Table 1: Properties of the Fourier Series

+∞
X +∞
X
jkω0 t
x(t) = ak e = ak ejk(2π/T )t
k=−∞ k=−∞
Z Z
1 −jkω0 t 1
ak = x(t)e dt = x(t)e−jk(2π/T )t dt
T T T T

Property Periodic Signal Fourier Series Coefficients


x(t) Periodic with period T and ak
y(t) fundamental frequency ω0 = 2π/T bk

Linearity Ax(t) + By(t) Aak + Bbk

Time-Shifting Z − t0 )
x(t ak e−jkω0 t0 = ak e−jk(2π/T )t0
Periodic Convolution x(τ )y(t − τ )dτ T a k bk
T
+∞
X
Multiplication x(t)y(t) al bk−l
l=−∞
dx(t) 2π
Differentiation jkω0 ak = jk ak
dt  T
∗

ak = a−k
<e{a k } = <e{a−k }


Conjugate Symmetry

x(t) real =m{ak } = −=m{a−k }
for Real Signals
|ak | = |a−k |




<) ak = −< ) a−k

Real and Even Sig-
x(t) real and even ak real and even
nals

Real and Odd Signals x(t) real and odd ak purely imaginary and odd

Even-Odd Decompo- xe (t) = Ev{x(t)} [x(t) real] <e{ak }
sition of Real Signals xo (t) = Od{x(t)} [x(t) real] j=m{ak }
 Table 2: Properties of the Laplace Transform

Property Signal Transform ROC

x(t) X(s) R

x1 (t) X1 (s) R1

x2 (t) X2 (s) R2

Linearity ax1 (t) + bx2 (t) aX1 (s) + bX2 (s) At least R1 ∩ R2

Time shifting x(t − t0 ) e−st0 X(s) R

Convolution x1 (t) ∗ x2 (t) X1 (s)X2 (s) At least R1 ∩ R2

d
Differentiation in the Time Domain x(t) sX(s) At least R
dt
d
Differentiation in the s-Domain −tx(t) X(s) R
ds
Z t
1
Integration in the Time Domain x(τ )d(τ ) X(s) At least R ∩ {<e{s} > 0}
−∞ s
Table 3: Laplace Transforms of Elementary Functions

Signal Transform ROC

1. δ(t) 1 All s
1
2. u(t) <e{s} > 0
s
tn−1 1
4. u(t) <e{s} > 0
(n − 1)! sn
1
6. e−αt u(t) <e{s} > −<e{α}
s+α
tn−1 −αt 1
8. e u(t) <e{s} > −<e{α}
(n − 1)! (s + α)n
10. δ(t − T ) e−sT All s

Useful Identities

ejx = cos x + j sin x,

cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y,
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y,
cos(−x) = cos x,
sin(−x) = − sin x.