DNA

•Deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as DNA, is

a complex molecule that contains all of the information
necessary to build and maintain an organism.
• Genome is made of a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid,
or DNA for short.
• DNA contains four basic building blocks or ‘bases' :
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T).
• DNA is a two-stranded molecule.
• The bases on one strand of the DNA molecule pair together
with complementary bases on the opposite strand of DNA to
form the ‘rungs’ of the DNA ‘ladder’.
• Each base pair is joined together by hydrogen bonds.
•This double helix structure was first discovered by Francis
Crick and James Watson with the help of Rosalind Franklin
and Maurice Wilkins.
•The human genome is made of 3.2 billion bases of DNA but
other organisms have different genome sizes.
 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
DNA Replication
• Prokaryotic DNA Replication: Prokaryotic
DNA replication is the process by which a
prokaryotic organism duplicates its entire
genome in order to pass the second copy to
a daughter cell.
• Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Eukaryotic
DNA replication is the process by which the
eukaryotic genome duplicates prior to cell
division.
• The prokaryotic
cells have a very
simple structure.
They do not have any
nucleus and
organelles.
• Eukaryotic
cells contain a
nucleus, numerous
organelles and more
DNA.
DNA LESSION
• DNA lesion refers
to a section of a DNA
molecule containing a
primary damaged
site.
• a base alteration, a
base deletion, a sugar
alteration or a strand
break
DNA REPAIR
• DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell
identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that
encode its genome.
• The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors : the
cell type, the age of the cell and the extracellular
environment.
What is Telomeres?
• Telomeres are
distinctive structures
found at the ends of
our chromosomes.
• Telomeres are
sections
of DNA found at the
ends of each of
our chromosomes.
What is Telomeres?

• They consist of the

same sequence
of bases repeated
over and over.
 What do telomeres do?
1. They help to organize each of our 46
chromosomes in the nucleus (control
center) of our cells.
2. They protect the ends of our
chromosomes by forming a cap, much
like the plastic tip on shoelaces.
3. They allow the chromosome to be
replicated properly during cell division.
 Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Transcription
Eukaryotic Transcription
• The process of transcription in Eukaryotes initiates in the Nucleus.
The mRNA travels out of the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm,
where the process of translation takes place. The process of
Eukaryotic transcription includes three stages. These stages are-
initiation, elongation, and termination. The initiation stage of the
Eukaryotic transcription is complex, compared to other stages of
transcription
 Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Transcription
Prokaryotic Transcription
• The process of transcription in Prokaryotes initiates in the
Cytoplasm. RNA processing is not required in Prokaryotes. This
is because the structural gene in prokaryotes is polycistronic in
nature. This process of transcription is also known as Bacterial
transcription.