Hindawi

Advances in Mathematical Physics

Volume 2018, Article ID 4743567, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4743567

Research Article
Approximate Symmetry Analysis and Approximate Conservation
Laws of Perturbed KdV Equation

Yu-Shan Bai and Qi Zhang

Department of Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Yu-Shan Bai; mbaiyushan@imut.edu.cn

Received 9 February 2018; Revised 11 August 2018; Accepted 27 August 2018; Published 9 September 2018

Academic Editor: Boris G. Konopelchenko

Copyright © 2018 Yu-Shan Bai and Qi Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Approximate symmetries, which are admitted by the perturbed KdV equation, are obtained. The optimal system of one-dimensional
subalgebra of symmetry algebra is obtained. The approximate invariants of the presented approximate symmetries and some new
approximately invariant solutions to the equation are constructed. Moreover, the conservation laws have been constructed by using
partial Lagrangian method.

1. Introduction yields the approximate conservation laws for a perturbed

The partial differential equations (PDEs) with small param-
eter have been arisen in mathematics, physics, mechanics,
etc. For these perturbed equations, the finding of analytic
solutions, conservation laws, symmetries, etc. is essential in
these related fields. Traditionally, various perturbation meth-
ods are used to solve such equations. In addition, emerging
innovative methods such as the inverse scattering transfor-
mation method, homotopy perturbation method, Adomian
decomposition method, and approximate symmetry method
have been developed fast in the past few decades [1–4].
The approximate symmetry method, which is developed by
Baikov, Gazizov, and Ibragimov [3, 4] in the 1980s, shows an
effectiveness to obtain approximate solutions to a perturbed
PDEs. The idea behind this development was the extension
of Lie’s theory in which a small perturbation of the original
equation is encountered. The new method maintains the
essential features of the standard Lie symmetry method and
provides us with the most widely applicable technique to
find the approximate solutions to a perturbed differential
equations [5, 6].
The construction of conservation laws is one of the key
applications of symmetries to physical problems [7, 8]. But
for perturbed systems, one hindrance is how to construct
conservation laws. Combined with the Noether theory and
Lagrangian principle, the approximate symmetry method
PDEs. There are mainly two methods. One approach, based
on generalizations of the Noether’s theorem to perturbed
equations, is given to get approximate conservation laws
via the approximate Noether symmetries associated with a
Lagrangian of the perturbed equations [5, 9]. This method
depends on the existence of the Lagrangian functional for
underlying differential equations. The other approach (also
called partial Lagrangian method), which is presented by
Johnpillai, Kara, and Mahomed [10, 11], demonstrates how
one can construct approximate conservation laws of Eular-
Type PDEs via approximate Noether-type symmetry opera-
tors associated with partial Lagrangian. Partial Lagrangian
method can construct approximate conservation laws of
perturbed equations via approximate operators that are not
necessarily approximate symmetry operators of the under-
lying system of equations. This method is used for more
general equations as even the equations do not admit essential
Lagrangian.
In this paper, we consider perturbed KdV equation
𝑢𝑡 − 6𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝛼 (𝑢 + 2𝑥𝑢𝑥 ) − 𝜀𝛽 (2𝑢 + 𝑥𝑢𝑥 )
(1)
= 0,
where 𝜀 is a small parameter, while 𝛼 and 𝛽 are arbitrary
constants. Obviously, the equation has no Lagrangian because
of its odd order. In [12], E. S. Benilov and B. A. Malomed
2 Advances in Mathematical Physics

discussed the equation based on the inverse scattering trans-
formation and showed its integrability. When 𝛽 = 2𝛼 (1)
has important applications in the description of nonlinear ion
acoustic waves in an inhomogeneous plasma. For many other
applications of (1), please refer to [2, 12, 13] and the references
therein.
In this article, with the application of approximate sym-
metry method and partial Lagrangian method, we will inves-
tigate (1) and show its all first-order approximate symmetries.
Furthermore, we will also construct several approximate
solutions and approximate conservation laws of the equation.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2
gives some basic concepts and notations. Section 3 analyzes
approximate symmetries of (1) by applying the approx-
imate symmetry method, developed by Baikov, Gazizov,
and Ibragimov. We compute the optimal system of the
presented approximate symmetries. In Section 4 we generate
the approximate invariants of presented approximate symme-
tries and construct corresponding approximately invariant
solutions. Section 5, the final part, presents approximate
conservation laws via partial Lagrangian method.
in which 𝑘 is order of equation and 𝑋(𝑘) is 𝑘 − 𝑡ℎ order
prolongation of 𝑋. The operator (5) satisfying (7) is called an
infinitesimal approximate symmetry or an approximate oper-
ator admitted by (3). Accordingly, (7) is termed the determin-
ing equation for approximate symmetries.
Remark 2. The determining equation (7) can be written as
follows:
𝑋(𝑘)
0 𝐹0 (𝑧) = 𝜆 (𝑧) 𝐹0 (𝑧) , (8)
𝑋(𝑘) (𝑘)
1 𝐹0 (𝑧) + 𝑋0 𝐹1 (𝑧)) = 𝜆 (𝑧) 𝐹1 (𝑧) . (9)
The factor 𝜆(𝑧) is determined by (8) and then substituted in
(9). The latter equation must hold for all solutions of 𝐹0 (𝑧) =
0. Comparing (8) with the determining equation of exact
symmetries, we obtain the following statement.
Theorem 3 (see [5]). If (3) admits an approximate transfor-
mation group with the generator 𝑋 = 𝑋0 + 𝜀𝑋1 , where 𝑋0 ≠ 0,
then the operator

2. Notations and Definitions
We will use the following notations and definitions. Let 𝐺 be
a one-parameter approximate transformation group:
𝑧̃𝑖 ≈ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑎, 𝜀) ≡ 𝑓0𝑖 (𝑧, 𝑎) + 𝜀𝑓1𝑖 (𝑧, 𝑎) , 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑁. (2)
An approximate equation
𝐹 (𝑧, 𝜀) ≡ 𝐹0 (𝑧) + 𝜀𝐹1 (𝑧) ≈ 0
is said to be approximately invariant with respect to 𝐺 or
admits 𝐺 if
𝐹 (̃𝑧, 𝜀) ≈ 𝐹 (𝑓 (𝑧, 𝑎, 𝜀) , 𝜀) = 𝑜 (𝜀)
whenever 𝑧 = (𝑧1 , . . . , 𝑧𝑁) satisfies (3).
If 𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑢(1) , . . . , 𝑢(𝑘) ), where independent variables
𝑥 = (𝑥1 , . . . , 𝑥𝑛 ), dependent variables 𝑢 and 𝑢(𝑘) denote
the collections of all 𝑘th-order partial derivatives, then (3)
becomes an approximate differential equation of 𝑘, and 𝐺 is
an approximate symmetry group of the differential equation.
Theorem 1 (see [5]). Equation (3) is approximately invariant
under the approximate transformation group (2) with the
generator
𝜕
𝑋0 = 𝜉0𝑖 (10)
𝜕𝑧𝑖
is an exact symmetry of
𝐹0 (𝑧) = 0. (11)
Remark 4. It is manifested from (8) and (9) that if 𝑋0 is an
exact symmetry of (11), then 𝑋 = 𝜀𝑋0 is an approximate
symmetry of (3).
(3)
Definition 5 (see [5]). Equations (11) and (3) are termed an
unperturbed equation and a perturbed equation, respectively.
Under the conditions of Theorem 3, the operator 𝑋0 is called
a stable symmetry of the unperturbed equation (11). The cor-
(4)
responding approximate symmetry generator 𝑋 = 𝑋0 + 𝜀𝑋1
for the perturbed equation (10) is called a deformation of the
infinitesimal symmetry 𝑋0 of (11) caused by the perturbation
𝜀𝐹1 (𝑥). In particular, if the most general symmetry Lie algebra
of Eq.(11) is stable, we say that the perturbed equation (3)
inherits the symmetries of the unperturbed equation.
3. Approximate Symmetry Analysis
3.1. Exact Symmetries. Let us write the approximate group
generator in the form

𝜕 𝜕 𝑋 = 𝑋0 + 𝜀𝑋1
𝑋 = 𝑋0 + 𝜀𝑋1 ≡ 𝜉0𝑖 (𝑧) 𝑖
+ 𝜀𝜉1𝑖 (𝑧) 𝑖 , (5)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 (12)
= (𝜉0 + 𝜀𝜉1 ) + (𝜏0 + 𝜀𝜏1 ) + (𝜂0 + 𝜀𝜂1 ) ,
if and only if 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢

[𝑋(𝑘) 𝐹 (𝑧, 𝜀)]𝐹≈0 = 𝑜 (𝜀) , (6) where 𝜉𝑖 , 𝜏𝑖 , and 𝜂𝑖 (𝑖 = 0, 1) are unknown functions of 𝑥, 𝑡,
and 𝑢.
or Solving the determining equation
󵄨󵄨
[𝑋(𝑘) (𝑘) (𝑘)
0 𝐹0 (𝑧) + 𝜀 (𝑋1 𝐹0 (𝑧) + 𝑋0 𝐹1 (𝑧))](3) = 𝑜 (𝜀) (7) 𝑋(𝑘) 󵄨
0 𝐹0 (𝑧)󵄨󵄨𝐹 (𝑧)=0 = 0, (13)
0
Advances in Mathematical Physics 3

for the exact symmetries of the unperturbed equation 𝑢𝑡 − Above determining equation yields
6𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0, we can get
𝑐2 𝛼 − 2𝑐2 𝛽 − 6𝑐1 𝛼𝑢 − 6𝑐1 𝛽𝑢 + 𝜂1𝑡 = 0,
𝜂0𝑡 = 0,
2𝑐1 𝛼 − 2𝜂1𝑥 = 0,
𝜂0𝑥 = 0,
𝜏1𝑥 = 0,
𝜏0𝑥 = 0,
𝜂1𝑢 = 0,
𝜏0𝑢 = 0,
𝜂1𝑢 + 2𝜉1𝑥 = 0,
𝜂0𝑢 + 2𝜉0𝑥 = 0, (14) (20)
𝜉1𝑥𝑥 = 0,
𝜉0𝑥𝑥 = 0,
𝜏1𝑢 = 0,
𝜉0𝑢 = 0,
3𝜉1𝑥 − 𝜏1𝑡 = 0,
6𝜂0 + 𝜉0𝑡 + 12𝑢𝜉0𝑥 = 0,
2𝑐3 𝛼 − 𝑐3 𝛽 + 6𝑐1 𝛼𝑥 − 3𝑐1 𝛽𝑥 − 12𝑐2 𝛼𝑡 + 6𝑐2 𝛽𝑡 − 6𝜂1
3𝜉0𝑥 − 𝜏0𝑡 = 0.
− 𝜉1𝑡 − 12𝑢𝜉1𝑥 = 0.
Then, we obtain 𝜉0 = 𝑐1 𝑥 − 6𝑐2 𝑡 + 𝑐3 , 𝜏0 = 3𝑐1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 , 𝜂0 =
−2𝑐1 𝑢 + 𝑐2 , where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 , 𝑐4 are arbitrary constants. Hence, Solving this system, we obtain

𝜕 𝜕 𝑋1 = [−3 (𝑐1 𝛼 + 𝑐1 𝛽) 𝑡𝑥 + (2𝑐3 𝛼 − 𝑐3 𝛽 − 6𝑑1 ) 𝑡

𝑋0 = (𝑐1 𝑥 − 6𝑐2 𝑡 + 𝑐3 ) + (3𝑐1 𝑡 + 𝑐4 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
(15) 𝜕
𝜕 − 3 (𝑐2 𝛼 + 𝑐2 𝛽) 𝑡2 + 𝑑2 ]
+ (−2𝑐1 𝑢 + 𝑐2 ) . 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 (21)
9 (𝑐1 𝛼 + 𝑐1 𝛽) 𝑡2 𝜕 3𝑐 𝛼𝑥
In other words, 𝑢𝑡 − 6𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0 admits the four-dimen- + [− + 𝑑3 ] + [ 1
2 𝜕𝑡 2
sional Lie algebra with the basis
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑋10 = 𝑥 + 3𝑡 − 2𝑢 , + (2𝑐2 𝛽 + 6𝑐1 𝛼𝑢 − 𝑐2 𝛼 + 6𝑐1 𝛽𝑢) 𝑡 + 𝑑1 ] .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕 𝜕 Then, we obtain the following approximate symmetries of (1)
𝑋20 = −6𝑡 + ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑋 = [𝑐1 𝑥 − 6𝑐2 𝑡 + 𝑐3 + 𝜀 [−3 (𝑐1 𝛼 + 𝑐1 𝛽) 𝑡𝑥
(16)
𝜕
𝑋30 = , + (2𝑐3 𝛼 − 𝑐3 𝛽 − 6𝑑1 ) 𝑡 − 3 (𝑐2 𝛼 + 𝑐2 𝛽) 𝑡2
𝜕𝑥
2
𝜕 𝜕 9 (𝑐 𝛼 + 𝑐1 𝛽) 𝑡
𝑋40 = . + 𝑑2 ]] + [3𝑐1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 + 𝜀 [− 1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 2 (22)
3.2. Approximate Symmetries and Optimal System 𝜕 3𝑐 𝛼𝑥
+ 𝑑3 ]] + [−2𝑐1 𝑢 + 𝑐2 + 𝜀 [ 1
𝜕𝑡 2
3.2.1. Approximate Symmetries: The Cases 𝛼 and 𝛽 Are Arbi-
trary. First we need to determine the auxiliary function 𝐻 𝜕
by virtue of (15), by + (2𝑐2 𝛽 + 6𝑐1 𝛼𝑢 − 𝑐2 𝛼 + 6𝑐1 𝛽𝑢) 𝑡 + 𝑑1 ]] ,
𝜕𝑢
1 󵄨󵄨
𝐻= [ 𝑋(𝑘) 󵄨
0 (𝐹0 (𝑧) + 𝜀𝐹1 (𝑧))󵄨󵄨𝐹0 (𝑧)+𝜀𝐹1 (𝑧)=0 ] . (17) and we have
𝜀 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Substituting the expression (15) of the generator 𝑋0 into V1 = 𝑥 + 3𝑡 − 2𝑢 + 𝜀 [−3 (𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑡𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥
above equation we obtain the auxiliary function:
9 𝜕 3𝛼𝑥 𝜕
𝐻 = 𝑐2 𝛼 − 2𝑐2 𝛽 + (3𝑐1 𝛼 − 6𝑐1 𝛽) 𝑢 − (𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑡2 + ( + 6𝛼𝑢𝑡 + 6𝛽𝑢𝑡) ] ,
2 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑢
+ (2𝑐3 𝛼 − 12𝑐2 𝛼𝑡 + 6𝑐1 𝛼𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝛽 + 6𝑐2 𝛽𝑡 − 3𝑐1 𝛽𝑥) (18) 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
V2 = −6𝑡 + + 𝜀 [−3 (𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑡2
⋅ 𝑢𝑥 . 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥

Now, calculate the operators 𝑋1 by solving the inhomoge- 𝜕

+ (2𝛽 − 𝛼) 𝑡 ],
neous determining equation for deformations: 𝜕𝑢
󵄨󵄨 𝜕 𝜕
𝑋(𝑘) 󵄨
1 𝐹0 (𝑧)󵄨󵄨𝐹0 (𝑧)=0 + 𝐻 = 0. (19) V3 = + 𝜀 [(2𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑡 ] ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
4 Advances in Mathematical Physics

𝜕 It is worth nothing that the seven-dimensional approxi-

V4 = ,
𝜕𝑢 mate Lie algebra 𝐿 7 = 𝑔 is solvable and its finite sequence of
V5 = 𝜀V2 , ideals is as follows:

V6 = 𝜀V3 , 0 ⊂ ⟨V6 ⟩ ⊂ ⟨V5 , V6 ⟩ ⊂ ⟨V3 , V5 , V6 ⟩ ⊂ ⟨V2 , V3 , V5 , V6 ⟩

(26)
V7 = 𝜀V4 . ⊂ ⟨V2 , V3 , V4 , V5 , V6 ⟩ ⊂ ⟨V2 , V3 , V4 , V5 , V6 , V7 ⟩ ⊂ 𝑔
(23)
In the following, we will construct the optimal system of
above Lie algebra 𝐿 7 . The method used here for obtaining the
Tables 1, 2, and 3 of commutator, evaluated in the first- one-dimensional optimal system of subalgebras is that given
order of precision, show that above operators span a seven- in [7]. This approach is taking a general element from the
dimensional approximate Lie algebra 𝐿 7 . Lie algebra and reducing it to its simplest equivalent form
by applying carefully chosen adjoint transformations that are
3.2.2. Approximate Symmetries: The Case 𝛼 = 2𝛽. When 𝛼 = defined as follows.
2𝛽, the equation admits seven-dimensional approximate Lie
algebra 𝐿 7 as follows: Definition 6 (see [7]). Let 𝐺 be a Lie group. An optimal system
of s-parameter subgroups is a list of conjugacy inequivalent
s-parameter subalgebras with the property that any other
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 27 𝜕 subgroup is conjugate to precisely one subgroup in the list.
V1 = 𝑥 + 3𝑡 − 2𝑢 + 𝜀 [−9𝛼𝑡𝑥 − 𝛼𝑡2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 Similarly, a list of s-parameter subalgebras forms an optimal
system if every s-parameter subalgebra of 𝑔 is equivalent to a
3𝛼𝑥 𝜕 unique member of the list under some element of the adjoint
+( + 6𝛼𝑢𝑡 + 6𝛽𝑢𝑡) ] ,
2 𝜕𝑢 representation: ̃ℎ = 𝐴𝑑(𝑔(ℎ)), 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
V2 = −6𝑡 + + 𝜀 [−9𝛼𝑡2 ] , Theorem 7 (see [7]). Let 𝐻 and 𝐻 ̃ be connected s-dimensional
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥
Lie subgroups of the Lie group 𝐺 with corresponding Lie
𝜕 𝜕 (24) subalgebras ℎ and ̃ℎ of the Lie algebra 𝑔 of 𝐺. Then 𝐻 = 𝑔𝐻𝑔−1
V3 = + 𝜀 [3𝛼𝑡 ] ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 are conjugate subgroups if and only if ̃ℎ = 𝐴𝑑(𝑟(ℎ)) are con-
jugate subalgebras.
𝜕
V4 = ,
𝜕𝑢 By Theorem 7, the problem of finding an optimal system
V5 = 𝜀V2 , of subgroups is equivalent to that of finding an optimal system
of subalgebras. To compute the adjoint representation, we use
V6 = 𝜀V3 , the Lie series
V7 = 𝜀V4 .
𝜇2
𝐴𝑑 (exp (𝜇V𝑖 )) V𝑗 = V𝑗 − 𝜇 [V𝑖 , V𝑗 ] + [V , [V , V ]]
2 𝑖 𝑖 𝑗 (27)
3.2.3. Approximate Symmetries and Optimal System: The Case
− ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = exp (𝑎𝑑 (−𝜇V𝑖 )) V𝑗 ,
𝛼 = −𝛽. When 𝛼 = −𝛽, the equation admits seven-dimen-
sional approximate Lie algebra 𝐿 7 as follows:
where [V𝑖 , V𝑗 ] is the commutator for the Lie algebra and 𝜇 is
a parameter,and 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, . . . , 7. In this manner, we construct
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 3𝛼𝑥 𝜕 Table 4 with the (𝑖, 𝑗)th entry indicating 𝐴𝑑(exp(𝜇V𝑖 ))V𝑗 .
V1 = 𝑥 + 3𝑡 − 2𝑢 + 𝜀 [ ],
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢
Theorem 8. An optimal system of one-dimensional approx-
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
V2 = −6𝑡 + + 𝜀 [−3𝛼𝑡 ] , imate symmetry algebra (case 𝛼 = −𝛽) of equation (1) is
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 provided by V7 , V6 , V1 + 𝑏V6 , V3 + 𝑏V7 , V2 + 𝑏V5 + 𝑐V7 , V5 + 𝑏V3 +
𝜕 𝜕 𝑐V7 , V4 + 𝑏V2 + 𝑐V5 + 𝑑V7 .
V3 = + 𝜀 [3𝛼𝑡 ] ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Proof. Considering the approximate symmetry algebra g of
(25)
𝜕 (1), whose adjoint representation was determined in the
V4 = , Table 4, our task is to simplify as many of the coefficients 𝑎𝑖 as
𝜕𝑢
possible through judicious applications of adjoint maps to 𝑉𝑖 ,
V5 = 𝜀V2 , so that 𝑉𝑖 is equivalent 𝑉𝑖󸀠 under the adjoint representation.
Given a nonzero vector
V6 = 𝜀V3 ,
V7 = 𝜀V4 . 𝑉1 = 𝑎1 V1 + 𝑎2 V2 + 𝑎3 V3 + 𝑎4 V4 + 𝑎5 V5 + 𝑎6 V6 + 𝑎7 V7 . (28)
Advances in Mathematical Physics 5

Table 1: Approximate commutators of approximate symmetry algebra of (1) (𝑎 = 2𝛼 − 𝛽, 𝑏 = 2𝛽 − 𝛼, 𝑐 = 𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝑑 = 3𝛼/2).

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
V1 0 2V2 −𝑑V5 − V3 −3V4 + 3𝜀𝑐V1 2V5 −V6 −3V7
V2 −2V2 0 0 6V3 − 𝑏V5 0 0 6V6
V3 𝑑V5 + V3 0 0 −𝑎V6 0 0 0
V4 3V4 − 3𝜀𝑐V1 −6V3 + 𝑏V5 𝑎V6 0 −6V6 0 0
V5 −2V5 0 0 6V6 0 0 0
V6 V6 0 0 0 0 0 0
V7 3V7 −6V6 0 0 0 0 0

Table 2: Approximate commutators of approximate symmetry algebra of (1) (𝛼 = 2𝛽, 𝑎 = 3𝛼).

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
−𝑎
V1 0 2V2 V − V3 −3V4 + 3𝜀𝑎V1 2V5 −V6 −3V7
2 5
5
V2 −2V2 0 0 −6V3 + V5 0 0 6V6
2
5
V3 V3 + V5 0 0 −𝑎V6 0 0 0
2
5
V4 3V4 − 3𝜀𝑎V1 6V3 − V5 𝑎V6 0 −6V6 0 0
2
V5 −2V5 0 0 6V6 0 0 0
V6 V6 0 0 0 0 0 0
V7 3V7 −6V6 0 0 0 0 0

Table 3: Approximate commutators of approximate symmetry algebra of (1) ( 𝛼 = −𝛽, 𝑎 = 3𝛼).

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
−𝑎
V1 0 2V2 V5 − V3 −3V4 2V5 −V6 −3V7
2
V2 −2V2 0 0 6V3 + 𝑎V5 0 0 6V6
𝑎
V3 V + V3 0 0 −𝑎V6 0 0 0
2 5
V4 3V4 −6V3 − 𝑎V5 𝑎V6 0 −6V6 0 0
V5 −2V5 0 0 6V6 0 0 0
V6 V6 0 0 0 0 0 0
V7 3V7 −6V6 0 0 0 0 0

Table 4: Adjoint representation of approximate symmetry of (1).

𝐴𝑑 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
𝑎 𝑎
V1 V1 𝑒−2𝜇 V2 𝑒−𝜇 V3 + 𝑒−𝜇 V5 − V5 𝑒3𝜇 V4 𝑒−2𝜇 V5 𝑒−𝜇 V6 𝑒3𝜇 V7
2 2
V2 V1 + 2𝜇V2 V2 V3 V4 − 𝜇(6V3 + 𝑎V5 ) V5 V6 V7 − 6𝜇V6
𝑎V5
V3 V1 − 𝜇 ( + V3 ) V2 V3 V4 + 𝜇(𝑎V6 ) V5 V6 V7
2
V4 V1 − 3𝜇V4 V2 + 𝜇(6V3 + 𝑎V5 ) V3 − 𝑎𝜇V6 V4 V5 + 6𝜇V6 V6 V7
V5 V1 + 2𝜇V5 V2 V3 V4 − 6𝜇V6 V5 V6 V7
V6 V1 − 𝜇V6 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7
V7 V1 − 3𝜇V7 V2 + 6𝜇V7 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7

First, suppose that 𝑎1 ≠ 0. Scaling 𝑉1 if necessary, we can ∘ 𝐴𝑑 (exp ((𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 𝑎4 ) V3 )))
assume that 𝑎1 = 1. As for the 7th column of the Table 4,
we have −𝑎5 𝑎𝑎3 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎4
∘ 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( + + ) V5 ))) 𝑉1
2 4 12
𝑎4 −𝑎
𝑉1󸀠 = 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( V ))) ∘ 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( 2 V2 )))
3 4 2 𝑎𝑎3 𝑎4
= V1 + (𝑎6 − + 2𝑎4 𝑎5 + 3𝑎2 𝑎7 ) V6 .
𝑎 3
∘ 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( 7 V7 ))) (29)
3
6 Advances in Mathematical Physics

The remaining approximate one-dimensional subalgebras are 4. Approximately Invariant Solutions

spanned by vectors of the above form with 𝑎1 = 0. If 𝑎4 ≠ 0,
we have In this section we use two different techniques to construct
new approximate solutions of (1) when 𝛼 = −𝛽.
𝑉2 = 𝑎2 V2 + 𝑎3 V3 + V4 + 𝑎5 V5 + 𝑎6 V6 + 𝑎7 V7 . (30)
Next, we act on 𝑉2 to cancel the coefficients of V3 and V6 as 4.1. Approximately Invariant Solutions I. In the beginning of
follows: this section we compute an approximately invariant solution
based on the 𝑋 = V2 . The approximate invariants for 𝑋 are
−𝑎3
𝑉2󸀠 = 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( V ))) determined by
6𝑎2 4
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
−𝑎 𝑎𝑎32 𝑎 𝑋 (𝐽) = (−6𝑡 + + 𝜀 (−3𝛼𝑡 )) (𝐽0 + 𝜀𝐽1 )
∘ 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( 5 + + 6 ) V5 ))) 𝑉2 . (31) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (40)
6𝑎2 36𝑎2 6
= 𝑜 (𝜀) .
𝑎𝑎
= 𝑎2 V2 + V4 + (𝑎5 − 3 V5 + 𝑎7 V7 .
6 Equivalently
If 𝑎1 , 𝑎4 = 0 and 𝑎2 ≠ 0, the nonzero vector
𝜕 𝜕
(−6𝑡 + ) (𝐽0 ) = 0,
𝑉3 = V2 + 𝑎3 V3 + 𝑎5 V5 + 𝑎6 V6 + 𝑎7 V7 (32) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢
(41)
is equivalent to 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(−3𝛼𝑡 ) (𝐽1 ) + (−6𝑡 + ) (𝐽0 ) = 0.
−𝑎3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝑉3󸀠 = 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( V )))
6 4 The first equation has two functionally independent solutions
−𝑎6 −𝑎𝑎32
𝑎𝑎 𝐽0 = 𝑡 and 𝐽0 = 𝑥/6𝑡 + 𝑢. The simplest solutions of the
∘ 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( + + 6 5 ) V7 ))) 𝑉3 (33) second equation are, respectively, 𝐽1 = 0 and 𝐽1 = −𝛼𝑥/2 + 𝑡.
6 36 6
Therefore, we have two independent invariants to 𝑥/6𝑡 + 𝑢 +
𝑎𝑎3 𝜀(−𝛼𝑥/2 + 𝑡) and 𝜑(𝑡) with respect to 𝑋.
= V2 + (𝑎5 − ) V5 + 𝑎7 V7 . Letting 𝑥/6𝑡 + 𝑢 + 𝜀(3𝛼𝑡𝑢) = 𝜑(𝑡), we obtain 𝑢 = 𝜑(𝑡) −
6
𝑥/6𝑡 − 𝜀(−𝛼𝑥/2 + 𝑡) for the approximately invariant solutions.
If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎4 = 0 and 𝑎5 ≠ 0, we scale to make 𝑎5 = 1 and then Therefore, we can obtain
𝑉4 = 𝑎3 V3 + V5 + 𝑎6 V6 + 𝑎7 V7 (34) 𝑥 𝛼𝑥
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) ≈ − + Γ0 (𝑡) + 𝜀 (−𝑡 − + Γ1 (𝑡)
6𝑡 2
is equivalent to 𝑉4󸀠 under the adjoint representation (42)
+ Γ0 (𝑡) Γ1󸀠 (𝑡) .
𝑎6
𝑉4󸀠 = 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( V ))) 𝑉4 = 𝑎3 V3 + V5 + 𝑎7 V7 . (35)
6𝑎7 2 Putting (42) into (1), we obtain
If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 = 0 and 𝑎3 ≠ 0, in the same way as before, the
𝐶1
nonzero vector Γ0 (𝑡) =
𝑇
𝑉5 = V3 + 𝑎6 V6 + 𝑎7 V7 (36) (43)
𝐶 𝐶
Γ1 (𝑡) = 32 + 𝑡 + 2 ,
can be simplified as 𝑡 𝑡
𝑎6 where 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are arbitrary constants. Hence, we obtained
𝑉5󸀠 = 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( V ))) 𝑉2 = V3 + 𝑎7 V7 . (37)
6𝑎7 2 the approximately invariant solution to (1)

If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 = 0 and 𝑎7 ≠ 0, we can act 𝑥 𝐶1 𝐶 𝛼𝑥

𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) ≈ − + + 𝜀( 2 − ). (44)
𝑉6 = 𝑎6 V6 + V7 6𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 2
(38)
In this manner, we compute approximate invariants with
by 𝐴𝑑(exp(((𝑎6 /6)V2 ))), to cancel the coefficient of V6 , leading
respect to the generators of Lie algebra and optimal system,
to
as shown in Table 5.
𝑎
𝑉6󸀠 = 𝐴𝑑 (exp (( 6 V2 ))) 𝑉6 = V7 . (39)
6 4.2. Approximately Invariant Solution II. Now, we apply a
The last remaining case occurs when 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 , 𝑎7 = different technique to find approximately invariant solutions
0 and 𝑎6 ≠ 0, for which our earlier simplifications were for (1). We will begin with one exact solution
unnecessary, because the only remaining vectors are the
multiples of 𝑎6 , on which the adjoint representation acts −1 1
𝑢 = 𝑤 (𝜁) = (45)
trivially. 2 cosh2 𝜁
Advances in Mathematical Physics 7

Table 5: Approximate invariants with respect to the generators of Lie algebra and optimal system.

Operator Approximate Invariants

𝑡 2 𝛼𝑥3
V1 , 𝑥 𝑢 − 𝜀 ( )
𝑥3 2
𝑥 −𝛼𝑥
V2 𝑡, + 𝑢 + 𝜀 ( + 𝑡)
6𝑡 2
V3 𝑡, 𝑢
V4 𝑥, 𝑢
𝑥
V5 𝑡, +𝑢
6𝑡
V6 𝑡, 𝑢
V7 𝑥, 𝑢
𝑡 𝛼𝑥3 2𝑏𝑥
V1 + 𝑏V6 3
+ 𝜀(𝑏𝑥−4 𝑡), 𝑥2 𝑢 − 𝜀 ( + )
𝑥 2 3𝑢
V3 + 𝑏V7 𝑡 − 𝜀(𝑏𝑥), 𝑢
𝑡2 𝑥 𝑐 𝑏 3𝛼𝑡2
V4 + 𝑏V2 + 𝑐V5 + 𝑑V7 + + 𝜀 (( − 𝑑) 𝑡), − 𝑡 + 𝜀 ( + 𝑑𝑡)
2 6𝑏 𝑏 𝑢 2
2
𝑢 𝑥 𝑐𝑥
V2 + 𝑏V5 + 𝑐V7 𝑡 − 𝜀 ( ), + 𝑢 + 𝜀(3𝛼𝑡𝑢 − )
𝑐 6𝑡 72𝑡3
𝑐𝑥
V5 + 𝑏V3 + 𝑐V7 𝑡 − 𝜀 ( ), 𝑢
𝑏

of the unperturbed equation 𝑢𝑡 − 6𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0. Here, 𝜁 = Then, denoting by 𝑤󸀠 the derivative of 𝑤 with respect to 𝜁, we
(𝑥 − 𝑡)/2 is an invariant of the group with the generator have
𝜕 𝜕 1
𝑋0 = + . (46) (𝑤)𝑡 = − (𝑤)󸀠 ,
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
(53)
The function 𝑤 given by (45) is invariant under the operator 1
(𝑤)𝑥 = (𝑤)󸀠
(46). 2
Using the generators 𝑋1 = 𝜕/𝜕𝑥, admitted by 𝑢𝑡 − 6𝑢𝑢𝑥 +
𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0, we will take the approximate symmetry and (51) becomes

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1
𝑋 = 𝑋0 + 𝜀𝑋1 = + +𝜀 (47) V𝜌 = − (𝑤)󸀠 . (54)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
and use it looking for the approximately invariant solution of The integration yields
(1) in the form
1
𝑢 = 𝑤 + 𝜀V (𝑡, 𝑥) . (48) V = − 𝜌 (𝑤)󸀠 + 𝜓 (𝑥) . (55)
2
Then the invariant equation test 𝑋(𝑢 − 𝑤 − 𝜀V)|(48) = 𝑜(𝜀) Returning to the variables 𝑡, 𝑥, we have
can be written as

𝑋0 (𝑢 − 𝑤) + 𝜀 [𝑋1 (𝑢 − 𝑤) − 𝑋0 (V)])𝑢=𝑤 = 0. (49) V = −𝑡 (𝑤)𝑥 + 𝜓 (𝑥) . (56)

Note that 𝑋0 does not contain the differentiation in 𝑢; there- Inserting this V in (48) and substituting it into (1) we obtain
fore (49) becomes 𝜓 = ((−1 − 3𝛽)/6)𝑥.
Thus, the approximate symmetry (47) provides the fol-
[𝑋1 (𝑢 − 𝑤) − 𝑋0 (V)]𝑢=𝑤 = 0 (50) lowing approximately invariant solution (approximate trav-
elling wave):
whence we obtain the following differential for V(𝑡, 𝑥):
−1 1
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ⋅
V𝑡 + V𝑥 = − (𝑤)𝑥 . (51) 2
2 cosh ((𝑥 − 𝑡) /2)
Because 𝑤 = 𝑤(𝜁), so (51) can be integrated by the variables 𝑡 1 𝑥−𝑡
+ 𝜀 [− ⋅ tanh ( ) (57)
𝑥−𝑡 2 cosh2 ((𝑥 − 𝑡) /2) 2
𝜁= ,
2 (52) −1 − 3𝛽
+ 𝑥] .
𝜌 = 𝑡. 6
8 Advances in Mathematical Physics

5. Approximate Conservation Laws The Euler-Lagrange, approximate Lie-Bäcklund, and approx-

imate Noether operators are connected by the operator
Approximate Lie symmetry can be used to construct the identity
approximate conservation laws, but in this section, we will use
partial Lagrangians to construct approximate conservation 𝛿
𝑌 + 𝐷𝑖 (𝜉𝑖 ) = 𝑊𝛼 + 𝐷𝑖 𝑁𝑖 . (67)
laws of (1); this is a more concise method. 𝛿𝑢𝛼
Definition 9 (see [10]). An operator 𝑌 is a kth-order approx- Definition 11 (see [10]). If there exists a function 𝐿 = 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑢,
imate Lie-Bäcklund symmetry: 𝑢(1) , . . . , 𝑢(𝑙) ∈ 𝐴, 𝑙 < 𝑟 and nonzero functions 𝑓𝛾𝛽 ∈ 𝐴 such
𝛾
that (1) which can be written as 𝛿𝐿/𝛿𝑢𝛽 = 𝜀𝑓𝛾𝛽 𝐸1 , where
𝑌 = 𝑌0 + 𝜀𝑌1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝜀𝑘 𝑌𝑘 , (58)
𝑓𝛾𝛽 = 𝑓𝛾𝛽 (𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑢(1) , . . . , 𝑢(𝑟−1) , 𝛽, 𝛾 = 1, . . . , 𝑚 is an invertible
𝛾
where matrix, then, provided that 𝐸1 ≠ 0, some 𝐿 is called a partial
Lagrangian; otherwise it is the standard Lagrangian. We term
𝜕 𝜕
𝑌 = 𝜉𝑖 + 𝜂𝑖 𝛼 , 𝑖 = 1, 2, . . . , 𝑛 (59) differential equations of the form
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑢
𝛿𝐿 𝛾
and = 𝜀𝑓𝛾𝛽 𝐸1 (68)
𝛿𝑢𝛽
𝜕 𝜕 𝛼 𝜕 𝜕
𝑌𝑏 = 𝜉𝑏𝑖 + 𝜂𝑏𝛼 𝛼 + 𝜁𝑏,𝑖 𝛼
+ 𝜁𝑏,𝑖1 𝑖2
+ ⋅⋅⋅, approximate Euler-Lagrange-type equations.
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝛼𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝛼𝑖1 𝑖2 (60)
Definition 12 (see [5]). An approximate Lie-Bäcklund sym-
𝑏 = 0, . . . , 𝑘, metry operator 𝑌 is called an approximate Noether-type
symmetry operator corresponding to a partial Lagrangian 𝐿 ∈
where 𝜉𝑏𝑖 , 𝜂𝑏𝛼 ∈ 𝐴 and the additional coefficients are
𝐴 if and only if there exists a vector 𝐵 = (𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , . . . , 𝐵𝑛 ), 𝐵𝑖 ∈
𝛼 𝑗 𝐴 defined by
𝜁𝑏,𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖 (𝑊𝑏𝛼 ) + 𝜉𝑏 𝑢𝛼𝑖𝑗 ,
𝛼 𝑗
(61) 𝐵𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖0 + 𝜀𝐵𝑖1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝜀𝑘 𝐵𝑖𝑘 (69)
𝜁𝑏,𝑖1 𝑖2
= 𝐷𝑖1 𝐷𝑖2 (𝑊𝑏𝛼 ) + 𝜉𝑏 𝑢𝛼𝑗𝑖1 𝑖2 , 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, . . . , 𝑛
such that
and 𝑊𝑏𝛼 is the Lie characteristic function defined by
𝛿𝐿
𝑌 (𝐿) + 𝐿𝐷𝑖 (𝜉𝑖 ) = 𝑊𝛼 + 𝐷𝑖 (𝐵𝑖 ) + 𝑜 (𝜀𝑘+1 ) , (70)
𝑊𝑏𝛼 = 𝜂𝑏𝛼 −
𝑗
𝜉𝑏 𝑢𝛼𝑗 . (62) 𝛿𝑢𝛼
where 𝑊 = (𝑊1 , 𝑊2 , . . . , 𝑊𝑚 ), 𝑊𝛽 ∈ 𝐴 of 𝑌 is also the
Definition 10 (see [10]). The approximate Noether operator characteristic of the conservation law 𝐷𝑖 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑜(𝜀𝑘+1 ), where
associated with an approximate Lie-Bäcklund symmetry
operator 𝑌 is given by 𝜕𝐿
𝑇𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 − 𝐿𝜉𝑖 − 𝑊𝛽 𝛽
+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑜 (𝜀𝑘+1 ) (71)
𝑖 𝛿𝑖 𝛼 𝛿 𝜕𝑢𝑖
𝑁 =𝜉 +𝑊 + ∑𝐷 . . . 𝐷𝑖s (𝑊𝛼 ) 𝛼 ,
𝛿𝑢𝛼 𝑠≥1 𝑖1 𝛿𝑢𝑖𝑖1 𝑖2 ...𝑖𝑠 (63) of the approximate Euler-Lagrange-type (68).
𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑛, Because (1) does not have a Lagrange function and if we
put a transform 𝑢 = V𝑥 , then (1) becomes
where
V𝑥𝑡 − 6V𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 + V𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝛼 (V𝑥 + 2𝑥V𝑥𝑥 )
𝑁𝑖 = 𝑁0𝑖 + 𝜀𝑁1𝑖 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝜀𝑘 𝑁𝑘𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑛, (64) (72)
− 𝜀𝛽 (2V𝑥 + 𝑥V𝑥𝑥 ) = 0.
where 𝐷𝑖 is the total derivative operator defined as
In order to write convenient, we can get
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐷𝑖 = + 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑢𝑖𝑗 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 𝑢𝑖𝑖1𝑖2...𝑖𝑛
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝑗 𝜕𝑢𝑖1𝑖2...𝑖𝑛 (65) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 6𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝛼 (𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 )
(73)
+ ⋅⋅⋅, 𝑖 = 1, 2, . . . , 𝑛, − 𝜀𝛽 (2𝑢𝑥 + 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 ) = 0.

and here 𝑁𝑏𝑖 , 𝑏 = 0, . . . , 𝑘 are Noether operators and the Euler- Obviously,
Lagrange operators are
𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 6𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0, (74)
𝛿 𝜕 𝜕
= + ∑ (−1)𝑠 𝐷𝑗1 . . . 𝐷𝑗s 𝛼 , and the Lagrange function is
𝛿𝑢𝛼 𝜕𝑢𝛼 𝑠≥1 𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗1 𝑗2 ...𝑗𝑠 (66)
1 2 3 1
𝛼 = 1, . . . , 𝑚, 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑛. 𝐿= (𝑢𝑥𝑥 ) + (𝑢𝑥 ) − 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑡 . (75)
2 2
Advances in Mathematical Physics 9

And the approximate 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 − 𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 − 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 equation is ⋅ [−𝜀𝛼 (𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝜀𝛽 (2𝑢𝑥 + 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 )]

𝛿𝐿 + 𝜀 (𝐵11𝑡 + 𝐵11𝑢 𝑢𝑡 ) + 𝜀 (𝐵21𝑡 + 𝐵21𝑢 𝑢𝑥 )

= −𝜀𝛼 (𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝜀𝛽 (2𝑢𝑥 + 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 ) . (76)
𝛿𝑢
+ (𝐵10𝑡 + 𝐵10𝑢 𝑢𝑡 ) + (𝐵20𝑥 + 𝐵20𝑢 𝑢𝑥 ) .
So the approximate Noether symmetry operator is 𝑌0 + 𝜖𝑌1
for 𝐿 (82)

(𝑌0 + 𝜀𝑌1 ) 𝐿 + 𝐷𝑖 (𝜉0𝑖 + 𝜀𝜉1𝑖 ) 𝐿 Put 𝐿, 𝜁𝑡 , 𝜁𝑥 , 𝜁𝑥𝑥 into (82), and let 𝜀2 = 0. We obtain
𝑗 𝑗
= [(𝜂0 − 𝜉0 𝑢𝑗 ) + 𝜀 (𝜂1 − 𝜉1 𝑢𝑗 )] 1
(77) − 𝜂0𝑡 − 𝐵20𝑢 = 0,
2
⋅ [−𝜖𝛼 (𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝜀𝛽 (2𝑢𝑥 + 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 )]
𝜂0𝑥 = 0,
+ 𝐷𝑖 (𝐵𝑖0 + 𝜀𝐵𝑖1 ) ,
𝜂0𝑢 = 0,
where
𝜉01 = 0,
𝜕 𝜕
𝑌0 + 𝜀𝑌1 = (𝜉01 + 𝜀𝜉11 ) + (𝜉02 + 𝜀𝜉12 ) + (𝜂0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜉02 = 0,
(78)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝐵10𝑢 = 0,
+ 𝜀𝜂1 ) + 𝜁𝑡 + 𝜁𝑥 + 𝜁𝑥𝑥 ,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝑡 𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑥𝑥
1 2 1 2 2
𝐵20𝑥 + 𝐵10𝑡 = 0,
𝜁𝑡 = 𝜂0𝑡 + (𝜂0𝑢 − 𝜉0𝑡 ) 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉0𝑡 𝑢𝑥 − 𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑡
1
− 𝜂1𝑥 − 𝐵11𝑢 = 0,
+ 𝜉01 𝑢𝑡𝑡 + 𝜉02 𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝜀 [𝜂1𝑡 + (𝜂1𝑢 − 𝜉1𝑡
1 2
) 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉1𝑡 𝑢𝑥 (79) 2 (83)
1 2 2 2 𝜂1𝑥 = 0,
− 𝜉1𝑢 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉1𝑢 𝑢𝑥 + 𝜉11 𝑢𝑡𝑡 + 𝜉12 𝑢𝑥𝑡 ] ,
2 1 2 2 1
𝜂1𝑢 = 0,
𝜁𝑥 = 𝜂0𝑥 + (𝜂0𝑢 − 𝜉0𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥 − 𝜉0𝑥 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑥 − 𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑡
𝜉11 = 0,
+ 𝜉01 𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝜉02 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀 [𝜂1𝑥 + (𝜂1𝑢 − 2
𝜉1𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥 − 1
𝜉1𝑥 𝑢𝑡 (80)
𝜉12 = 0,
2 2 2
− 𝜉1𝑢 𝑢𝑥 − 𝜉1𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑡 + 𝜉11 𝑢𝑥𝑧𝑡 + 𝜉12 𝑢𝑥𝑥 ] ,
𝐵10𝑢 = 0,
2 2
𝜁𝑥𝑥 = 𝜂0𝑥𝑥 + (2𝜂0𝑥𝑢 − 𝜉0𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥 + (𝜂0𝑢𝑢 − 2𝜉0𝑥𝑢 ) 𝑢2𝑥
𝐵21𝑥 + 𝐵11𝑡 = 0,
1 1
− 𝜉0𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉0𝑢𝑢 𝑢2𝑥 𝑢𝑡 − 1
2𝜉0𝑥𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑡 − 1
𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑡 1
− 𝜂1𝑡 + (𝛼 − 2𝛽) 𝜂0 − 𝐵21𝑢 = 0,
− 1
2𝜉0𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 1
2𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 2
𝜉0𝑢𝑢 𝑢3𝑥 − 2
3𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 2

2 𝜂1𝑥𝑥 + (2𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝜂0 ⋅ 𝑥 = 0.
+ (𝜂0𝑢 − 2𝜉0𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝜉01 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 𝜉02 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀 [𝜂1𝑥𝑥
(81) In the following we will consider three cases of 𝛼 and 𝛽.
2 2
+ (2𝜂1𝑥𝑢 − 𝜉1𝑥𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥 + (𝜂1𝑢𝑢 − 2𝜉1𝑥𝑢 ) 𝑢2𝑥 − 𝜉1𝑥𝑥
1
𝑢𝑡
1
First Case. 𝛼 ≠ 2𝛽 and 𝛽 ≠ 2𝛼
− 𝜉1𝑢𝑢 𝑢2𝑥 𝑢𝑡 − 2𝜉1𝑥𝑢
1 1
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉1𝑢 1
𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑡 − 2𝜉1𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑡
1 2 𝜉01 = 0,
− 2𝜉1𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 𝜉1𝑢𝑢 𝑢3𝑥 − 3𝜉1𝑢
2
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2 𝜉02 = 0,
+ (𝜂1𝑢 − 2𝜉1𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝜉11 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 𝜉12 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 ] .
𝜂0 = 0,
So (58) becomes
𝜉11 = 0,
1 1
− 𝑢𝑥 𝜁𝑡 − 𝑢𝑡 𝜁𝑥 + 3𝑢2𝑥 𝜁𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝜁𝑥𝑥
2 2 𝜉12 = 0,
1 1 1 1
+ 𝐿 [𝜉0𝑡 + 𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑡 + 𝜀 (𝜉1𝑡 + 𝜉1𝑢 𝑢𝑡 )] 𝜂1 = 𝑔 (𝑡) ,
2 2 2 2
+ 𝐿 [𝜉0𝑡 + 𝜉0𝑢 𝑢𝑡 + 𝜀 (𝜉1𝑡 + 𝜉1𝑢 𝑢𝑡 )] 𝐵10 = 𝑒 (𝑡, 𝑥) ,

= [𝜂0 − 𝜉01 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉02 𝑢𝑥 + 𝜀 (𝜂1 − 𝜉11 𝑢𝑡 − 𝜉12 𝑢𝑥 )] 𝐵20 = 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑥) ,

10 Advances in Mathematical Physics

𝐵11 = 𝑖 (𝑡, 𝑥) , So the conservation vectors are

𝑔𝑡 (𝑡) 𝑢 1
𝐵21 = − + 𝑗 (𝑡, 𝑥) , 𝑇1 = 𝑒 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜀𝑖 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝑢𝑥 [ℎ (𝑡) + 𝜀𝑔 (𝑡)] ,
2 2
(84) 1
𝑇2 = 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑥) + [− ℎ𝑡 (𝑡) 𝑢]
2
where 𝑔 and ℎ are arbitrary function for 𝑡 and 𝑒(𝑡, 𝑥), 1 (89)
𝑓(𝑡, 𝑥), 𝑖(𝑡, 𝑥), 𝑗(𝑡, 𝑥) are differential functions and 𝑒𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥) + + 𝜀 [− 𝑔𝑡 (𝑡) 𝑢 − 3𝛼ℎ (𝑡) + 𝑗 (𝑡, 𝑥)]
2
𝑓𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥) = 0 and 𝑖𝑡 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝑗𝑥 (𝑡, 𝑥) = 0.
1
Thus the equation has the following approximate Noether − [𝜀𝑔 (𝑡) + ℎ (𝑡)] [3𝑢2𝑥 − 𝑢𝑡 ]
symmetric operators 2
+ 𝐷𝑥 [𝜀𝑔 (𝑡) + ℎ (𝑡)] 𝑢𝑥𝑥 .
𝜕
𝑌 = 𝜀𝑔 (𝑡) . (85)
𝜕𝑢
Third Case. 𝛼 = 2𝛽 and 𝛽 ≠ 2𝛼; the conservation laws are the
same as the first case.
So the conservation vectors are

1
Data Availability
𝑇1 = 𝑒 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜀𝑖 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜀𝑢𝑥 𝑔 (𝑡) ,
2 All data included in this study are available upon request by
1 contact with the corresponding author.
𝑇2 = 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑥) + 𝜀 [− 𝑔𝑡 (𝑡) 𝑢 + 𝑗 (𝑡, 𝑥)] (86)
2
Conflicts of Interest
1
− [𝜀𝑔 (𝑡)] [3𝑢2𝑥 − 𝑢𝑡 ] + 𝐷𝑥 [𝜀𝑔 (𝑡)] 𝑢𝑥𝑥 . The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
2

Acknowledgments
Second Case. 𝛼 ≠ 2𝛽 and 𝛽 = 2𝛼
This work was supported in part by the Natural Science Foun-
dation of Inner Mongolia of China under grant 2016MS0116.
𝜉01 = 0,
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