Modeling Analog Non linearities for Delta Sigma Modulator

Behavioral system level understanding & simulations

Common Biomedical Signals

Low frequency and low amplitude signals Detection difficult as coupled with flicker noise, Common mode noise and voltage. Electrodes eliminate common mode gain. DC component eliminated - choppers

electrode offset

Bio Signal sensing and processing system

System Level Specifications

Input Signal BW=05 Hz to 1KHz OSR= 1024 Order of Modulator= 2 LP or BP= LP DR= 70dB ENOB= 18 QUANTIZATION BITS=1

Performance Parameters

For OSR=1024 L=2 B=1 DR(dB)=115 ENOB=18

Calculating coefficients

The calculation of these coefficients is based on the fact that the pulse response of filter is weighted response of the all the pulses generated by each feedback in DSM architecture. This yields us with a system of linear equations ..

The output matrix

System of linear equations

Solution to the system of linear equations gives us the required coefficients

non-idealities

Modeling Clock Jitter

Variations from ideal clock edges vary the feedback pulse length
Clock jitter causes error sequence in CT : e(z) = { y(n) y(n-1) } * bn /Ts Adds additional noise in DAC through feedback which is NOT shaped by loop filter Simulation show NRZ codes & multi bit quantization are less sensitive to jitter

Modeling Integrator Noise

thermal noise - caused by random fluctuations of carriers due to thermal energy white spectrum and wide band, limited the BW of the operational amplifiers Flicker noise - 1/f noise decrease with frequency increase Time domain emulated sources of both noises are sum of N sine waves with random phase

Modeling Finite Gain & GBW

Ideally infinite but actually limited by circuit constraints & op amp open loop gain

pole of integrator is pushed from dc to a / (Ao + 1)

TF of finite GBW & gain is:

Ideal TF is replaced by this eq. in simulink model

Modeling Slew Rate

Rate at which the output changes with the change in input

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else

Slew rate of 1 st integrator is important!!! Insufficient slew rate increase noise floor & cause harmonic distortion

Modeling Linearity and Distortion

Non-linear effects:
Non-linear o/p current dependent on differential pair Finite o/p resistance of current source/sink

Non-linear transconductance is expressed as:

Alpha 1 &2 can be extracted from circuit behavior & curve-fitting method

Modeling Saturation Voltage

Output of integrator is clipped because the transistors connected to supply rails are not in saturation

SIMULATION RESULTS