Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to

the Human Body

Instructor Manual
Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4;
Lab 1: Introduction to the Human Body

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Lab ................................................................................. 2
Lab Objectives..................................................................................................................... 2
Lab 1 Outline ....................................................................................................................... 2
Lab 1 Answers ..................................................................................................................... 4
Discussion Questions.......................................................................................................... 9

Instructor Manual with Labeling Worksheets

Answers

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE LAB

The purpose of this lab is to provide students with anatomical terminology specific to
anatomical and medical fields. Knowing the specialized and specific anatomical
terminology will enable clear communication with colleagues in the students’ future
careers.

LAB OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this lab:
1.1 Describe the human body in anatomical position.
1.2 Describe how to use the terms right and left in anatomical reference.
1.3 Describe the location of body structures, using appropriate directional
terminology.
1.4 Identify and define the anatomical planes in which a body might be viewed.
1.5 Identify and describe the locations of the body cavities and the major organs
found in each cavity.
1.6* Describe the anatomy of the serous membranes and the cavities they form.
1.7 Identify and describe the location of the four abdominopelvic quadrants and
the nine abdominopelvic regions, and the major structures found in each.
* Objective is not a HAPS Learning Goal.
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LAB 1 OUTLINE
The following outline organizes activities and assessments by lab (and therefore by
topic), so that you can see how all the content relates to the topics covered.
Lab 1 Pre-Lab Quiz
• The Pre-Lab Quiz will strengthen students’ background knowledge in preparation for
the lab. Students should refer to both their text and the lab manual to answer the
questions in the Pre-Lab Quiz.

Activity 1.1 Anatomical Position (LOs 1.1 and 1.2)

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

• The anatomical position is a standard perspective of the human body used to indicate
the relative position of body parts and regions. In the anatomical position, a person is
standing, feet slightly apart, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and head facing
forward.
• Left and right refer to the patient’s or cadaver’s left and right.
• Prone describes a face-down orientation and supine describes a face-up position.

Activity 1.2 Directional Terms (LO 1.3)

• Directional terms indicate the relative locations of body structures. Directional terms
include superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, proximal, distal, medial,
lateral, ipsilateral, contralateral, superficial, and deep.

Activity 1.3 Planes of Section (LOs 1.3 and 1.4)

• A plane is an imaginary slice through the body using medical imaging. A frontal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections, a transverse plane divides the
body into superior and inferior sections, and a sagittal plane divides the body into right
and left sections. A midsagittal plane divides the body along the midline into two equal
halves, versus a parasagittal plane divides the body into two unequal halves.

Activity 1.4 Body Cavities and Serous Membranes (LOs 1.5 and 1.6)
• Body cavities contain organs surrounded by fluid and protect the organs within. The
body cavities include abdominal cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, anterior body cavity,
cranial cavity, pelvic cavity, pericardial cavity, pleural cavity, posterior body cavity,
thoracic cavity, and vertebral cavity.
• Serous membranes are a double layer of thin membranes that wrap around an organ
or organs. They form a serous cavity between the membranes filled with serous fluid.
The parietal layer is the outside layer and the visceral layer is the inner layer against
the organ or organs. The three serous membranes in the body are the pleura
surrounding the lungs, pericardium surrounding the heart, and peritoneum
surrounding many of the abdominopelvic organs.

Activity 1.5 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants (LO 1.7)

• The nine abdominopelvic regions provide a reference grid for the location of the
internal organs of the abdominopelvic cavity. The superior center square is the
epigastric region and is bordered laterally by the right and left hypochondriac regions.
The center square is the umbilical region and is bordered laterally by the right and left
lumbar regions. The inferior center square is the hypogastric region and is bordered
laterally by the right and left iliac regions (also called the right and left inguinal
regions).
• The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants: the right upper quadrant,
the left upper quadrant, the right lower quadrant, and the left lower quadrant.

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

Activity 1.6 Case Study: Appendicitis (LOs 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, and 1.7)
• The case study provides students with a real-world example of the lab content.

Lab 1 Post-Lab Quiz (Auto Graded)

• The Post-Lab Quiz will assess students’ mastery of the lab content.
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LAB 1 ANSWERS
Lab 1 Pre-Lab Quiz (Auto Graded)
1.

2.
Root Meaning
ipsi- self or same
contra- against or opposite
mid- middle or between
para- beside
peri- all around

3. (choose two correct answers) cranial cavity, vertebral cavity

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

4. pleura

5. left hypochondriac region

6. standing

7. anatomical position

8. sagittal plane

9. two

10. to reference where each organ and structure is found in the cavity

Activity 1.1 Anatomical Position (Manually Graded)

Answers will vary.

Activity 1.2 Directional Terms (Mixed Auto and Manually Graded)

1.
a. distal
b. proximal
c. lateral
d. medial
e. superficial, deep
Scenario 1. Answers will vary.

Scenario 2. Answers will vary.

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

Activity 1.3 Planes of Section (Mixed Auto and Manually Graded)

5. Table 1.2: Anatomical planes of section of the body
Anatomical Plane Sketches of Resulting Associated Directional
of Section Gummy Bear Sections Terms
Midsagittal plane Left and right
Parasagittal plane left and right (unequal)
Frontal plane anterior/ventral and
posterior/dorsal
Transverse plane superior and inferior

8. Table 1.3: Anatomical planes of section of the brain

Computed Plane of Section Which preserved brain
Tomography Scan of sample in lab shows this
Brain plane of section? Enter
the letters A, B, C, or D.
sagittal

frontal

transverse

9. Answers depend upon lab setup.

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

Activity 1.4 Body Cavities and Serous Membranes (Mixed Auto and Manually Graded)

For each body cavity in the figure, list at least one organ that is found there.
Answers will vary.

8. Answer the following questions.

1. pericardial cavity

2. serous fluid

3. no

4. Serous fluid is within the pleural cavity and peritoneal cavity.

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

Activity 1.5 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants (Manually Graded)

Instructions provided for students to complete the activity.

Activity 1.6 Case Study: Appendicitis (Auto Graded)

1. right lower quadrant

2. right iliac region

3. face up

4. on Yan’s right

5. peritonitis

6. The parietal peritoneum will be superficial to the visceral peritoneum.

7. (choose all that apply) ascending colon, small intestine

Lab 1 Post-Lab Quiz (Auto Graded)

1. lateral

2. transverse

3. inferior

4. distal

5. (choose all that apply) heart, pericardium

6. diaphragm

7. visceral pleura

8. The pericardial cavity will expand, putting pressure on the heart.

9. inflammation of the gallbladder

10. the diaphragm

11. left hypochondriac region

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

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DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
The following discussion questions do not appear in the lab manual, PowerPoints, or
courseware; they are for you to use as you wish. You can assign these questions
several ways: in a discussion forum in your LMS; as whole-class discussions in
person; or as a partner or group activity in class.
1. Discussion: Clearer Directions
Part 1: Using common words (not the anatomical terms you learned in this lab), create
a set of directions for an everyday task involving the human body, such as
brushing teeth, putting on shoes, making a sandwich, etc. The directions should
range between 5-10 unrepeated steps.
Part 2: Using a classmate’s directions for an everyday task using common words
(from Part 1), rewrite the directions using the anatomical terminology you learned
in this lab.

Part 3: Using a different classmate’s directions for an everyday task using

anatomical terminology (from Part 2), mime the steps of the directions.

Question: What can be improved or added to make classmate’s directions for an

everyday task using anatomical terminology? Respond to the classmate with
helpful feedback on the anatomical terminology the classmate used. If you cannot
improve upon the anatomical terminology, then add an additional step to the
directions using anatomical terminology (such as rinsing the toothbrush, walking
with the shoes on, putting away the sandwich ingredients, etc.).
Answer: Answers will vary.
2. Discussion: Are Serous Membranes Serious?
The three serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum) surround
organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities with two layers and serous
fluid between. Choose one of the serous membranes and answer the following
questions, which increase from easy to challenging.

Question 1: What organ or organs are surrounded by this serous membrane?

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 Instructor Manual: Co and Engebretson, Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, 978-0-357-90916-4; Lab 1: Introduction to
the Human Body

Answer: The lungs are in the pleurae. The heart is in the pericardium. The
stomach, spleen, liver, and parts of the small and large intestines are covered by
the peritoneum (not the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, or urinary bladder).

Question 2: What organs are nearby but not surrounded by this serous
membrane? (You may look at an image of the body organs to assist with this
question).

Answer: The lungs are near the pericardium. The heart is near the pleurae. The
kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and urinary bladder are near the peritoneum.

Question 3: Many of the organs surrounded by serous membranes regularly

change shape, such as the lungs, heart, and digestive organs. Consider how nearby
organs could be affected if the serous membrane were absent. What is the
function of serous membranes surrounding organs that regularly change shape?

Answer: Serous membranes reduce friction from movement of neighboring organs.

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