Petroleum Engineering department

Process Engineering A

Laboratory Report#5

Name: Aytan Nabiyeva

Group number: 3(PE18.1)
Experiment Title: Method of flow measurements
Date of Experiment: 31th March 2020
Date of Submission: 11th April 2020
Supervisor: Aida Soltanova

Contents
Synopsis.......................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction................................................................................................................................................3
Theory.........................................................................................................................................................5
Experimental Details...................................................................................................................................9
Apparatus and equipment...........................................................................................................................9
Safety Precautions.....................................................................................................................................10
Procedure..................................................................................................................................................11
1st Section..................................................................................................................................................11
2nd Section.................................................................................................................................................12
3rd Section..................................................................................................................................................12
Result........................................................................................................................................................12
1st part.......................................................................................................................................................13
2nd part.......................................................................................................................................................14
3rd part.......................................................................................................................................................16
Discussion..................................................................................................................................................17
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................21
Reference................................................................................................................................................22
Synopsis
The described dissertation contributes to a better understanding of the experimentation
conducted by engineering students in order to investigate the executing principle of the
flow measurement devices, namely rotameter, orifice plate and measuring nozzle. The
entire process was performed utilizing HM 150 base module and the HM 150.13 –
modules for flow calculation produced by the German company G.U.N.T. The foremost
objective of the method is the application of different streamers to calculate fluid
volumetric flow rates and to detect (as a rotamètre) through numerical simulations (as a
plate and nozzle, as a standard), the necessary level amounts from instruments (by
beaker and chronometer). The correlation of reference predictions and standard values
is defined as differences between two different values, as seen in the results section.
The testing phase consists of three parts that are separately assigned to each unit. In
the first part, both the rotating value and 7 times the beaker and stopwatch are used to
determine the water flow rate. From the gauges are registered the pressure head value
systems for inlet and outlet of the rotameter. The graph of the second and third sections
is almost the same: differentiated pressurizing head values are calculated by gage
gauges, and the flow rate is regulated by the rotameter, which in this process is used as
the reference value. This detail is used in the results chapter of the article to identify
unidentified and necessary values such as volumetric rate of flow, pressure loss
difference and variance. With a theory context the relation between the above values is
explained in detail and the graphs for clearer appreciation are illustrated, while possible
explanations are analysed for getting variances in the same range. Varieties were
calculated at 2.222% and 22.5% for the rotameter; the same parameters were
estimated at the orifice plate and the measuring nozzle at 1.722% - 22.238% and
1.795% - 16.4%. Several relevant approaches are described in the discussion section to
reduce the extent of these variances. The safeguards and various system proposals are
provided in the separate section for fast and useful conduct of the lab work. Eventually,
by acquiring necessary values and links between volumetric flow rates and pressure
losses, fundamental steps were done.
Introduction
In addition to temperature and pressure measures for the management of the optimum
mode operation and the monitor over industrial processes, fluid flow metering within the
pipelines is one of the main duties. The performance efficiency of flow measurement is
vital to guarantee the appropriate product quality for the international market in the food
sector as well as the semiconductor production, although accurate measurement
findings are necessary in scientific project activities for truthful and reasonable analysis
of chemical operations. The fluid manufactured in the system shall be weighed on large
manufacturing sites in order to ascertain how much the product is generated in relation
with the feed supplied for a period of time. The flow rate figures are often used to
describe unknown process diagram dimensions such as pressures, the speed of the
fluid, loss of pressure, etc.

Have a look at the history of the invention of the first irrigation systems for antique urban
harvest and water provision. Take a look at the first flow measurement methods. In
5000 B.C in ancient Sumerian towns of Kish and UR, the people of Tigris and
Euphrates (which were the provisions of the Urbanic water system) were used to
calculate the water flow by observing water elevation levels at a basic barrier in this
region, in comparison to their earlier past. The Weir rudiments were commonly applied
in the rivers in Ancient Egypt for the prediction of the abundance or scarcity of the next
season. In 1450 the Italian architect Battista Alberti developed the first airflow
measurement device, an anemometer (indicating wind speeds), by measuring the angle
of the wind force wind-rotated disk. The enormously rapid growth in the fabrication of
flow measuring equipment in the last 30 years has been witnessed in a variety of and
requirements, which is expected to follow the economic boom in the period. There are
three rates of flow to evaluate for the flow characteristics: the fluid velocity, the
volumetric flow rate and the mass flow rate inside the pipelines. For manufacturing
applications, the volumetric flow is needed compared to other defined variables and,
thus, by Bernoulli's principle, the vast majority of the instruments are used to measure
the volumetric fluid flow rate. Diverse classes may be categorized relating to working
methods – barrier process, flow meters (moving members), positive displacement,
variable area meters, and electronic flowmeters. transducer classification.

The principle behind these technologies is focused on the force of the fluid, which works
against the obstacle. The next most widely used industrial procedures are oriented
plates, venturi measurers, annubar, nozzles, rotamers, electromagnetic, vortex,
ultrasonic, turbine flow meters. The report given distributes in research lab conditions
the examination technique for the above three transductors (orifice plate, evaluating
nozzle and rotameter).

In Aachen, Germany, Karl Kueppers unveiled the first edition of rotameters in 1908.
This flow meter was developed since then in various categories and models, especially
by the company "Deutsche Rotawerke GmbH." The system consisted merely of a
vertical tapered tube and float of various materials. The flow rate (liquid or gas) is
applied through the tube and corresponds to its volumetric flow. The fluid is affected and
the float is increased to the limit of compensation for flooding and the gravitational
forces. The indication indicates the volumetric flow within the pipe at the sharp end of
the fluid. The glass rotamers are commonly utilized in the industrial sector, where tube,
metal, plastic or glass structures are borosilicate, and the jagged float material is
applied. Since glasse pipes for high temperature and pressure fluid are not accurate,
metal rotameters (brass, aluminum and stainless steel) are used with magnetic indices
to detect the external numbers. Due to straightforward deployment, productive
implementation and convenient maintenance rotameters (variable zone flowmeters)
have found a vast variety of applications in the industry. For fluids with low flow rate
such as fluid samples, levels analysis, machine enclosures and purging control routes,
low flow and glass tube purging rotamers are usually used. The flow rate at the suction
and discharge was calculated by the widely used glass rotary tube rotaters for the
measurement of natural gas flow in the furnaces and the oven. The armored purge
meter for non-conductive flow flanged blind flow meters may be used for highly
corrosive and pressurized fluid.

In Thomas Weymouth's paper, the first experimental observations on the application of

the orifice sheet for measuring the flow date back to 1912. The plate contains of a metal
disk with a hole, incorporated as a restriction into the pipeline. The flowers are used to
set their location. The difference pressure, correlated with the volumetric flow rate, can
be determined by recording the pressure values from inlet and outlet. The orifice plates
can be classified in many classes according to the design of the hole on the plate. The
most prominent examples in the petrol or gas industry are square edge bore plates. The
quadrant boring bores are designed for fluids with high viscosity, such as slurry, siups
and crude oil. The pipelines of paper, steel, heavy and light chemical, petrochemicals
and nuclear chemicals include eccentric boreholes (a hole near the border instead of
the middle, as in eccentrically). Segmental orifice bores can offer much further
comprehensive statistics for sewage and water treatment.

The nozzles are configured to combine a tube with an orifice plate and show better
output than the instruments referred to above. As in the opening plate, the differential
pressure approach also allows the flow calculation. The mediums of low viscosity, high
flow rate, and erosive use are applied primarily. The monitoring of nozzles in electrical
and thermal power plants and the water flow services are very common.

The science lab simulation was carried out with the use of three leading flow meters in
order to study the flow transducers and their performance characteristics. The major
objective of this study is to examine rotameter and traditional flow measurement
methods and to detect the variability between these comparative values. In the first
stage of the experiment, the rotameter acknowledgement with the accompanying flow
was reported whereas the water volume was reported six times over a calculated
period. Comparisons were carried out with the values in traditional and rotameter
estimations. The orifice plate and measuring nozzle were mounted on the pipeline for
the second and third stage, and their flow rate counted four times per rotator. And in the
meantime, for additional computations, head pressures at suction and discharge for all
cases were reported. The discourse section discusses the variances and fascinating
patterns resulting from quantitative data and implied potential differences.

Theory
The key components and theoretical context of the system
are presented to explain the operating software of the
rotameter. The area flow meter variable consists of two
main components: the tapered (plastic) tube, and the float.
The fluid flow enters from the ground and goes upwards and
leaves the structure as shown in Figure 1. As the liquid
reaches the channel, the action of the float is proportionate
to the flow rate of the fluid and the float-wall area. The
sectional cross section of the devices increases to the top
and the pressure differential decreases accordingly. The
float travels along the tube and achieves equilibrium when
the said forces exceed the same magnitude with the net

Picture1: Rotameter
boosting and gravitational influence. The edge of the float indicator indicates that the
measured liquid has a volumetric flow rate. The float travels with the velocity head
rather than the very marginal effect of gasses. For each temperature, viscosity and
medium, the system is calibrated and it is therefore necessary to pre-specify the
machinery for the measured fluid in order to prevent a wide range of errors. The
rotameter has various characteristics that contribute to making it more desirable than
other equipment. Since the flow calculation is performed with area shift, it is easier to
calculate the reading scale of the rotameter linearly. It is also easy to install since the
power supply and extra attachments are not needed. As a disadvantage, however, only
one temperature and pressures at the same time can be modified to calculate the range
of liquids and adjusting it to the system reading is difficult.

The volumetric flow of water is also described by the use of beaker and the stop watch
in this phase of the investigation. This traditional method will determine the volumetric
flow rate by simply entering an algorithm.

. V
V= (1)
t

The calculated head loss and the resulting pressure loss can be defined by the
subsequent formula as the gauge manometers are used in the calculation of the head
pressure at the instrument's inlet and outlet.

h ( nc )=h1−h 2 (2)

∆ P=ρ∗g∗h (ms) (3)

The platform Orifice is a metal panel

with a cross-section opening within
the shaft. The device is mounted on
each side with the aid of piping
flanges. When flow approaches the
convergence, its speed grows and the
pressure drops accordingly.
Following the hole the liquid proceeds to intersect on the "vena Picture 2: Orifice Plate

contracta" which is situated downstream of the plate, until the minimal diameter
location. At this place, the presence of turbulent eddies converts some quantity of
cinematic energy into the sun.
The flow reaches a pressure recovery section through the
restriction zone and recuperate a portion of the lost pressure by
extending along the pipe. For the observation of the pressure loss
throughout the platform, measuring tappings are mounted on both
sides of the instrument. The primary disadvantage of the device is
that the plate is noted with considerable loss of pressure that
cannot be rescued. Hence, apertures are primarily applied in
areas where pressure drops do not significantly affect the system.
Four classes of orifices are used in the manufacturing sectors
relying on what type of hole: eccentric, concentric, segmentary and quadrant edge.

The volumetric flow rate derivation process takes a sequence of iterations. For the first
taping point, as well as the vena contracta, the Bernoulli Picture 3: Types of Orifice Plates

equilibrium is denoted as

2 2
P 1 u1 P2 u2
: + + Z 1= + + Z 2 (4)
q∗p 2∗g q∗p 2∗g

1 2 1 2 P1 P2
u2 − u1 = − (5)
2 2 ρ ρ

The elevation terminology can be omitted and the formula adjusted as the unit is
positioned horizontal:

u 2∗A 2=u 1∗A 1

A1
u 2=u 1 (6)
A2
The algorithm for the volumetric flow rate can be computed by replacing this relationship
with equation 5:

√(
. 2∆ P
Q = A1∗
)
(7)
2
A1
ρ 2
−1
A2

This relationship does not, however, represent truth, so certain coefficients of correction
are required to obtain real values:

Q. =α∗ε∗A d∗
√ 2 ∆ P (8)
ρ
By merging all factor K parameters, the mathematical formula can be simplified as a
finished state:

Q =K∗√ ∆ P (9)
.

The operating philosophy of the nozzle is much like the opening plate, but it is more
detailed and effective. The specifications of the venturi tube and the orifice plate for the
output and structure are combined. Tappings for measuring head values are
constructed before and after the pin. Contrary to the orifice plate, the fluid no longer
converges after it leaves the bush and has little pressure loss. While it offers a high-
pressure recovery, the systems have some drawbacks, such as complicated
construction, a low minority of Reynolds and high costs. The evaluating nozzle
equations for the orifice plate are identical.

Picture 4: Nozzle of Flow meter

The aberration from the comparative reference figures can be seen by the expression
conferred:

Theoretical value−Experimental value

varience %= ∗100 % (10)
Theoretical value

 P1 , P2 -static pressure
 𝜌- density (kq/m^3)
 Hs – head loss (m)
 λ – friction factor emerging from the distances between pressure entry points and
valve ending and initial points (no dimension)
 g – gravitational acceleration (m/s 2)
 L – length of the pipe under consideration(m)
 d – pipe diameter(m)
 Q – volumetric flow rate (m3 /s )
  ℜ – Reynolds number to know whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. (no
dimension)
 v – flow velocity (m/s)
 Ad −aperure cross−section of converger (m2)
 α ∧ε−flow∧expansion coefficient ( dimensionless )
 Z 1∧Z 2−heights of point 1 ,2
 u 1∧u−velocities ∈ point 1∧2
 t−time(second )

Experimental Details
Apparatus and equipment
In chemistry lab environment two essential units were used to perform the investigation
successfully: the core module HM 150 and the measurement system HM 150.13.
Whereas the basis module provided the device with water pressure, the HM 150.13
permitted the study participants, in three different flowmeters, namely rotamers, hole
platform and measuring pin, to measure the flow rate of the water.

The scientific research phase was

performed with the help of G.U.N.T.'s HM
150 base module and HM 150.11 units. For
other units unique to various subjects the
HM 150 serves as workpiece surface. It
provides water ventilation for the upper part
of the building (in this case the HM 150.11)
and uses electric power to lift the material
to the height provided by the pumping
system. Following the start of the process
Picture1; HM150
the water will be stored for future use in the
storage tank. The beaker and the timer given in advance can also calculate the fluid's
volumetric flow.

HM 150.13 makes observation in

4 various measurement
instruments, including the venturi
nozzle, the measuring nozzle, the
orifice platform and the rotameter,
of a pressure drop and volumetric
fluid transition. To ensure direct process observation, all apparatuses are equipped with
transparent case. The pressure head of the flow is displayed through plastic pipes
connected to the ring chambers with six pipe manometers. The device is conveniently
positioned on the HM 150 for water sources, otherwise test supplies can also be
considered as a replacement. The following is a brief summary of the unit.

A close review of the key flowmeters will provide clearer clarification of their operating
and building principles.

Picture 4; Measuring Nozzle

Picture3; Rotameter

Safety Precautions
A strong set of general laboratory safety regulations is essential to avoid incidents and
catastrophes in laboratories. I would like to look at or concentrate on an important point:
in liquid mechanics and special work caution on equipment used during tests there are
general laboratory rules to comply with. Since last year there have been a number of
general laboratory safety regulations. (To check the wire before the experiment starts,
to wear safety guns whenever necessary and not to distort any device without the
laboratory assistant's permission).

 For an energy machinery base modulus (HM 150), care with the control room
during the connection to and removal of the device is of the utmost importance.
The liquid sprinkling to the control room will lead to the electrical shock, as the
liquid is very permeable.
  The temp of the neighbouring regions should be kept at room temperature. The
frozen temperature causes the water to freeze, which damages the system and
the pump.
 Afore the laboratory activity, the water level in the container should be monitored.
The pump function requires ample water.
 Drainage system should be controlled because the erosion or formation of
granulation tissue may be caused by filled water. The water is refreshed on an
ongoing basis.
 In order to concentrate on only one drain, the valves of the apparatus should be
checked, and unnecessary valves locked. To avoid overpressure, the output
valve should really be free.
 During employment with hoses, additional care is required so that the plastic
parts are not damaged, and the pressure findings are correct.
 The interrogator should be vigilant to find the measured bottle in definite direction
and certain connectors fitted correctly during replacement with orifice plate, or
vice versa. Further pressurized oxygen to the pipelines must be prevented.
 The rotameter should be flushed when all valves are activated to assure
protection before commencing the process for scrubbing the device from
contaminants and tiny air particles.

Procedure
As all of the protection measures are taken into consideration, the systems can be
placed fully. With the exception of the outlet valve, the machine valves should be shut.
Tubes are properly wired to the measurement points. The base module is
intently plugged into the power connection, the pump and emergency switches are
enabled. The device is tested slowly by opening the main valve. Pressure manometers
are adjusted by black valves when the air bubbles are removed from the device. At last,
the inlet valve for the optimal portion is started opening and the estimations can be
made as follows.

1st Section
The rotameter is measured, and its amounts are reported for subsequent debate in the
first phase of this research.
  The hose is first linked through pressure gauges in the upper and lower circle
chambers of the rotameter.
 The inlet valve for the water is progressively opened to some extent.
 The rotameter confirmation is indicated. The leading layer of the float shows the
correct flow rate level.
 2l beaker is concurrently immersed in liquid from the drain, and a stop monitor
records the appropriate time to fill up those water quantities.
 The process is replicated five times and plots are shown using value systems.

2nd Section
The second part is primarily concentrated on the flux meter of the hole plates.

 The tubes have been attached and the inlet valve is opened to the measures on
the hole plate.
 The pressurized head measurements are displayed in units of mm using the
gage gauges.
 The flow rate is simultaneously ascertained even in the clear signs of the
rotameter.
 The intake valve opening grade is adjusted and the volumetric flux changes are
then altered.
 In the derivations of recognized values in the resulting component, values for 4
distinct flow rates are reported and used.

3rd Section
In this part, the judging nozzle is applied to the position of the opening plate. The entire
method and the sequence of activities are the same as the second part. Both
manometers and rotameter set the data.

The pump and the rescue switch are powered off after all measures have been finished,
and the liquid is shut off. With the inclusion of the drain valve, the valves are locked. In
order to inhibit the power demand to the pump, the basic unit is thoughtfully connected.

Result
Since all the required dimensions can be gathered from the instruments, some
simulations can be made relying on the methodologies in the document's theory.
1st part
The inputs for the device are the amounts of both the rotameter and the conditional
measurement process. Initially, the unit can calculate differential pressure by means
of straightforward mathematical analogy:

h ( ms ) =h 1−h 2=188 mm−24 mm=164 mm

Δh for the rotameter with reciprocal flow rates is determined on the basis of the
differential head value achieved (temperature is considered as 20°C and density of
liquid respectively 998 kg/m^3 for the storage conditions).

kg m −3 m −2
ΔP=ρ∗g∗h ( ms )=998 ∗9.81 2 ∗164 mm∗10 ∗10 =16.056 mbar
m
3
s mm

The beaker and the timer volumetric flow can be obtained by utilizing mathematical
statement 1:

10 l
∗3600 s
. 186 s l
V= =193.548
1h h

After that, it is essential to define the difference within experimental and reference
values:

|193.548−150|
varience %= ∗100 %=22.5 %
193.548

All figures were subject to all the identical quantitative variables and this schedule was
derived as follows:
 Table 1Values for experiment with rotameter

Graph1

Flow rates vs variance

1800 25
1600
20
Display flow rate, L/h

1400
1200
15

Variance
1000
800
10
600
400 5
200
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Calculated flow rate, L/h

Flow display V in L/h Variance δ in %

Graph2.

Rotameter experiment
Pressure loss in Δp

Measuring time in

Flow display V in

Variance δ in %
flowrate L/h
volume in l

volumetric
calculated

Head loss Δh in mmWC

mbar

L/h
№
s

h1 h2 Δh
1 188 24 164 16.056 10 186 193.548 150 22.500
2 189 25 164 16.056 10 66 545.455 500 8.333
3 194 22 172 16.839 10 41 878.049 800 8.889
4 202 22 180 17.623 10 35 1028.571 1000 2.778
5 207 24 183 17.916 10 26 1384.615 1300 6.111
6 219 33 186 18.210 10 25 1440.000 1400 2.778
7 222 34 188 18.406 10 23 1565.217 1600 2.222

2nd part
The orifice plate values were also proceeded as the rotameter. The calculated head loss and loss of
pressure are extracted from a certain methods of estimation:

h ( ms ) =h 1−h 2=94 mm−90 mm=4 mm

kg m −3 m −2
ΔP=ρ∗g∗h ( ms )=998 ∗9.81 2 ∗4 mm∗10 ∗10 =0.392 mbar
m
3
s mm
 Equation 9 defines the theoretical volumetric flow rate via using the K value as 293.

Q =293∗√ 0.392=183.357 l/h

.

Coming to the variance,

|1 83.357−150|
varience %= ∗100 %=22.238 %
150

The same procedures are applied to others:

Table 2Derived values for experiment with Orifice plate.

Orifice Plate Measurement

Flow
Head loss Δh in mmWC Pressure Flow V
№ display V in Variance δ in
loss in P calculated in
L/h %
mbar L/h
(rotameter
Head loss Δh in mmWC
h1 h2 Δh
1 94 90 4 0.392 150 183.357 22.238
2 86 51 35 3.427 500 542.377 8.475
3 124 44 80 7.832 800 819.997 2.500
4 208 51 157 15.371 1100 1148.728 4.430
5 330 53 277 27.119 1500 1525.834 1.722

Graph3

Flow rates vs pressure head loss

Flow display V in L/h (rotameter Flow V calculated in L/h

1800
1600
1400
Flow rates, L/h

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
pressure head loss,mm
Graph4

Flow rates vs variance

1800 25
1600
1400 20
1200
15
1000
800
10
600
400 5
200
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Flow V calculated in L/h Linear (Flow V calculated in L/h)

Variance δ in %

3rd part
The quantification nozzle equations are similar to the statistics of the orifice plate except for a K-
l
coefficient of 231 .
h √ mbar
h ( ms ) =h 1−h 2=96 mm−91mm=5 mm

kg m −3 m −2
ΔP=ρ∗g∗h ( ms )=998 ∗9.81 2 ∗5 mm∗10 ∗10 =0.490 mbar
m
3
s mm

Q =2 31∗√ 0.490=161/621l/h
.

|161.621−150|
varience %= ∗100 %=7.747 %
1 50

Table 3Calculated values for experiment with measuring nozzle.

Measuring Nozzle Measurement

Variance δ in
Pressure loss

calculated in
displayed V
in Δp mbar

rotameter)
in L/h (on

Head loss Δh in mmWC

Flow V
Flow

L/h

№
%

h1 h2 Δh
1 96 91 5 0.490 150 161.621 7.747
2 77 14 63 6.168 500 573.696 14.739
3 193 65 128 12.532 800 817.743 2.218
4 322 82 240 23.497 1100 1119.740 1.795
5 313 12 301 29.469 1500 1253.993 16.400
Graph5

Flow rates vs head losses

1600
1400
1200
Flow rates, L/h

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
head losses, mm

Flow displayed V in L/h (on rotameter) Flow V calculated in L/h

Graph6

Flow rates vs variance

1400 18
1200 16
14
V(calculated), L/h

1000
12
800 10 Variance, %
600 8
6
400
4
200 2
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
V(display), L/h

Flow V calculated in L/h Linear (Flow V calculated in L/h)

Variance δ in %

Discussion
The explanations beyond those signs can be detailed on the basis of the theoretical and
practical context when all the necessary values are derived and the discrepancy from
expectations is found. The principal instruments used in this operation include a rotary
knife, aperture platform and a pin, which operate on the HM 150.13 machine.

The rotary meter is used for measuring the volumetric flow rate of the water during the
first part of the experiment. Via gage gauge manometers, the pressure head data were
calculated from the outlet and inlet. From the values obtained, the inlet and outlet values
of the rotameter are seen to increase as the flow rate increases. The phenomena satisfy
the Bernoulli theorem ideally as it claims that when the flow rate increases, the fluid's
static pressure drops, as the pressure head parameters on our trial have to be taken
into consideration. Some variations between 164.00 and 188.00 mm can be seen in
differential pressure head values. The pressure loss score is generated from a
formulae that incorporates the loss amounts in each head, so that the final pressure
losses of maximal 18,406mbar and minimal 16,056mbar are equal from each head loss
amount. The volumetric flow rates in the rotameter taper tube were changed each time
from at least 150 l/h with a minimum 100 l/h added. At the same time, beakers and
stopwatches were wielded in each instance to determine the volumetric flow rate. As a
reference and the difference of the rotameter from the numbers were evaluated, the
figures derived from beaker assessments were calculated in calculation process It is
important to remember that the findings found a considerable amount of the variance of
22.5%, 8.333%, 8.889%, 2,778%, 6,111%, 2.778% and 2.222.0%. The values indicated
were shown in the charts shown in the study's results paragraph.

The authors of this study focussed primarily on the orifice plate, its head values, and the
measured volumetric flow rates of the rotameter in the second part of the operation The
head values of both the inlet and the outlet in the hole plate increase in comparison to
the rotary meter. The explanation for the disobedience to Bernoulli can be explained by
stating that the measurement points are not located on the pipe inlet and outlet point but
are attached explicitly to the opening plate section itself. The 2nd head value is higher
than the 1st head value. Due to the fact that when the fluid reaches the system it meets
the aperture plate and the convergence zone (with the background of the continuity
equation, the lower cross-section region corresponds to the higher speed), and on the
basis of Bernoulli's law, the static pressure decreases. The pattern can be seen as the
differential head values are examined. It is explained that, as the flow rate rises the flow
collapses to the plate much harder, resulting in more chaotic edges in the convergence
region. As the eddies take some energy, the system loses more pressure. Powerful
proof of this hypothesis is the rising differential pressure loss values (0.392 mbar, 3.427
mbar, 7.832mbar, 15.371mbar and 27.119mbar). Formula 9 also estimates the
volumetric flow rate for measurements and the rotameter values. The difference
between the statistics listed was found to be 22.238%, 8.475%, 2.5%, 4.430%, and
1.722%. The explanation for these large variations is that, after crossing the
convergence zone, the fluid flow can recover only 60-80 percent of its preliminary
pressure on the aperture plate. Scatter plot 3 shows the relationship between the flow
rate amounts measured and shown with head loss reliance. As noted, both flow rates
are growing, with rising head losses. And the values are about the same, with higher
values for the measured ones, which show the experiment's sufficiency. The 4th
diagram provides an accurate harmonization of these numbers as well as the linear
dependency on the measured values shown, although the difference between them is
still reduced with growing rates of flow.

The third section has been fitted with the nozzle and repeated the same process. The
first pressure head values show the same series, because the nozzle is also
constructed in the same structure with the hole plate. Nevertheless, from the first to the
fourth test, the second pressure head numbers are rising. In relative terms to the orifice
plate, the hypothesis can indicate a greater pressure loss through all of the nozzle. In
relation to the opening plate, the tendency may indicate the greater pressure loss
through the bottle. Both differential head and pressure loss amounts are increasing,
accordingly between 5mm and 301mm and 0.49mbar up to 29.469mbar. The theoretical
volumetric flow rates in the orifice plate case were calculated using the same procedure.
The final differences between these ratios are 7.747%, 14.739%, 2.218%, 1.795% and
16.4%. It is commonly accepted that testing dust is more exact than opening panels, but
the values assert the opposite of this principle. The kind of tubes used in the operation
is responsible for this contradiction. For observation of the intended procedure, the
appropriate size of the pipe and difference ratio must be calculated in advance. The
nozzle will possibly produce higher blunders than the opening plates in the tiny diameter
tube. As the nozzle works in a limited flow range, in each case the same design should
not be expected. The measured and shown flow rates increase with head loss and
almost in the same direction, with computed values in a much higher location, from
graph 5. The linear linkage between reference and measured fluctuations is shown
again in Graph 6. With rising flow rates and variations, the variability is declining. The
correlation between all three instruments shows that the rotameter is the least precise in
laboratories with limited piping while the aperture plate can be regarded as highly
precise in variance values.

There are some error explanations linked to the misconduct of the sample and the
technical instruments due to its magnitude in the proportional form. The system is
optimized for working in conditions of 10°C temperature in terms of variable area –
rotameter (usually with a 1 to 2% error range, which is significantly less than the
observed one); but the procedure was performed in roughly 20 ° C. This temperature
kg kg
variation leads to separate water density amounts 999.77 3 and 998.29 3.
m m
Numerous recommendations can be made to reduce the variances by observing the
key causes of defects. As previously indicated, only for a single fluid type can rotamers
be used under fixed conditions. The rotameter should therefore be adjusted annually
and its dimensions should be adjusted to its setting. In order to prevent gathering of
external objects on the orifice panel board, orifice plates may be applied, which,
compared to the concentrated plates that are implemented in the trial, achieves more
stability in tough environment. The eccentric plates cover the top part of the pipe and
allow stable component mobility to the bottom. In the vertical orientation of the shaft, the
issue can be fixed by inserting the hole plates. The upstream of the opening plate is 10-
to 35 times straight length and the downstream 5-20 times straight pipeline can be used
for engineering settings under normal regulatory. Since it is not handled in a standard
laboratory structure, it is necessary to anticipate some errors. This will help to enhance
the precision of proportions by taking certain measurements into account. This will help
to increase the validity of specifications by taking certain parameters into account. In
spite of better copes with massive fragments in the pipeline, it is advisable to attach it
vertically downwards with flow to avoid the accumulation of impurities as stated for the
orifice sheet. Tables have shown that the determining nozzle has a high level of
pressure loss. The more diffuser cone may be placed upstream of the nozzle. The
diffuser's four-fold diameter will allow the complete recovery of the pressure loss as the
water extends to the walls. The continual lubrication of plastic components may be
necessary to increase the lifetime and efficiency of both units. This is also a crucial
portion of the great maintenance demands. If all of the above recommendations are
considered, greater precision may be obtained in the measuring process.
Conclusion
The mass production of oil & gas commodities on the international economy is
increasingly demanded in the new developed world. The process processes as well as
calculating and signalling instruments advance every day to satisfy the customers'
wishes with high quality and improved procedures. There is now a need for high-
precision and secure flowmeter, as economic information like total financial loss and
profit are generated by regular processing of feed and product flow. Rotameter, orifice
plate and measurement nozzle are the type of appliances based on this procedure and
are positioned on the HM 150,13 unit with base modulus HM 150.The aim of this
research is to measure the volumetric streams of the liquid in two separate approaches
and associate them with the variance. The mbar pressure losses can also be obtained
from examining the pressure differential amounts on the gauge gauge. The operation is
carried out in accordance with the measures included in the report's analytical tactic.
First, the rotary meter was utilized to track flow rate adjustments as well as beaker and
chronometer measurements. The latter and third parties of the trial were used to
calculate the pressure heads in the gauges and to obtain the flow rate figures from the
rotator as a reference. The empirical history was used to detect the variances between
the instrument and theoretical values when all the relevant data were collected. For
visual analysis, the graphs describing the correlation between measured flow rates,
shown flow rate, fluctuations and head loss. The results for the sample with
measurement of the dozen are 22.5 %, 8.333%, 8.889%, 2.778%, 6.11%, 2.778% and
2.222% for the rotator, 22.238%, 8.475%, 2.5%, 4.430%, and 1.722% for the orifice
plate within this acceptable range, and finally 7.747%, 14.739%, 2.218%, 1.795% and
16.4% for the machine. The explanations for these deviations were addressed in detail
and a number of recommendations for further development were made in the
discussion portion of the research. When all is said and done, the principal goals of the
testing were reached with the requisite expertise and information about the methods for
measuring flow, and the process can be seen as satisfactory taking into account the
magnitude of the deviations.

Reference
 (Orifice Plates for the Gas and Oil Industry FROM Texarkana, TX. Since 1975,
the staff of Kelley Instrument Machine, Inc. has felt privileged to serve the natural
gas industry. We are proud that the manufacturing of quality Kelley® Orifice
Plates has never been a sideline business, but our number-one concern.)
 Flow Measurement and Instrumentation - Journal – Elsevier
(javascript:openWebLink('https://www.journals.elsevier.com/flow-measurement-
and-instrumentation/'))
 Smaisim, G. F. (December 2017). Fluid Flow Measurement Techniques.
Research Gate, 1-21.
 IXth Conference on Computers in Chemical Research and Education (ICCCRE)
M Lynch, 1990
 Book Review: Flow Measurement Handbook (Second Edition) Roger C. Baker
Henry, 2017