! > For Area = M/n* () > For Volume = M/n? CY (Solid Sphere) RADIUS OF GYRATION:~ > COM : not valid. So we use it. ° ° = MK? * Yaad rakhna Mass dyan ® lena 3 SPHERICAL SHELL (MLR) Ss MR? + ( Wi) x2 12 2 FMR? = 4 pe ate > @. Two identical dise placed perpengi., to each other then find radius of guy, about axis passing through centre of parallel to one disc 2 MR? 3MR* Sop te ea = 2MK> 2 4 4 1 k= 2V2 TORQUE:- # Torque -» Cause of change in rotation, state of the body # Torque oppose rotational motion — fai, # Axial vector # Unit > Nea # Dim" > [MI?T 7] 7ov® ¥ Pe B= F sind Thumb Four ea ACW @) Fingers Tee Ta x Fy + x Be ns thriF | > 3 3 av Tele pe dt STATEMENT:- If Face = O then Tree Must be zero — False If Fee #O then Thee Must be non-zero + Fale, f Tyee = O then net force must be zero > Fal Ure # 0 then net force imust be non-zero — Fal MR* Tore i i aur who. ek tay it eo humus toh Ghumte object Ka state changi h Karega. “ge = Tree © } Rotational Eq", 9 Concept of Rigid body: - A => Vg = Vyiti, mot OF ANNULAR DISC:~ y ey in cs imp 2 <= Mg (Ucoseyt ” z = Ma sine Se 2g . at Hoax 20 Fy = Fada Tut Fy dvantage = — mM Advantage = T+T, = mg Td, = Toda ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS:- Ws Os wt. Non-UCM:~ (@) «= const”. Eqn of Motion: ®, - Ww, = ot ‘tational Motion ) (i 3 ~ w} = 206 », o= ee (6) & = Variable 6 = fw.dt wat °° 0 Rest to Rest Motion:~ (+) The time at which two particle with different speed, start moving from same position Meet? = = y= Wy = Ws Fix vy, ‘relative = Pure Motion:~ 1> Rotational Motion: - hy =X =O Vz # V2 # V5 abv, a> Translational Motion:~ 3.4, Vy 2 Mp2 VsANALOGY Q Asolid cylinder of mass 2 kg and vz + wmpulse = .Y-! impulse = tw 4 cra rotating abou i of 3 rpm. The torq: after 27 revolution ANALOGY sii - Sol. Using Work Energy Theorem Translation Rotational 1 a coo 2 * Ssut+—at? |6=wt+— at? we - w) 2 2 * Veurae ae Here @ = 21 revolution < = 2n x 20 = 4n* vad 3: an - W, = 3x 2 Zo rad/s tbe Se Dray? -t6= — x = mr(o2- : Dy Mow") ae an’ : aig eos > -t= Seer eCestteHEPR HO z U 2 4n *" Stoping dist”. = —|« g . Yo z eZ ing dist’. = —]« 9 = We 3125 10Nyn 2x Note: ~ op Voce = 7 a a =(S)" ee()r |] erm went 7 - alt= far cat R (a= far eaeof mass M and length L is hin ra . rod Wstring tied to point Q as shown ir fgtt end P. The rod : A aut A Gales ee in Figure. When ereino 4 Kept horizontal by a ‘ mmatjeraton of the rod is (N i 2013, AIP MT Oya gy nd i ext the intial angular Te = tn Oe i 29 hinged point/axis of row OF N 4 w at 7 x0 + wag ES, OF 2 3 Angular ace” of Rod (ever Y poi ; i 34 oF Rosy ole Find liner acc” of C.0.M.?? 2L about ‘p! reatanet 4, = r(0) diff for all Points L (3: 3 3g tem? = (22) = 2 ave? g pees at) 4 OT 2b (sk 4X in IIT) (Most lap. Que.) ei wR . S 7 i Sufficient Friction i i 9-9 - Fnet vat, + /R™ « Transl” — Rotat™ ee Mass * Mass Ty Ty a0Ta eee on Ja We can find T, & 7 * Ty by EBD. | APPLICATION OF COM IN PURE a mg ROTATIONAL MOTION:~ 2 be 0 Relation b/n w, & w,! ae kes > Wes "V, EV, w, 22 \ |. g:- Rod is released from vertical position ‘ Find w when rod becomes horizontal. WR = wr a * % Mat Lo == w+0 4, iat %, EE Ww OR Or i cM 9 TP. of SHM:- RI! 3 5 Te aq | Mt UR Vg? EY, ma 2 ‘ational Motionee ROLLING MOTION:~ wk we pe we qt ves v 2 v v wt Ne ee ot v v9 Transl" Rotat™ Rolling “Ke = > ree * €66 Rw Rw VRw Transl" Rotat”™ Rolling Vern Rov, Vem Vem Forward Backward No Sliping Sliping — Sliping Vem > Ro Vem RW Vin = RW f= Back f= Fron Lowest point at rest NOTE:- Vs 5 V4 SV, eV CV, w Speed. yp * Thara bhai / Translation Motion itn jagah “y dedega Kishine sochi nai hogi! o Note:~ p 8 = 6 : Vp = 2V cos Vp = 2V sin TE:- MR** KE rotal = KE trans + KE got, KE rota =F MV, + — lw?-> aa « TABLE (THE PRO VERSION) MR B Cee - > @-: Ee rans KE otal 22 E 066 = KE poe “KE total Eero assis Grenier eaen ash KErrans/KEnot ahaa (1/3) aoe ora =o qeak on inclined gine - oe os 2 = 4 sine a 3. ee sind 5 gsind afte 7 time reg to | ae come down PI . : Velocity at bottorn of incl ve ma . v-[e v= 10gH oa ‘ v= | e 7 Hyge attained by eve 7 particle He om, ie 3V,2 ; we ti 49 10g Frietic ae fat viction on i ane ; Ig sin inclined (2-6) f= Mg sind Mg sind f, = Mg sin0/2 s 3 A phe tand p= (4-8) tan 2 ” i a= Oo ia re rolling mex aa ae 1 Rolling 2ayege toh B lagado-* a han “g” wahi “B" * Konse bhi sawaal mein> Caution i : lane:~ | mooth inclined pi Rolling on Smo dependent of Mass, Shape, | a= sind —> indepe aati Size | + v= [2gh —» Velocity at botto Vea re Hes max’ 2g 9 > Rolling Motion on Rough inclined plane: vs |2grB a= Bg sind 2 298 Hollow Object Upar jaye ya niche og eo: a “f always acts upwards! PURE ROLLING ON A HORIZONTAL | ¥ 7, (let) PLANE: ~ Fe f= macy, ERI 3F 2F f.=—_ pe JZ (backward) f, (ara) | ANGULAR MOMENTUM: ° Pepends on Frame of Ref. L = rmv sind LPP sing ky berxp (Axial Vector) = Angle bn 7 &P a When object ig moving on Straight (int WH const. velocity then, L = sameject is projected with speed “U" at oeingle “8” with horizontal then find angular momentum in projectile: Lp = mu 605 OX Hyagg = HU COS Utsin*@ 2g 2U*sin70 g L when about to Collide = 4 Lat H,.,. * Lye Abs = mu cos8. int 0 poral P = Mg Ucos6t Ge mg Ucoséi 2 dL ={MgUcosbt.dt > Pure Rotational Motion:~ 1 iad Lew KE=—iWw?=— 2 21 > Arolling body is rolling without slipping on a moving plank. a le). y v, -v = Rw. > Angular momentum of object want. origin: ~ v, — RW =v Vv EL Q Spal sphere is rotating with angular then angular momentum abou given axis; Siniiil > Letw eee 7 = MR Pw te mRtw s 5 CONSERVATION OF ANG. MOMENTUM:~ ts0 TC const” 1 twl =const™ 2m = Tt TP. will inc. 2 w Ice on pole will melt, then. tol ttee ‘ ‘ > Q a> ut - Adv 2034 Release (Dancing 4 girl) 5 : f radius ‘mis moving on circular path o with speed Vp, then find its speed when : ve vo = [ang een " Bg Vo = radius becomes by increasing 2g HB Sol. Ly = cos” 5> A Rotating body with “Ww,” Plocyg rough surface then find Angular Velo when it starts pure rolling motion. 4> A body rolls on horizontal Floor. Fing r vayyr = mv Ke; = mays (work) to stop it: v= QVvy KE, = 2mvZ Imp:- Same dir* = + Oppo = - 1,0, £10, kth MR* FE - cM fl: 0 SRE Mg limp. Model Py a d> Ah eon Don't take t.,, = 0 tak avy body is thrown on : om 7 rough surface with nic” % horizontal T2O aa ce with initial velocity «ps ei ithout rolling. Find "\ weed“ ae Pure rolling: - when it start oPpling SY Normal Ko Shift krke Obi! a © pre appko palatne se bachata hai poe eewien ease probability of toppling is | soy whi @ igh ers F F | at it we @ |f ® |b bi | i 2/2 ng Loo ae Block will not topple if : ae nat ae ability of toppling is high vet © Ting gal WAPO Binh a twill be the value of maximum Wise > Wsold sphere id Wy koi kam Sahi galat nahi hota, bas ush kam ko krne ka samay sahi galat hota hai.® yo "tational Motiontral, mediny ative, follow Inverse ravitational Foree-Long range, conservat Stlependent, mediated Yy gravitor 4> NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATION:~ Valid for point and spherical object. G= 6.67 x 10% kg*m?s* p= State ad 4372 Geng, Fe Il 2> NEUTRAL POINT:— x= —4— xis from smaller mass 3> SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:- Net force on one object is a vector sum of all other forces acting on it due to other masses oe dmik om, __GMm pT) tS de) x J produch oe ae B Limine d max afMlone ee Pere peer eerie ae a on particle 5? G. FIELD INTENSITY :- D EL a IRECTION PARALLEL To FORCE Ts nee i N/Kg, | = @ Find x 50 that Feld at that point will be zero SPECIAL POINTS:- ae @ T= 84.6 min ie If earth rotates 17 times its pre St tgiator ak aie Present rotational speed so body at bo ifwt 9 = dec. at all place except pole o WE Se Rocket also projected in W -» E div? 8> GRAVITATIONAL PE:~ Mata) y @ NN EE - =~ Waselee Physi4. poTENTIAL ENERGY PER UNIT Mass. gve Shae Au = fF dr gm GP DUE TO POINT MASS AT A DISTN my, Gis ys GA vert Y gtx GP DUE TO COMBINATION OF POINT MASS:- Gm, _ Gm, Vs Yo 12> G.P DUE TO :~ a> Uniform thin shell &> Uniform Solid Sphere GM GM Vout = = ap Vout = ~~ am GM Veur =~ R GM GM ao rat — +-—7 Ee - Vin = 7° Vin ore ¥I 3 GMM RING :~ TO UNIFORM Ril 3> G.P DUE ) x— __ aM a at centre of half ring Vo = ~~ R ne 14> GP ENERGY:- GMm Total no. of _ N(N-2) tee terms arn m a a a ! mm fe i \ py = 8G? _ 2G? (vat Four point mass m placed at cornor of square of side a, find work done in bringing s mass m from om infinity to centre of ae Ans. mn U2 U, us, Gn? U, = u, - 2a 7 ve W= duU=U, -u, tant AG? Ir 15> G. PE. OF EARTH-MASS SYSTEM:- From surf. ho Fam, 2 & “teghege? y= KC “Gam 80 mah |ead gy ESCAPE VELOCITY: faa aan me 26M v, =V2gR v= [Zone prem? eR az const Ve Af Meape velocity does Rot depend upon angle of project grr VELOCITY OF OBJECT AT 09 WHEN Peale areas v= [ve -ve* ‘CTED WITH V, > V, eal 7 . object is projected with double velocity of escape then its velocity in space te ‘th doub| fF ‘en its velocity it Pe ANS-Vigace = VF" ~ VO* = J AVE - VE =/3v, 487 Vy Ve THEN Iryuag = ? R hau * TE ve q Object is projected with one-Fe it ‘ : cath ‘ourth of escape velocity then maximum height attained? Ans. h= os 7) “as Vv) -2 Vy, 19> ESCAPE VELOCITY FROM HEIGHT "h" FROM SURFACE:- v= [2am Reh IF object is projected with speed V, then, Vy? Ve ME = + Vi Huperboic V, = Ve __-» parabolic, ME = 0 Vy < Vas Ve —> Elliptical close, ME = - Ve YzY > Circular TE = - ve scloge \ySV, —> Elliptical TE = - Ve, clopeopn yc cccev,——> Projectile open path 4 Caraborioa 20> ORBITAL VELOCITY: | GM v,=V2 Vo AL orester thony, 24 Reh > ve + Yo 21> SATELLITE NEAR SURFACE OF EARTH:— _ [Excor® # xGpr’ then it'll escape to 20 A and B of the earth are 4R a Mite B will bet < Foe inc. by Vz times or 44.4 % # Veatalite radii of the circular orbits of two satell If the speed of satellite A is 5v. Q The lites respectively. then the speed of sate! 2 Ans. V «= VR av a Viz BVx2 = 6V 22> ENERGIES OF SATELLITE:- Gum, __GMm ~~ DR +h) ~ 2(R +h) © BE. of a particle placed on earth: BE = R © [BElg.4, = Body = 2 BE lsat a bye Th has KE ad wath 23> TIME PERIOD OF SATELLITE On sets of yee Ty T= [ky J = =r T Vote (R, + We aM, ®~~ ” KEPLER'S LAW '~ Vat, Mite = aGre Fran * Yin Tan min a(t -e) aaa nae * Voie BA 2 const™ at = const” cari tae GMm z Taga ten tee TE Cae * Yoni) z Serai maajor axis gsr GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE:~ pirection of rotation, time period —+ same as earth h= @R from surface w E h= 36000 km T= 24hr ve32 km/hr satellite Cover's 1/3 Area of Earth 26> POLAR SATELLITE :~ T= 100 min Move about Pole. 27> SATELLITE ON CIRCULAR PATH :- |r| = const All energies = const” L=const® T=0 P= variable V= variable (due to dir”) Wro V = const™ 2 pee dt are ot) tin a el Y,= Gin 28> ESCAPE ENERGY = + gq 29> V,= KY, i RK Dmg From Surface of Earth = 26 : 30> (0 aa Se Packers QA satellite of mass m moving around planet of mass M in circular path radius 1, the, energy required to shift his path to radius r,. APS: Esiven = Evotat inal ~ Excel inti = Gita Gam Tan 7 GM (1 2 \y SQuestion krte time Galat option ko dhoondo, sahi apne aap mil jayenge. 9> Rigid Body * iis near approach to perfect elastic | Slope of stress strain graph is Young's modulus S> Young's Modulus:- Q ° ua ‘yody- ee o. 7? e Frestoring 2 stress: apes # Tensor. Stress : att 4 Normal | is Shear | | Longitudinal Volume Shear stress (AL) (Av) Fa Fe F, ee vs.= ss.=— 7 A A A * Volume Stress = AP 3> Strain:~ Lo x h Longitudinal Volumetric Shear aL Av Seat L Vv h Strain is unitless and dinnensionless 4 Hooke's Laws: - Stress x Strain # Within elastic limit. Fr wt pr0P" Stress M sai = lodulus of Elasticity (E) Strain Youngs modulus Bulk Shear/vigidity dinal Stress jitudinal Strain Find ratio of young’s modulus Slope of stress-strain graph is young's modules. Stress Strain Ya _ (Slope), __taneor Y, (Slope) tan4s* =N5 2 al pieeaee eee Young Modulus % emprature Stress Ty T TpT, Strain> Bulk's Modulus: a v. stress sobaric (P=const) B=0 Isochovie (V=const) Bz~ Adiabatic (Q=const) B=Py ‘sothermal (T=const) B=P Compressibility - # Density of Compressed Lig. vo [2-22] ors cary K 7> Shear Modulus:- a > F x, Sir 8 h > 218 ae = Coefficient of rigidity 8> Potential Energy Stored in Wire:- f<—L—> D—>F x x = elongation work done in elongation x we Fx 1 © Energy stored = — Fy = U 2 2 Are 2H using Hooks chacha ka law © OE a> Potential Energy Stored in wirg volume: tee Y 24 (strain)? = + (Stress vere aan = © stress x Strain 2 Breaking Stress (P) ‘~ Breaking does not depends upon area # Material Property. Breaking Force Area Pp > For a Particular Material: Q. if the longitudinal strain of a iron roy 0.01 and its poisson's ratio of 0.2, ty. the lateral strain will be Since, Lateral Strain ‘s ration = —————>rain Polsson's vation = 7 gitudinal Strain = Lateral strain = (Poisson's ratio) x (Longitudinal strain) = Lateral strain = (0.2) (0.01) = 0.00, Q Awire elongates by L mm when a loa: W ‘is hanged From it. IF the wire go over a pulley and two weighs W each; hung at the two ends, the elongation: the wire will be (in mm), Due to the arrangement of the pulty the length of wire is L/2 on each sidt and so the elongation will be L/2. Fr both sides, elongation = L Lateral Strain Longitudinal Strain Sol. V = constant.=—_ “hig ip the elastic potential energy density 2 2H Npina material 83 X20°W/we due to sama ppkication of longitudinal stress of 3 sein/me then, the strain developed x init would be 2 stress x strain 25 Fes. u? 2Ue a strait ~ stress 2x3xt0* : = ex 10 strain = g0* ci | spcialicase’= hen |, eongation in massless rod due to attatched block of mass m mg LAY ale AY 02 ad, 00s vis | 2» Rod have mass M: of i M\gb ||MALY clongation =(m + —|5— 2 |AY ® Elongation due to own weight:~ mg t/a) um} |L/2 44> ay 1 Mg Ae 2 ® | trae OF a wire which can hang under iS own weight:~ S> L. Strain = «AT L. Stress = y.4AT Two wires are made of the same material and have the same volume. However, wire 1 has a cross-sectional area A and wire 2 has cross-sectional area 3A. If the length of the wire + increases by Ax on applying force F, how much force is needed to stretch wire 2 by the same amount? For the same material, Young's modulus is the same and it is given that the volume is the same and the area of the cross-section for the wire L, is and that of L, is 3A V eV, Vy, VEAL, =3AxbL, > b= Y = (F/A/(AL/L) F, = YA(AL,/L) F, = Y3A(AL,/L,) JB Given AL, = OL, = Ax (for the same extension) F, = YBA(Ax/(L3/3)) = (YAAX/L,) = 4F, = 4F @. Fractional Change in Radius of Sphere:— i: da Mg R Sap 3AB @ B= Bulk Modulus —_—? 8> Relation between shear angle and angle of twist. ° 9> Relation among Y, K, 1 & 0 :~ MK Y=2y [1 +0] “3K eq Y= 3K [1 - 20] 3K - 2% “Rem 4071 length of wire |, at tension T, and |, at tension T,, then find original length L7+h=t > Using Formula 1 u x stress x strain x volume Fe stress = 06 Mg Area A strain = AL/L = [y, Volume = area x length = A x 1 stress-Strain graph for Elastomey._ Tissue of Aorta, 2 Mg Hence, U= > * qe 2 == Mal u=5 Mal te Stress Strain Parallel & Series Combination of Yoy, Modulus: 1> Parallel Combination: -~ In both wire have same elongat, but different stress 2> Series Combination: - In both wire have same stress bat different elongation. Tie ~ Tah Tale - Ty = F L~% R-T @ When a block of mass M is suspended by a long wire of length L, the length of the Y. wire becomes (L+!). The elastic potential ae energy stored in the extended wire is: ° NOTE: On removing deforming Fort: Solid regain its shape by this graph Stress Area « Shock absorver ‘Area x Energy absorb Straingee Hooke's law Valid. (Stress o Strain) 2 0 conservative completely regain its shape. pub conservative limit. stress # Strain Almost Regain its shape. Conservative. is not Conservative Fetstie y-e:- Felastic special Type Questions:- sr 6 push Yourself, becat Else is going to do i eo <—Il-s ft <—l—s |>2F |-+F elongation? Pascal's Law:~ “Pp” on horizont Static liq, “P" on horizontal level iy, be same. Ve *Pg= Po + egh* ‘| e B O Relation between Absolute & Gayy Pressure: ~ P, Pabsotuble = Pree Prauge = Paue to tig. only *Moving Container “P” Calculation:~ (Be “gy” lelena hai!) 1. Lift up:~ (with “a” Pret = 0(Q + a)H 2. Lift down:~ (with “a’) Pret = (9 ~ a)H 3. Free Fall:~ (a = g) Pret =O “Note:~ F. ye Pascal JP r . Static fluid me pressure balance kerte hai Fy Fy wm 2)U-Tube:~ niti his one liquid is on same horizontal level, Kaui iS put in left arm of container ne liquid moves x down from initial level in left arm of U-tube. jr bubble move from bottom to surface \ Po ea Te Pevaure port \evel_ pa pare, tom oto hel WT Aiggid Us pore B then PVs = Pa¥2 Yo MR" agar Koi Cheez linearlyivary yti hai toh uska Avg:~ int of ATM. Pressuve:— Measureme! mS ce ek aaise line select Karo jiske about “P” “Torvicilli orvicill’ same hona chahiye. 4. Barometer:~ op, vacuurn enccar at Sat aaa a of ytthidmportant: Case: C iB Aad + Nar) 4> When U-tube is given horizontal acc!” (a) rise is liq. coluran:— Prt SH) ecm H= 76 cm of Hg = + atm The Garib Raalal Exp:~ Height of water column in Baro! Horizontal Accelerating Lift:— meter: ~ a ‘ He mmacos® c B eee ad aotI : Perec 5> A vessel is rotated about vertica Find rise in water “H al axis, “Archimedes Principle:~ orce) = Weight Fg (Buoyant Fo Weight of of solid submerged in liquid ol Wing « does not depends on density, jg, object inside liquid eat, Volume of Volume op displaced liq Solid in eo} * Apparent Weight: o = object ° = Liquid = ay Sink! Submerge &| Flog. Float. ‘ Surf [en we un a[- £] N=0 7 ae: uf Chota Object N=mgefa-~ 281) Remains bada where its | Yr ¢ Placed! pee eee 2 nie moa[2- | RD “Object of density “o is released then hi acel of object inside liquid: (0 > p) “A ball of density “Die ai density “gr ped (Dis immersed in liq to a depth “p» ! Of liquid te 0 @ depth “h” below the sui! : then released. Upto what hit! will be ball Jump out of the fui a vol cor om Bu Totainer is at rest then inside volume a cont aber accl” up with a the inside a n of oe 7g Vial of an object then: tainer Ke accel” se up/down volume contd in liquid depend hi mai Krta, on puoyant Force with Cavity:~ Vester = Vr ~ Ve an = oVz — Velg ~ OVrg 0 Find Veavity *~ a N=Mg - Fy ~ Fa= 0. Vo Problem " Solving = Vimatter = Strategy + Rise / Fall of lig: when ICE placed on liquid will Melt. OL Oo = Rise 0. < Oo = Fall 0. Bw Po = density of water. 6, = Surr. Liquid. dal lui 2 Non-viseous 9 incompressible 29 = const 9 Streamline & Irrational Flow. Equation of Continuity:~ (Conserv” of Mass) ‘id Machanies Rate of Volume Flow remains Const” Divide by pg. Pressure Gravit” Velocity head. head. head. aaaRamlal House:~ Wind is flowing outside then P, and outside house Ps Pa < Py : Hence upthrust force will act on roo! F = (P, ~ P,) x Area + ova pressure inside Pe fu = cost” AV = const” Potential energy sarne on horizontal level | dis” Velocity of Efflux:- Closed! Vinap: ~ H = height of water column from hole Py = Prop e = liquid Open Container (Torricilli ATI y Py =P, hi~ height of lig, level from hole. Velocity of efflux does not depends on density of liquid. Range, Heights, Time of Flight:~ i i ar) ‘ (H+) e Ratt Rate of =a Jagh Volume Flow Take A verticala at which Range (5 maxivauim & its Hel Time to Fall down :~ ust Uke motion 40 a fH Uparse = Nichese H H R= Same. ° on Container:— Fe pa + F229 agH* p= density of liq. H= Height of liquid column from Hole. Force a= Area of ovifice. for massless container, “yin” t0 Keep container at vest: — a = hole mg = 2pagh A = Container Area. Time Taken to M iqui 7 love Liquid from Height H, to Hy- ° ° A [2H To bottom :- t=— |= . 2h4 ° Ratio fromh > & “ + bottom 2 2 aus THe i ie Venturimenter:— Measure rate of Volume Flow Based on Bernoulli's Principle. * aV, = AV = V = Rate of Volume Flow: 2 tye =P, +— OV +O Precis 4 at 7 OMe @P Effect:— Dynamic Lift & Magnus ee » Some! Vo — < ae viet Football Spining about vertical axis Vy = V+ Vy — RW Vz = V+ Vy + Rw Football without Spining Vy = Vg = Vo + V Viscocity:~ [Cohesive Force between Liq. molecules] Force (nas) two liq:— = coeff. of viscocity. “2 Poissulle = 10 Poise.” Stoke's Law:- Only For Sphere. Jab Force between Solid lig: 2 Terminal Velocity: - mg= Fa f eH Vy, ay og ie @ ie 2 = object, p = tiquig, Graph:- Accel" Vr xort Xone V, «7 :- Bigger rain drops velocie, greater! Ball is thrown down with velocity gren, than terminal velocity in viscous lig. variation of “Vv” v/s "b"? (NEET-20,° v t Coalesce of Drops: - a Vy EVR = Wy Temperature dependence of y:- oe For Viscous liq Ls Bernoult is not valid Woh sirf ideal lig keliye. Fluid Current: - _ _4P Retuia AP = Press difference r= radius of pipe. "= length of Pipe. "= coefficient of viseocityParallel! Q = Diff. AP = same AP Qs Ra p = | gus mumbo inertial Force _ ev R,* Viscous Force dz diameter of pipe pov liquid. Laminor :- R, < L000 turbulent :- R, > 2000 unsteady :- 1000 < R, < 2000 surface Tension F Rod:- $= 57 F D Disc :- $= D> Ring:- S= ——— ce 2nr + 2nR ® Annular Dise -- —P Rod := Fite Mg Fi = Foy + Mg = 2S + Mg nang = PiRe Sphere. SA = 4nr? 4 Vol. = = nR® 3 Circum = 20 Splitting of Drops into Droplets :~ 23 °° ° as a 9°5°.0 MA= 41 [W7-R?]; DA = 40 [n'/?—1] \ | DA = 4nk E | | s Bubble Drop | A= 4nR? x2 A= 4nR™ Film:- Take Area double. Energy Released when Droplets Combine to Form a Drop :- DE = E(n-n™”) = s4ni?(n-n”) Er = = ica - |. 100 DE = nan? - 4n? 2 2] V=Vol of ADE = 3VT FE ~ RI larger drop @Press e side ncave SI issure is always high in CO essure Pa>P,?Ps Two drops of radius r, & r, coalesce under isothermal condition. @-@= Boh Obtuse Acute eae 8< 90° Cohesion > Adhes, Capillary Tube :~ Rise Cohe. < Adhes. Fall 8< 40° Concave Meniscus @ @> ao Convex Meniscus ° Due to excess pressure 25 =p : : Due to pressure variation in liguig mo Pe f (2) 0 = Pg=P, Poregh = Pa=Po Putting value of P. from (2) see h =P Po- = + gh = Po “Mass of lig. in tube” Rise of liq. in tube of insufficient lengt! don't overflow= of incerface *~ allt P. 2 hc c0s6 @ cos8 « = (ie) ° For two different liquid if h, S and + same then find relation b/w density and L contact angle. i e/Depth of liquid o 2/6 ie ight = 2S¢0s8_ ; 1 HEE liguid 7 ; ear ) Mass dial energy of liquid « F eoslb ace » Poten iner with capillary in a Freely - if contain” liquid vise upto complete eek * fling wy does not overflow e longtt MRS 6 fit eit ae ER TB, i wary wet art ae gt By TA gth anilTemperature:- Measure of hotness and coldness. Et © Two body A at T, and B at T, put | contact. If T, > Ty then 5-4 Some temp" will flows from A to B = False S-2 Some heat will flows from A to B = True S-3 Heat will increase in B => False S-4 Tempr of A will decrease => True © Heat can not be stored it can flows from Body A to B. Measurement of temperature Temp" - LEP = Constant UEP - LEP °C-0 F-32 k-273 100-0 212-32 373-273 _ MR-LFP UFP-LEP Relation in Fahrenheit & Celcius :~ FE Relation between Kelvin & Celeiyg a z Ase C= K-273 fo7s k 273 k= C+273 ¢ © Relation between °F & Kelvin :~ 4 F-32 = — (K-273) s © Change in Temperature . = Q. The freezing point on MR® scale is 27 and boiling point 150°. A temperatu of 60° thermometer will be read os Ans. Let x is resting at 60°C X-20 60-0 150-20 100-0 K= 90°C Construction of thermometer := ical quantity Lper unit rai +> Resistance Thermometer :- Re= Ry Reco Ro > Pressure thermometer :~ t= x 100ee thermometer gM ye 2 M2 x 100 Yoo V0 a “thermometer pL bo be 300 1d at 20°C is 10 ngth of 7 m and at wg 40 then find temperature fan its lenge is 30m in length per unit so ar rature = const nee wm - 30m & 30 mm ape 2ore t- 20 2 30-10 2 t-20 260°C jarmal sy Linear EXP. *~ Bn lp AB ba = bo (t+ XA 0) p Areal EXP: >~ A= APOO: Az = Ao (2 +B 4 8) sy Volume Exp. °~ av= Vey 485 V2 = Vo (t+ 4%) Imp velations :~ fuk modulus and thermal coefficient of volume expansion. Av p= B— = pve B= Bulk Modulus of Elasticity > For Two Rod «, ma ol a "AF difference i ference in length of these two rod inde) penden fie t upon each other then Re prvi socha winter me gold buy ) Sumamer me sold karu length increase ho Suga © alll ~> Ramalal ko koi benifit nahi hoga Photographic Enlargement. Tt > Ut lt Treo oh, > Hy, «, Convex Concave ete HighTemperature Roorn Temperature 3 . For anisotropic crystal TO + 1, + of, For Isotropic a, = a, = = Properties of Matter A Ys Young's Modulus and area A placed on dof length ‘due to to increase | stress is 26"0-Note Temperture Temperture Sos or gain At. + 41. + a0 3 Sin time, eo eee J f= Clock Slow = = Clock Fast = Time Gain Variation of density with temperature :~ 2 = P(t - YOO) Ph _ Max Time loss Pee # # Yap = Yreat ~ Veontainer ea ff 2%, Yo Level Unchanged ff oY>Y5 Yi = +ve Lig. Overflows. OY Ys Y= -ve Lig. go down = imp Note : 54 Wy = wj[t-2 1 1 rp ey » mlYr)et lt wt me Only one Meter Scale type will a” be asked True length = Reading . > of Rod taken | AL=Laae CALORIMETRY :- Heat Capacities :- 1> Specific Heat Capacity :~ Heat requir, to raise the temperature by unit dey, °C of unit mass Q = mSA6 raise T” of “nm” Kg by AO Unit of S = J/kg kelvin 2> Heat Capacity (C) :- Heat required to raise temperature by unit of m mas. C=ms (46 = 1°C) raise T” of object by 1°C > Joh Jaldi Garam hoga woh jad Thanda hoga. Uska specific het capacity kam hai.s oy Py” at high > temperature st zt yolar heat Capacity [c] ? ye nc hase TT OF 2 mole Sub by 1°C St) I yote = 2a cal/gm°C = 4200 J/Kgk 2 0.8 cal/gm?C = 2100 J/Kgk og = 0-5 cal/gneC = 2100 J/KgK beal2 424 ap Latent Heat qemt ined heat req. to change state. ms Lye 2 80 cal/gra (inset 540 cal/gra to s. di at MR® Feel Water Can't exist below O°C. Ice can’t exist above °C. at O°C both can exist: Mixture of (lee + water) only Possible at ©¢. Zero se upar gya matib sab pani ho 944, zero se Niche sab Ice. 10 4m ice at oc x mixed with 20 gm ater at 40°C then mass of water eaixture? ARS. Qieg = ML = 800 Que iea ue eeelt eal only 5 grim ice will melt mm (water) = 15 gia Principle of Calorimetry Heat Loss = Heat Gain 2 Final Temperature of Mix. :~ Final Temperature of when two liquid of mass m, & ma, of specific heat capacity S, and S, at temperature T, and T, mixed. MR* fe magram [ee at °C mixed with W gram water at T°C «Bring both ice & water at common Temp" and same phase. = Required :- Q = mb (m gram [ce melt into m gram water at o°C) = WT = SOT (When W gram supply : ¥ cae cool down from T to Cc) a> mb = wT T20°C (amt)ice i (amt), = W +m 200°¢. "ema! Properties of Matter Steam + water mixture only exist a @ —_iAmt. of ice converted to water. 3> mL < wr Wr mb *Paani hi m+W —— Rahega. Required :~ @= mL = 80 m Te) Supply :- Q = WL + WSAO = 640 W 2? Qsuppiy = Qeeg Mizg = 8W 2> Ice 2263 ware 100) orc orc s40W Steam 100°C 180m = s4ow The MR* Mice ‘steam mie 1 2 100% 2 2 5 iz mie 4 ri © totcorc dF 1 ‘ 1 < se mix 20°C J & 1 7 2 —— yom ice at “20°C is mig e200 rm water it 20%, ie, domperature of mixture and art Se rin wilehire Dono ko kisi ck phase my ung Ans Tamperature par le ke aao Q, = ms OT + ml = 2000 cal « 2g, heat given to ice to melt acc, Q, = msAt = 10000 cal. a Heat given by water when it fay ¢ 20° to O°C 7 Q, > @, hence complete ice will ny, out of 10000 cal heat given by vin, 2000 cal used to increase tempapt” and 2000 cal use to melt ice m'L = 8000 wm’ = 100 ice will melt Tyg = O° because (ice + water) mig, Muater = C00 grm Mize = 100 grim Q Sgmwater at 30°C and 5 gmice at ~20: mixed then temperature of mixture, AWS. Twig = O° requirement < supply Water Equivalent :- Woh liquid utnahi Heat lega AT Temp. Ris Kelige jitna W,,, water le raha hh! Toh Aapko uss Liquid Ko Na Assume karo Water Ko uss liquid Ki tarah Treat Karnaki MSAR= Wx 4 x “ °9 - Water equivalent = 559 at 40°C WT = 55 x 40 = 2200 cal aac Cots dQ Poture Rise arke hai! question tay eee v et mass “ma” moving with “u" hits Am tock of om” gen Kept on a frictionless ol ict A wie” ag stuck in it. How much ice will oot wp of the lost KE goes to ice ? (initial ck & bullet = 0°C). Sits okay to feel up and down Its normal and natural, don't overthink, rove forward and work hard > Ice Formation :~ x cw ice form. Formation of ice : O tox: x to 2x: 2x to 3x ti sto: st Otox : Oto2x : Oto 3x ti at: atConduction , Heat flows from hot end to cold end, required but particles of medium simply oscillate but do not leave their position. medium © Slow process © Takes places in solid © Path may be zig-zag © Temperature of medium increases. Convection © Mediunn required, each particle of medium absorbs heat and moves from hot end to cold end. © Slow process © Occurs in Fluid not in solid © Temp” of medium increases. Radiation © Heat flows in the form of electromagnetic waves. © Medium is not required © Path straight line No change in temp" of medium. Law of Thermal Conductivity:- t ———+ = Area T, Tt Q KAAT He t L K = Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (Material Property Q = Heat. arouse Heat Current: AT = — RF >> He Rr ge R,:- Thermal Resistance Combination of Rod :~ Series Combination wpe? add ST R= Ret Rat R > Junction Temp :- Rate of heat Flow sm in series combination. K(4-17) kK (T-T) l = L Parallel Combination. © Combination of Conductor = 1> Series :- Tt, Gage oat tL KALE,Radiation ;- Black Body :~ . Q, a V7 Absorptive a = 22 wy Q Reflective r= 2 9 @ Tg? Ty a a Transmitive t = — Q Length Should pecans © Emissive Power [Intensity] :~ L, Q J ae = Watt/m? At wes Stefan's Law :~ E= ott T= Kelvin, Watt KA, 0 = 5.67x10* —> pea wie « Emissivity :- Emissive Power of Normal body (é) 2 ee ive Power of Black body (E) For Black Body (e) = 2. Emissive Power of Normal Body (€) :- Eis €= cE = eT" JKT TA, Ky(T.-Ta)An : STATA, | Ka(T “THA A i aide AcoT* VN ne order = Stefan-Boltzmann's Law :- a pe fees Ploss = Pemit — Poss = 8A (7-71 -r, = Sure. Temp", T= body Temp ° ®@ onWien's Law :~ AT = 6 A> A, >Ay T>™>Ts aeascag A = wavelength corresponding fo which Energy is maxionur b= 2.9 x 107 mK Newton's Law of Cooling :~ Time ‘t! taken to fall temperature T, to T, where T, is the temperature of surrounding. T-kh ( Tet Te ) = te t 2 Rate of cooling « Temperature difference 90°C <9 80°C — 70°C —9 60°C Time t, < ty < ty (Time taken to fall temp’ for every 10°C) eet ke khatir bhi ayega zameen Jeet ki Junoon chahiye, ho tubal ayesa khoon chahiye, Acco G00nj chahiye,d EEE KirchofPs Law + ‘A good absorber is a good emitte, Solar Constant :- Total Thermal Energy Falling pep ; area per sec. © = emissivity op sun. © = Stephan’ co T= Temp. of sy, R = Radius of Sy 1 = Dist” of sun y earth. Weisman-Fraz Law :- Ratio of thermal conductivity m, electrical conductivity at a termp" is sare fy all body. K = Thermal Conductivity o = Electrical Conductivity par bas irado mainCc ce ay 908 On gas Volinc, expansion Vol dec, compression ve W= -ve work = Area of Close loop in PV Graph AC. wise We -ve C. wise weve > Expansion > AV = +ve WT > Compression > AV = —ve wl U= KE + PE. —> “Temp' dependent.” Vat Due to + R ERT ee 2N, ZT [molecule f = degree of freedom N = No. of molecules. No. of moles 023 x 10% mol aS 1> Monoatomic Gas :- (Ne, He, Ar) f=3T+OR 2> Diatomic gas :- (Nz, Oz, Ha) f=3T+2R B> Triatomic Linear gas :- (CO) f=3T+2R 4> Polyatomic gas/Triatomic Non-linear gas:- (SO,, CH,, NHs) =3T+3R When Considering Vibrational Motion:- > No effect for Monoatomic gas 23T+2R+2V=7 9 Diatomi 9 Triatomic > Linear F23T+2R+2V=7 > Non-Linear f = 3T+ 3R + 2ve8 a> specific heat Capacity (S) dQ ee nde2> Heat Capacity (C) dQ dt - 3> Molar heat Capacity dQ ea if lar Sp. Relation between Specific & Mola He. w Cn =— > Cy & Cy denote the Specific Heat per unit mass of an ideal gas of Mwt “M then :- Cp - C= R > Molar Sp. heat Sp - 5, =~ (Specific heat per M unit mass) Gas DOF (F) Cy (RE/2) Cp (Cy + R) YCo/ 6) Monoatomic 3 BR SR = hee 2 2 3 Diatomic Ss SR 7R 7 = “ 2144 2 2 Ss Triatomic Linear 5 SR 7R 7 a — —=14 2 2 Ss Triatomic Non-linear] 6 BR 4R 4 . 3 Diatomic at high| 7 7R 4 [ Temperature _ iad a 2 2 7; (CED anie WiCon * W3Coo (Ciduig = “a * Mele See nth Feces mig = fg = Taft aa (ni nth, r aGfT, + nofT,rrermodynannics :— ®% fF P = Conse" gu ye dw i os rail nservation © Son beara Comers Ws Pav= py, — yy ¢ aw © Fraction of Heat goes in Work :- tte+ | bygas=+ Gee — | ongas= - © Fraction of Heat goes in AU :- i) a Pp «T) “a a wore ree = ney AT v slow: *. o Reversible @ eae i eee Vv ie wi? | Nmsdgnanies _> AU = 0 > Hum jitna Kam Karenge sab heat mein jayega! dQ nT > Cy W = 2.303 nRT W = 2.303 nRT ° Graph :~ a El = leo bel =da logo | 2] =d@ 5 AQ=0 PV™ = Const > Y= Adiabatic Coefficient = Se G 9 sudden Process dw = - du Tyre burst Expansion VE Wa WE Ue ag, Compression VU W= VE Us very C, aa =O S=o0 om SAT oO Note :- wR (T,-T, 0 dws car = Ca) 1-Y o dw 2 ~ PVs 1-Y o PVY = TVY* = PP TY = Constant © Graph :- YP m=—— Vv P isothermal adiabatic isobaric Wy, isothermal Ws w,\ adiabatic isochoric Ws isobaric Compression V Wz > Ws > We W,=0note *diabat aia ?, A> B= = const" VI TY > C= v= Const" Ph Tt Elasticity Vv Bulk Modulus T = Const Y>4 Power of P <1 °D= P= Const" VP Tt "ASV = Const” PL TH 'Nermodunanaice AT B PETE v= consin B>C wth P= Const” C>A PLYE T= Const® A>B T= Const* Pt vy B>C P= Const" Tt Vt CD T= Const Pl vt P = Const T) WWWorking z© (reject) 58K a Source (Given) work a=W Output :- Work Input :~ Heat 1> Carnot Engine :~ Pp Bo AB =iT Exp BC = AB Exp. CD = IT = Comp DA = AD = Comp a Carnot Theorem :~ > & Work 7 ne ynea- 2 a > Heat Pump :~ Output : Heat Input : Work Working @ A carnot engine works as a retri B> Refrigerator :~ Output :~ He,, Input :~ Wop © Same as Pump. Working Gas werk Fridy Q. The efficiency of a Carnot heat engin = Find the coefficient of performa 3 of Carnot refrigerator when both Boeing and retrigerator are wor between similar Source and sink. 1 Sol. Efficiency of heat engine is, 4 = — 3 The relation between B & 1 when sil Carnot engine is used, 1-4 >p2—t je in between 250 K and 300 ur at res, 750 calories from heat 5 pt low temperature, then what heat generated at higher tempers (in calories)? weat g Ae bs 1, 0:78 2 Peeetneee 1 (950 _ Q-790 one a 2400 m is taken from state A to state a ase ‘wo different paths 1 and 2. If 430 corbed and work done by the Mationg these two paths are Q,, Q, a Ww, respectively, then ny (7S (My = Wa Qs = Q2-Wa Oe ma ie ¢ depends ‘ rgy does not depends on ° seat work depends ©) 0.-W, 20,-W, is correct. { nagiven process, AW = O, dQ W, (0) Wi Temp" of liquid related to internal energy, not to K.E. of liquid. Ans.:- Both are true and correct explanation. A> Aumixture of petrol and air when ignited is not in equlibrium state R- Its temperature and pressure not uniform. ‘Ans.:- Both are correct and correct explanation. A > AQ is extensive. Rit is propotional to total mass of system. rue and correct explanation. @ Ans:- Both are tOT case Periodic Motion’ (Repeat itself afte ra regu lar interval of time) (repeat about mean) (To & Fro) Oscillation large Amplitude # Small amplitude # Energy conserved (repeat not about mean) NotSHM] °f%—* < ; Simple harraonic Motion # Vibration + Oscillation with high Frequency. # Periodic but not oscillation — all uniform circular motion > earth around sun ¢ All SHM is oscillatory and periodic . en a is periodic but need not . i mt need not to be oscillatory & S.HM. SHM :- (Amplitude is srmall) *Fa-x "a= -wx «Be KX w= 0 tee aa-x ° Equation of SHM ;— X= A sin(wt + @) V= Aw cos(wt + $) a= —Aw* sin(wt + >) A= Amplitude w 2 = Angular Frequency = ¢ = initial phase ¢ = O for mean & start @ = 7/2 for extreme @ start $ = 7/6 for half of extreme & start = n/4 for x = stare Note: - [—" = odd but not 1. = even = Translat’ > "Oscillation but not SHM” = SHM!xe Asinwt az - Aw*sinwt Re ie tere piche, wo mere piche hai ve “Sinat mai tum se na mil pau, wo mere “ra mil pay Mai» Velocity WO ~ Position Motion From Mean :— v= Aw cos(wt) a ve Aw \[2- sin?we wl Tm Mean Extreme K=0 K=A Vonay = AW v=o azo Ana = —WA tum — acc” © Note :- Change CcEnergy graphs ” Force Method Energy Met du Kx F de Kx F A wx a we m m w 22 = : w= TP of Spring Mass System :- F = const" #t ater aft at SHM ara independent hape of objectaX oid GEM PRET Mass | ; tig, gi F extra STAT ga! : jankar £4! librium BT Kx, = wg Put eget aa waar 2 Hh sam, jnation of Spring :~ Oscillate cot n different cutting of Spring :~ spring constant KX eK steiadllctel al tut in two equal part then OT OT I 2k 2K @ Cut into three part of ratio 1:2:3 then ratio of spring constant. eh Peeeerrt breserrer join Jl = x: ay 3K: Sx I= of : Paraltel:- x= 2K , 9K , ak 3 s Fak + 3k Kh. SAK s s > Reduced mass Concept : © Rotation + Translation wale Que. :~ Mean |= Moment of inertiaConstrain Motion :~ a Kian) = > MR* * Mg ™ ra ——E(Electric field) Aros SOr nm 7 time Period of Simple Pengy, uy m Tan ; eft special Cases : a> Lift o Up:-T=20 ai oa o Down :~ T= 20 Pa ga o Free Fall :- T= 00 2> Cav :- v oO m [Pag oe 3> Car at Circular Track :-ol), _ poe : t V = Vol. of bob. 0 = density of liquid. M = Mass of bob. Oo = densit. of bob” pinatum Bt PGE Fluid & arat at sear 1p FCM | 9 angle made by pendulun with ceiling is 90°. mg 7> TP. when length of Simple Pendulum is very large :~ em released oO a> Second Pending 22st length = 2 os HzTP of Physical Pendulum r= 2" |— Vf mg int of =M.01 of object wrt poln suspension. d = dist” of O & CM! o ®@ d ™gsind Mg Vertical Rod hinged about one end cM 2 Special Case :~ 2> TP.of Solid Cylinder perforrning SHM if it is Slightly displaced downward & released : = oan [ lengthofeylinder | inside liquid. _ 7 quid column liquid co column (Ip) Total le Lay Oscillation of liquid L = total length of water column T220 ———— ) g(sina+sinBy Superposition of SHM of two objet Oscillating in Same Direction :- = initial phase difference. A, sind A, + A,cos0 tan x = %= Angle b/n A... & 1% SHMject gzAsin)) Acos(wt) _| sin (wter/4) X_ = A cos KEA zAsin(wt) (wt + 1/6) | sin (wten/3) Asin | X, =A cos K=fBAsin ‘aten/6) | (wt - 7/3) (wt) y= Circle yAsinwt)) a cos(wt) | x2 + yo = A? 2 Straight line ueAsin(wt)| 92 aaa : Asin (wt) X= Yo x,=Acos | x=J5A Biv) | (wes nde) | costes) _| Pamped sting a! SFr tke bab ~~ de =° aw} oe i (air Friction) de wx. bd mode A, = initia Ve Atm vase Amplitude AL = Age tyam A, = Amplitude att” tae Amplitude after 0. of oscillation n-oscillation Forced Oscillation (Resonance) :~ Ft) = F, cosw,t w," must be X(t) = Asinw,t equal to “w,’ max bdx Ge ge * KK = Focoswe Joh aapka Force at Freq. dar at Uh Body & Freq. aren Bar aay: resonance Lie. Q. Amplitude becomes half in 4-oscillation then find amplitude after 16 - oscillation. AzA,e** sA,ee* 6 Failure is the first step of success:@ Tum wave si ho main. tum Tum aati ho meri zindagi mein ho, main apne mean position ke about naa piche oscillate krta rehjata hu anebare lige ‘aur tum Mera use krke aage nikal jaati —— ac ° in tumhara medium, Mera use krti aage Mechanical Non-Mech. Wave Wave v v Medium Medium x # Sound, Wave # EM Wave on string, wave ie, Light Wave. on water. 41> Transverse Wave :~ Particle upar niche wave age. Ex. :~ String Wave 2> Longitudinal Wave :~ Particle age-piche aur wave aage. Ex. := Sound. Equation of Propagating Harmonic A= Amplitude of Particle, = Ang. freq. Angular wave no, K = 2% 2 wave no., 7 = 2 2 Ce ALT is x= tb viele ‘x = A sin (Ky + we) Par wo 7 Dond different i ek 0 2 Y= Asin (Kx — wo} duong Wave is moving in +x-axis, 2> y= A sin (kx + wt) Mone axis. Wave is moving in — Note :- V, = Aw cos (kx + wt) (Vp) max = AW Relation Between wave Velocity &™ Particle Velocity :~ “Ve mae = AKV spa: UPrbowon of Particle whether! Vpartce = — Visave * Slope of wav"| fy @ yl dy dy a ee @ la eG ‘y’ > Finite hona chahiye at all position of “x”: yale ees & The maximum particle velocity is 3 times the wave velocity of a progressive wave. If A is the amplitude of oscillating Particle, find phase difference between §wo particles of separation x. Sol The maximunn particle velocity = 3 time Wave velocity Aw = 3y Q The velocity Of waves in a string fixed at both ends ‘5 2 ws. The string forms Standing waves with nodes 20 me apart. The Frequency of vibration of the string in Hz is Here the distance between the two nodes 'S half of the wavelength Sol a DF 50cm A = 108m = v 200 Hence nz => son, 1o Velocity of T. Wave in A String :~ 4 Strain = = = XAT & = coefficient of liner expansion (AT e B= M/L_ Y= Young Modulus T [Tt _ [Stress [Y. Strain Meal pall erp e Val T.>T,>Ts?T2?Ty Ts T+ aise aise Upar jaoge TT 7 Yoav t Ts, @Ratio of transvers wave at bottom to top V = AF = Frequency sam Aava. [tension A, | [7 A [m+ m, > Speed of :~ 1> Sound :- V, > v, 2> Light :~ v, > Range !nfrasonic Sound :~ Audible Sound am > Vy Vas >, > Vig > V, P< 20 Hz 20 Hz < F< 20 KHz Ultrasonic Sound :~ f > 20 KHz Y Vs = |— vzorv,= |B ° ‘ ° Y = Young modules @ 8 = Bulk modules _—— oo Note e Vome > V Speed of sound in gas varies ys, temperature. Let speed of sound iy, at O°C. Speed of sound is V, at Te Then find the relation between then Change in Velocity of Sound is [oes mi ea Per unit raise in temperature i.e. [e283 Compression Rarefraction P— Max Min 0 > Max Min