Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014, Article ID 853578, 13 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/853578

Research Article
Conservation Laws, Symmetry Reductions, and New Exact
Solutions of the (2 + 1)-Dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili
Equation with Time-Dependent Coefficients

Li-hua Zhang
Department of Mathematics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Li-hua Zhang; fjm100@163.com

Received 16 November 2013; Revised 25 January 2014; Accepted 19 February 2014; Published 9 April 2014

Academic Editor: Mariano Torrisi

Copyright © 2014 Li-hua Zhang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The (2 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation with time-dependent coefficients is investigated. By means of the Lie
group method, we first obtain several geometric symmetries for the equation in terms of coefficient functions and arbitrary
functions of 𝑡. Based on the obtained symmetries, many nontrivial and time-dependent conservation laws for the equation are
obtained with the help of Ibragimov’s new conservation theorem. Applying the characteristic equations of the obtained symmetries,
the (2 + 1)-dimensional KP equation is reduced to (1 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear partial differential equations, including a special
case of (2 + 1)-dimensional Boussinesq equation and different types of the KdV equation. At the same time, many new exact
solutions are derived such as soliton and soliton-like solutions and algebraically explicit analytical solutions.

1. Introduction equation. In this paper, we use the Lie group method to

consider a time-dependent Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation:
The Lie group method is a powerful tool to perform Lie
symmetry analysis, study conservation laws, and look for 𝐸1 ≡ 𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 6𝑢𝑥2 + 6𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0,
exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations (1)
(NLPDEs) [1–4]. The notion of conservation laws, which
plays an important role in the study of nonlinear science, is with time-dependent coefficient functions 𝑒(𝑡), 𝑛(𝑡), and
used for the development of appropriate numerical meth- 𝑛(𝑡) ≠ 0.
ods and for mathematical analysis, in particular, existence, The above equation was also called “a 2D KdV equation
uniqueness, and stability analysis [5, 6]. In addition, the with time-dependent coefficients” by Hereman and Zhuang
existence of a large number of conservation laws of a partial [10]; they performed Painlevé analysis for (1) and found that
differential equation (system) is a strong indication of its (1) was Painlevé integrable when 𝑒𝑡 + 2𝑒2 = 0, 𝑛𝑡 + 4𝑛𝑒 =
integrability. On the other hand, seeking exact solutions 0. Equation (1) can be reduced to the KdV equation (𝑒(𝑡) =
of NLPDEs has become one central theme of perpetual 0, 𝑛(𝑡) = 0) or the KP equation (𝑒(𝑡) = 0, 𝑛(𝑡) = ±1). Equation
interest in mathematical physics as explicit solutions will (1) can also be reduced to the cylindrical KdV equation
be helpful to better understand the phenomena described
1
by the equations. To get exact solutions of NLPDEs, many 𝑢𝑡 + 6𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢 = 0, (2a)
effective methods have been presented such as inverse scat- 2𝑡
tering method [7], Hirota’s bilinear method [8], and Painlevé when 𝑒(𝑡) = 1/2𝑡, 𝑛(𝑡) = 0 or the cylindrical KP equation
expansion method [9]. Among them the Lie group method
offers a systematic algorithmic procedure to find the sym- 1 1
𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 6𝑢𝑥 2 + 6𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢 ± 3 2 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0, (2b)
metry reductions and exact solutions of a partial differential 2𝑡 𝑥 𝑡
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

when 𝑒(𝑡) = 1/2𝑡, 𝑛(𝑡) = ±3/𝑡2 . The KdV and KP equations 𝜙𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥𝑥 (𝜙 − 𝜉𝑢𝑥 − 𝜂𝑢𝑦 − 𝜏𝑢𝑡 )
and their cylindrical generalizations (2a) and (2b) are all
known to be completely integrable [10]. Zhang et al. [11] + 𝜉𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜂𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 ,
performed Painlevé analysis for (1) and constructed bilinear
auto-Bäcklund, analytic solutions in the Wronskian form. 𝜙𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝑦𝑦 (𝜙 − 𝜉𝑢𝑥 − 𝜂𝑢𝑦 − 𝜏𝑢𝑡 )
Soliton-like solutions, Jacobi elliptic function-like solutions,
and other exact solutions have been obtained by the method + 𝜉𝑢𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 𝜂𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝜏𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑡 ,
of auxiliary equations [12–15]. Elwakil et al. [16] used the
homogeneous balance method to study the exact solutions 𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝜙 − 𝜉𝑢𝑥 − 𝜂𝑢𝑦 − 𝜏𝑢𝑡 )
of (1). Based on the homogeneous balance method and
Clarkson-Kruskal method, direct reduction and exact solu- + 𝜉𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜂𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 .
tions have been obtained in [17] by Moussa and El-Shiekh. (5)
The bilinear formalism, bilinear Bäcklund transformation,
and Lax pair of (1) have been obtained by the binary Bell Substituting (5) into (4) with 𝑢 being a solution of (1), that is,
polynomial approach in [18]. As far as we know, conservation
laws and symmetry reductions for (1) have not been studied. 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = −𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 6𝑢𝑥2 − 6𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 , (6)
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2,
the Lie group method is applied to the time-dependent we obtain the determining equations of symmetry (3). Solv-
Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation (1) and thus Lie symme- ing the determining equations with the aid of Maple, we can
tries of (1) are obtained. In Section 3, using the obtained get the following cases.
symmetries and the general theorem on conservation laws
by Ibragimov, nontrivial and time-dependent conservation Case 1. When 𝑒(𝑡) and 𝑛(𝑡) are arbitrary functions,
laws are derived. In Section 4, we use the symmetry to get 𝑔𝑡 𝑦
symmetry reductions and new exact solutions of (1). The last 𝜉=− + 𝑓 (𝑡) , 𝜂 = 𝑔 (𝑡) , 𝜏 = 0,
2𝑛 (𝑡)
section is a short summary and discussion. (7)
𝑓𝑡 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑡 𝑛𝑡
𝜙= − 𝑦+ 𝑦,
6 12𝑛 (𝑡) 12𝑛2 (𝑡)
2. Lie Symmetry Analysis of (1)
where 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) are arbitrary functions. It shows that (1)
Generally speaking, Lie symmetry denotes a transformation admits an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of symmetries
that leaves the solution manifold of a system invariant; that
is, it maps any solution of the system into a solution of the 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑔 , (8)
same system, so it is also called geometric symmetry. In this
section, we will perform Lie symmetry analysis for (1) by the where
classical Lie group method. Suppose that Lie symmetry of (1)
𝜕 𝑓 𝜕
is expressed as follows: 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑓 (𝑡) + 𝑡 ,
𝜕𝑥 6 𝜕𝑢

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑔𝑡 𝑦 𝜕 𝜕 𝑔𝑛 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝜕
𝑉=𝜉 +𝜂 +𝜏 +𝜙 , (3) 𝑉𝑔 = − + 𝑔 (𝑡) + ( 𝑡2 𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑦) .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢 2𝑛 (𝑡) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 12𝑛 (𝑡) 12𝑛 (𝑡) 𝜕𝑢
(9)

where 𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜏, and 𝜙 are undetermined functions with respect Case 2. When 𝑒(𝑡) = 0, 𝑛(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝 𝐶1 , 𝑝 ≠ 0, 𝐶1 ≠ 0, and
to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, and 𝑢. According to the procedures of Lie group 𝐶2 ≠ 0,
method, the vector field (3) can be determined by applying
the fourth prolongation of 𝑉 to (1) and thus the undetermined 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑔𝑡 𝑦
𝜉= − + 𝑓 (𝑡) ,
functions 𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜏, and 𝜙 must satisfy the following invariant 3𝑝 2𝐶1 (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝
condition:
2𝐶2 𝐶2 𝐶2 (𝑡 − 𝑚)
𝜂=( + ) 𝑦 + 𝑔 (𝑡) , 𝜏= ,
3𝑝 2 𝑝
𝜙𝑥𝑡 + 12𝑢𝑥 𝜙𝑥 + 6𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝜙 + 6𝑢𝜙𝑥𝑥 + 𝜙𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
(4) 2𝐶2 𝑔𝑡 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝜙=− 𝑢+ 𝑦𝑝 − 𝑝𝑦 + ,
+ 𝑒󸀠 (𝑡) 𝜏𝑢𝑥 + 𝑒 (𝑡) 𝜙𝑥 + 𝑛󸀠 (𝑡) 𝜏𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝜙𝑦𝑦 = 0, 3𝑝 12𝐶1 (𝑡 − 𝑚) 𝑝+1
12𝐶1 (𝑡 − 𝑚) 6
(10)
where where 𝑚, 𝑝, 𝐶1 , and 𝐶2 are constants and 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡)
are arbitrary functions. This shows that the symmetries of
𝜙𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 (𝜙 − 𝜉𝑢𝑥 − 𝜂𝑢𝑦 − 𝜏𝑢𝑡 ) + 𝜉𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝜂𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑢𝑥𝑡 , equation

𝜙𝑥𝑡 = 𝐷𝑥𝑡 (𝜙 − 𝜉𝑢𝑥 − 𝜂𝑢𝑦 − 𝜏𝑢𝑡 ) + 𝜉𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 𝜂𝑢𝑥𝑡𝑦 + 𝜏𝑢𝑥𝑡𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 6𝑢𝑥2 + 6𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶1 (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 (11)
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

have the form of 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡 2

𝜂=( + 𝜏𝑡 ) 𝑦 + 𝑔 (𝑡) ,
2𝑛 (𝑡) 3

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑔 , 2𝜏𝑡 𝜏 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑡 2

(12) 𝜙= − 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑦
3 18 12𝑛3 (𝑡)

𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡 2 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡3 2 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑡

where − 2
𝑦 − 4
𝑦 + 𝑦2
48𝑛 (𝑡) 16𝑛 (𝑡) 144𝑛2 (𝑡)

𝑥 𝜕 2 1 𝜕 (𝑡 − 𝑚) 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜏𝑡𝑡𝑡 2 𝜏 𝑛2 𝜏𝑛
𝑉1 = +( + )𝑦 + − 𝑢 (13) − 𝑦 + 𝑡 3 𝑡 𝑦2 − 𝑡 2 𝑡𝑡 𝑦2
3𝑝 𝜕𝑥 3𝑝 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑝 𝜕𝑡 3𝑝 𝜕𝑢 36𝑛 (𝑡) 16𝑛 (𝑡) 24𝑛 (𝑡)
𝑓𝑡 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑡 𝑛𝑡
+ − 𝑦+ 𝑦,
is a one-dimensional Lie algebra of symmetries and 𝑉𝑓 and 6 12𝑛 (𝑡) 12𝑛2 (𝑡)
𝑉𝑔 are two infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of symmetries as (18)
expressed by (9) with 𝑛(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝 𝐶1 .
where 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) are arbitrary functions, 𝐶3 is an integral
Case 3. When 𝑒(𝑡) = 0, 𝑛(𝑡) = Const., and 𝜏(𝑡) ≠ 0, constant, and 𝑛(𝑡) and 𝜏(𝑡) satisfy the following ordinary
differential equation:

𝜏 𝜏 𝑔 2𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝜏𝑡 3𝜏𝑡 𝑛𝑡2 3𝑛3

𝜉 = 𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 − 𝑡 𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑡) , 𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡 + − + 2 𝑡
3 6𝑛 2𝑛 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡)
(19)
2 4𝑛 𝑛 4𝐶 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝜏𝑡𝑡
𝜂 = 𝜏𝑡 𝑦 + 𝑔 (𝑡) , 𝜏 = 𝜏 (𝑡) , (14) − 𝑡𝑡 𝑡 − 3 2 = 0.
3 𝑛 (𝑡) 3𝜏 (𝑡)
2𝜏𝑡 𝜏 𝜏 𝑔 𝑓 This shows that, under the condition (19), the equation
𝜙=− 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑦 + 𝑡 ,
3 18 36𝑛 12𝑛 6
𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 6𝑢𝑥2 + 6𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑡 𝐶 (20)
where 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) are arbitrary functions. It shows that the + (− + 3 ) 𝑢 + 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0
KP equation 4𝑛 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑥
admits an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of symmetries

𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 6𝑢𝑥2 + 6𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 (15) 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑔 + 𝑉0𝜏 , (21)

where 𝑉𝑓 and 𝑉𝑔 are expressed by (9):
admits an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of symmetries 𝜏 𝜏 𝜏𝑛 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛
𝑉0𝜏 = ( 𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 − 𝑡2 𝑡 𝑦2 − 2 𝑡𝑡 𝑦2
3 6𝑛 8𝑛 (𝑡) 8𝑛 (𝑡)
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑔 + 𝑉𝜏 , (16) 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡2 2 𝜕 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡 2 𝜕 𝜕
+ 3
𝑦) +( + 𝜏𝑡 ) 𝑦 + 𝜏
8𝑛 (𝑡) 𝜕𝑥 2𝑛 (𝑡) 3 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
where 𝐶 is a constant and 𝐶 ≠ 0; 𝑉𝑓 and 𝑉𝑔 are expressed by
(9) with 𝑛(𝑡) = Const., 2𝜏𝑡 𝜏 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑡 2 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡 2
+ (− 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦
3 18 12𝑛3 (𝑡) 48𝑛2 (𝑡)

𝜏 𝜏 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡3 2 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑡 𝜏

𝑉𝜏 = ( 𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 ) + 𝜏𝑦 +𝜏 − 𝑦 + 𝑦2 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦2
3 6𝑛 𝜕𝑥 3 𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 16𝑛4 (𝑡) 144𝑛2 (𝑡) 36𝑛 (𝑡)
(17)
2𝜏 𝜏 𝜏 𝜕 𝜏𝑡 𝑛𝑡2 2 𝜏𝑛 𝜕
+ (− 𝑡 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 ) . + 𝑦 − 𝑡 2 𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 ) .
3 18 36𝑛 𝜕𝑢 3
16𝑛 (𝑡) 24𝑛 (𝑡) 𝜕𝑢
(22)
Case 4. When 𝑒(𝑡) = −𝑛𝑡 /4𝑛 + 𝐶3 /𝜏(𝑡), 𝜏(𝑡) ≠ 0, and 𝑛𝑡 ≠ 0,
3. Conservation Laws for (1)
𝜏𝑡 𝜏 𝑔𝑡 𝜏𝑛 3.1. A General Theorem on Conservation Laws. As expressed
𝜉= 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 − 𝑦 − 𝑡2 𝑡 𝑦2 through the famous Noether theorem, for a given differential
3 6𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑛 (𝑡) 8𝑛 (𝑡)
equation, there is a close connection between Lie symmetries
𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡𝑡 2 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡 2 2 and conservation laws. To derive conservation laws of (1), we
− 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑡) ,
8𝑛2 (𝑡) 8𝑛3 (𝑡) use the following conclusion proved by Ibragimov in [19].
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

Theorem 1. Every Lie point, Lie-Bäcklund, and nonlocal sym- Theorem 1. However, we are only interested in the conserva-
metry tion laws of (1). Therefore one has to eliminate the nonlocal
variable V which is introduced in the adjoint equation. To
𝜕 𝜕 solve this problem, the concepts of self-adjointness, quasi-
𝑉 = 𝜉𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑢(1) , . . .) + 𝜂𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑢(1) , . . .) 𝑠 (23)
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑢 self-adjointness, and nonlinear self-adjointness are devel-
oped [20–24]. In the following, we will discuss the adjointness
of a system of 𝑚 equations and nonlinear adjointness using these definitions.
𝐹𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑢, 𝑢(1) , . . . , 𝑢(𝑁) ) = 0, 𝑠 = 1, . . . , 𝑚, Equation (1) is said to be self-adjoint if the equation
(24)
obtained from the adjoint equation (28) by the substitution
V = 𝑢 is identical with the original equation (1). It is easy
with 𝑛 independent variables 𝑥 = (𝑥1 , . . . , 𝑥𝑛 ) and 𝑚
to see that (28) is not identical with (1) when V = 𝑢, so (1)
dependent variables; 𝑢 = (𝑢1 , . . . , 𝑢𝑚 ) provides a conservation
is not a self-adjoint equation. According to the definition of
law for system (24) and the corresponding adjoint system
nonlinear self-adjointness [24], (1) is said to be nonlinearly
𝐹𝑠∗ (𝑥, 𝑢, V, 𝑢(1) , V(1) , . . . , 𝑢(𝑁) , V(𝑁) ) self-adjoint if its adjoint equation (28) is satisfied for all
solutions 𝑢 of (1) upon a substitution
𝛿 (V𝑖 𝐹𝑖 ) (25)
≡ = 0, 𝑠 = 1, . . . , 𝑚. V = 𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝑢) , 𝐻 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝑢) ≠ 0. (30)
𝛿𝑢𝑠
In other words, (1) is nonlinearly self-adjoint if and only if
Then the elements of the conservation vector 𝑇 = (𝑇1 , . . . , 𝑇𝑛 ) 󵄨
are defined by the following expression: 𝐸1∗ 󵄨󵄨󵄨V=𝐻(𝑥,𝑦,𝑡,𝑢) = 𝜆 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡, 𝑢, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 , . . .) 𝐸1 , (31)

𝑇𝑖 = 𝜉𝑖 𝐿 + 𝑊𝑠 where 𝜆 is an undetermined and smooth function.

From (31), we can get the following equation:
𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿 (𝐻𝑢 − 𝜆) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛 (𝑡) (𝐻𝑢 − 𝜆) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + (𝐻𝑢 − 𝜆) 𝑢𝑥𝑡
×[ 𝑠 − 𝐷𝑥 (
𝑗
𝑠 ) + 𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑥𝑘 (
𝑗
𝑠 ) − ⋅⋅⋅]
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗𝑘
+ 4𝐻𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 4𝐻𝑥𝑢 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑛 (𝑡) 𝐻𝑦𝑢 𝑢𝑦
+ 𝐷𝑥𝑗 (𝑊𝑠 )
+ 𝑢𝑥2 (6𝑢𝐻𝑢𝑢 + 6𝐻𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 6𝜆 + 6𝐻𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑢 )
𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿
×[ − 𝐷𝑥𝑘 ( 𝑠 ) + 𝐷𝑥𝑘 𝐷𝑥𝑟 ( 𝑠 ) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ] + 𝑢 (12𝑢𝑥 𝐻𝑥𝑢 + 6𝐻𝑢 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 6𝜆𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 6𝐻𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝐻𝑡𝑢 𝑢𝑥
𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗𝑠 𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑟
− 𝜆𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 𝐻𝑢 + 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦2 𝐻𝑢𝑢
𝜕𝐿
𝑠 𝜕𝐿
+ 𝐷𝑥𝑗 𝐷𝑥𝑘 (𝑊 ) [ 𝑠 − 𝐷𝑥𝑟 ( 𝑠 ) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ] + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ,
𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜕𝑢𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑟 + 12𝐻𝑥𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑢𝑢 + 6𝐻𝑥𝑥𝑢 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 4𝐻𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑢 𝑢𝑥
(26)
+ 𝐻𝑥𝑢 𝑢𝑡 + 4𝐻𝑥𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑥3 + 3𝐻𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑥𝑥
2
+ 𝐻𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑥4
with
+ (−𝑒 (𝑡) 𝐻𝑥 + 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝐻𝑦𝑦 + 𝐻𝑥𝑡 + 𝐻𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ) = 0.
𝑊𝑠 = 𝜂𝑠 − 𝜉𝑖 𝑢𝑖𝑠 , 𝑠 = 1, . . . , 𝑚. (27) (32)

3.2. Conservation Laws for (1). To search for conservation Solving the above system with the aid of Maple, the final
laws of (1) by Theorem 1, adjoint equation and formal results read as
Lagrangian of (1) must be known. We first construct its 𝜆 = 0, (33)
adjoint equation. Following the idea in [19], the adjoint
equation of (1) is 𝑎𝑡 𝑦3 𝑏 𝑦2
𝐻 = (𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑦 + 𝑏 (𝑡)) 𝑥 − − 𝑡
𝐸1∗ ≡ V𝑥𝑡 + 6𝑢V𝑥𝑥 + V𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒 (𝑡) V𝑥 + 𝑛 (𝑡) V𝑦𝑦 = 0, 6𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑛 (𝑡)
(28) (34)
𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑦3 𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑦2
where V is a new dependent variable with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦, and + + + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦 + 𝑙 (𝑡) ,
𝑡. 6𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑛 (𝑡)
According to the method of constructing Lagrangian in where 𝑎(𝑡), 𝑏(𝑡), 𝑘(𝑡), and 𝑙(𝑡) are arbitrary functions. In
[19], the formal Lagrangian for the system consisting of (1) summary, we have the following statements.
and (28) is
Theorem 2. The time-dependent KP equation (1) is nonlin-
𝐿 = V (𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 6𝑢𝑥2 + 6𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 ) . early self-adjoint.
(29)
In the following, we first construct the conservation laws
By means of the symmetries of (1), conservation laws for the system consisting of the initial equation (1) and its
of the system consisting of (1) and (28) can be derived by adjoint (28).
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5

For the symmetry in Case 1, the corresponding compo- 𝐶2 𝑡

− 3𝐶2 𝑦𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥 V + 3𝐶2 𝑦𝑢𝑦 V𝑥 𝑢 − 6 𝑢𝑢 V
nents of the conservation laws are 𝑝 𝑡 𝑥

𝑋1 = 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑡 + 𝑓𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V − 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 V − 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V𝑥𝑥 𝐶2 𝑡 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑡 𝐶 𝑚𝑢 𝑢 V

+6 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑥 𝑢 + 2 𝑢𝑡 V𝑡 + 2 𝑢𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 6 2 𝑡 𝑥
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑓𝑡 𝑒 (𝑡) V
− 𝑓𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢 + 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 V + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑚𝑢𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐶2 𝑥 2𝐶 𝑦
6 − − 𝑢 V − 2 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V𝑥𝑥
𝑝 3𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 3𝑝
+ 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 V𝑥 + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑡
𝐶2 𝑡 𝐶𝑡
+ 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑡) V𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 3𝐶2 𝑦𝑢V𝑢𝑥𝑦 − 6 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢V − 2 𝑢𝑥𝑡 V𝑥𝑥
𝑝 𝑝
𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 1 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦 V 𝐶2 𝑦𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥 V
− 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 + − 𝑓𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑝 10𝐶2 𝑢𝑢𝑥 V
2𝑛 (𝑡) 6 2 − V𝑡 − −4
12𝑛 (𝑡) (𝑡 − 𝑚) 𝑝 𝑝
𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑦V𝑡 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑦V𝑥𝑥𝑥
+ 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 V + + + 6𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢 𝐶2 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑡 V 𝐶2 𝑥𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 V 𝑔𝑦
12𝑛 (𝑡) 12𝑛 (𝑡) + + − 𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑡 V
3𝑝 3𝑝 2𝑛 (𝑡)
− 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V − 6𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥 V + 6𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑥 𝑢
𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑝
+ 𝑓 (𝑡) V𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢 V
1 𝑔 𝑦𝑒 (𝑡) V 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥 V𝑡 2𝑛 (𝑡) (𝑡 − 𝑚) 𝑥
− 6𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 𝑢V − 𝑓𝑡 V𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡 −
6 12𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑝 𝑔 𝑦
− V𝑥 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢
𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑡 V 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥 V 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑢V𝑥 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑛𝑡 𝑒 (𝑡) V 2𝑛 (𝑡) (𝑡 − 𝑚) 2𝑛 (𝑡)
− − + +
2𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑛 (𝑡) 12𝑛2 (𝑡) 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑝 𝐶𝑚
− V + 6 2 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢V
𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑛𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑛𝑡 V𝑡 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑛𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 12𝑛 (𝑡) (𝑡 − 𝑚) 𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑝
+ − − −
2𝑛2 (𝑡) 2𝑛2 (𝑡) 12𝑛2 (𝑡) 12𝑛2 (𝑡) 𝐶2 𝑚 𝐶𝑥 𝑔𝑦
+ 𝑢 V + 2 V 𝑢 − 𝑡 𝑢 V
3𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 V𝑥 𝑝 𝑥𝑡 𝑥𝑥 3𝑝 𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥 2𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥
− − − ,
𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝐶2 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 V
2𝐶2 𝑦 𝐶𝑡
+ 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 V𝑥 + 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 V𝑥 −
𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑓𝑡 V𝑦 𝑦𝑔𝑡𝑡 V𝑦 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑛𝑡 V𝑦 1 3𝑝 𝑝 3𝑝
𝑌1 = − + − − 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥 V𝑦
6 12 12𝑛 (𝑡) 2
𝐶2 𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 V 𝐶2 𝑚𝑢𝑡 V𝑡
− − + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑔 V 𝑔𝑛V 𝑝 𝑝
+ 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑦 + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑦 − 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑡
12 12𝑛 (𝑡)
− 𝑓𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢 − 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 V − 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 V𝑥
1 1
+ 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V + 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 V − 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V
2 2 + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 V𝑥 + 𝑓𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V + 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V𝑥𝑥
− 𝑔 (𝑡) V𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 , 2𝐶2
+ V𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑡 + 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑡 + 𝑢V
𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥 V 3𝑝 𝑡
𝑇1 = − 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V − 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V.
2𝑛 (𝑡) 4𝐶2 2 𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑢 V 2𝐶 𝑥
(35) + 𝑢 V𝑥 − 𝑡 𝑢𝑦𝑦 V − 2 𝑥 𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢
𝑝 2 𝑝 𝑝
For the symmetry in Case 2, the corresponding compo- 𝐶2 𝑦
nents of the conservation laws are + 6𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑥 𝑢 − 6𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥 V + 𝑢 V
2 𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐶2 𝑚𝑢𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢 1 1 𝑔𝑦 𝐶2 𝑦 2𝐶
𝑋2 = − 6 − 𝑓𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑓𝑡 V𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢 V + 6𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢 + 2 𝑢V𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑝 6 6 2𝑛 (𝑡) 2 𝑦 𝑡 3𝑝
𝐶2 𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 V 𝑔 𝑦 𝑔 𝑦 𝑔 𝑦 𝐶2 𝑦 5𝐶 𝑢 V
+ − 𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V + 𝑡𝑡 V𝑡 + 𝑡𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − V𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 − 2 𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑝 2𝑛 (𝑡) 12𝑛 (𝑡) 12𝑛 (𝑡) 2 3𝑝
𝐶2 𝑥 𝐶𝑥 3𝑔 𝑦 𝑔𝑦 𝐶2 𝑦 4𝐶
+ 𝑢 V + 2 𝑢 V − 𝑡 𝑢 V 𝑢 − 𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑡 + V 𝑢 + 2 𝑢 V − 6𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V𝑢
3𝑝 𝑥 𝑡 3𝑝 𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛 (𝑡) 2 𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑦 3𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑥

𝐶2 𝑦 2𝐶 𝑦 2𝐶 𝑦 𝐶2 𝑦 4𝐶2 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 𝑢V 𝐶2 𝑚𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 V𝑥

+4 𝑢 V 𝑢 + 2 𝑢𝑦 V𝑡 + 2 𝑢𝑦 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − V𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑦 − − ,
𝑝 𝑦 𝑥 3𝑝 3𝑝 2 𝑝 𝑝
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis

𝑔𝑡𝑡 V 𝐶2 𝑡𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑡 V 𝐶2 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑡 V 1 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦

𝑌2 = − − + + 𝜏𝑡𝑡 V𝑥𝑥 − 𝜏𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V + 𝑛𝜏𝑡 V𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V
12 𝑝 𝑝 18 6𝑛 3 2𝑛
𝑔𝑡 V𝑝 2𝐶2 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢V𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦
− 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡) V𝑢𝑥𝑦 + + 𝑥
12 (𝑡 − 𝑚) 3𝑝 + 𝜏𝑡 V𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 V𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 V𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑡) V𝑛𝑢𝑦𝑦
3 6 2
𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑝V𝑦 𝐶2 𝑥𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑦
− + + 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦2
12 (𝑡 − 𝑚) 3𝑝 − 10𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑢𝑥 V + 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢 + 𝜏 V
3 3 36𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡
2𝐶2 𝑦𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑦 𝐶2 𝑦𝑛 (𝑡)
+ + 𝑢𝑦 V𝑦 + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
3𝑝 2 + 𝜏𝑡𝑡𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑡𝑡 V𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑡
36𝑛 12𝑛 12𝑛 3
𝐶2 𝑡𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 V𝑦 𝐶2 𝑚𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 V𝑦 𝑔𝑡
+ − + 𝑢 V 𝑥 2𝑦
𝑝 𝑝 2 𝑥 + 𝜏 𝑢 V + 6𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢 + 𝜏𝑢 V
3 𝑡 𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥 3 𝑡 𝑦 𝑡
4𝐶2 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V 𝐶2 𝑥𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 V
− − + 𝑦V𝑦 + 2𝑦
3𝑝 3𝑝 12 2 + 𝜏 𝑢 V − 6𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 V + 6𝑔 (𝑡) V𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑢
3 𝑡 𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥 V𝑦 1 𝐶2 𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V 𝑥
− − 𝑓𝑡 𝑛 (𝑡) V𝑦 − − 6𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V + 6𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢 − 𝜏𝑢 V
2 6 2 3 𝑡 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
2𝐶2 𝑦V𝑛 (𝑡) 𝐶 𝑦V𝑛 (𝑡) 2𝑦
− 𝑔 (𝑡) V𝑛 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 2 𝑢𝑦𝑦 , − 𝜏 𝑢 V − 6𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 𝑢V − 6𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢V
3𝑝 2 3 𝑡 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑥
𝐶2 𝑢𝑥 V 𝐶2 𝑥𝑢𝑥𝑥 V 𝑔𝑡 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥 V 𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑦
𝑇2 = − − + − 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V + 𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 V𝑥 + 𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 V𝑥 − 𝜏𝑢 V
𝑝 3𝑝 2𝑛 (𝑡) 3 3 3 𝑡 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦
2𝐶2 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 V 𝐶2 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 V 𝐶2 V𝑡𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦
− − − 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V − − 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑡𝑥 V − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 V𝑥
3𝑝 2 𝑝 2𝑛 6𝑛 2𝑛
𝐶2 V𝑚𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦2
+ . − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢 − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑡 − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑝 𝑛 6𝑛 6𝑛
(36)
3𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
− 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥𝑥
Here we should note that the coefficient function 𝑛(𝑡) in the 𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛
expression of 𝑋2 , 𝑌2 , and 𝑇2 satisfies 𝑛(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝 𝐶1 , 𝑚, 𝑝, 𝑦2
and 𝐶1 are constants, and 𝑝 ≠ 0, 𝐶1 ≠ 0. − 4𝑦𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥 V + 4𝑦𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑦 V𝑥 𝑢 + 𝜏 𝑢 V
6𝑛 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
For the symmetry in Case 3, the corresponding compo-
nents of the conservation laws are 𝑦 4
+ 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑦 𝑢V + 𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥 ,
2𝑛 3
𝑥
𝑋3 = − 𝜏 V + 𝑓 (𝑡) V𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔 (𝑡) V𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦
18 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥𝑥 1 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2
𝑌3 = 𝑔𝑡 V𝑢𝑥 + 𝑔𝑡𝑡 V𝑦 − 𝜏𝑡𝑡𝑡 V + 𝜏𝑡𝑡𝑡 V𝑦
+ 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 V𝑡 − 𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 12 18 36

2 2 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦2
+ 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 V𝑡 + 𝜏𝑡 𝑢V𝑡 − 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 V𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝑡 𝑢V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑡𝑡 V + 𝑛𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑦 + 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V + 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V
3 3 12 3 3 6
5 2 𝑥
+ 𝜏 (𝑡) V𝑥 𝑢𝑡𝑥𝑥 − 𝜏𝑡 V𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝜏 (𝑡) V𝑢𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 4𝜏𝑡 𝑢2 V𝑥 + 𝑛𝜏𝑡 𝑢V𝑦 − 𝑛𝜏𝑡𝑡 V𝑦 + 𝑛𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 V𝑦 + 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑛V𝑦 𝑢𝑦
3 3 18
1 4
− 𝑓𝑡 V𝑥 𝑢 − 𝑔 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 V𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑢V + 𝑓𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V + 𝑛𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 V𝑦 − 𝑛𝜏𝑡 V𝑢𝑦 − 𝑛𝑓 (𝑡) V𝑢𝑥𝑦 − 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑛V𝑢𝑡𝑦
3 3
1
− 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 − 𝑓𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔 (𝑡) V𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑡) V𝑢𝑡𝑥 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑦 1
6 − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡 V𝑢𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛𝑓𝑡 V𝑦
6 2 2 6
𝑥 𝑦2
+ 𝑓 (𝑡) V𝑡 𝑢𝑥 + 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 V𝑡 + 𝜏𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑢V𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦
18 6𝑛 + 𝑛𝜏 𝑢 V − 𝑛𝜏 V𝑢 − 𝜏 V𝑛𝑢𝑦𝑦
3 𝑡 𝑦 𝑦 3 𝑡 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑡
𝑦 𝑦2 1
+ 𝑔𝑡𝑡 𝑢V𝑥 − 𝜏𝑡𝑡 V𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 𝑓𝑡 V𝑡 + 2𝑥𝜏𝑡 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢 − 𝑔 (𝑡) V𝑛𝑢𝑦𝑦 ,
2𝑛 6𝑛 6
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7

1 𝑥 explicit solutions of (28), local conservation laws for (1) can

𝑇3 = − 𝜏 (𝑡) V𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 𝜏𝑡 V𝑢𝑥 + 𝜏 V − 𝜏𝑡 V𝑢𝑥𝑥
18 𝑡𝑡 3 be obtained. For example, when 𝑎(𝑡) = 0 and 𝑏(𝑡) = 0 in (34),
𝑦2 𝑦 V = 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦 + 𝑙 (𝑡) , (40)
+ 𝜏 𝑢 V + 𝑔𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V − 𝑓 (𝑡) V𝑢𝑥𝑥
6𝑛 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 2𝑛
where 𝑘(𝑡) and 𝑙(𝑡) are arbitrary functions, is an exact solution
2𝑦 of (28). Substituting (40) into the above four conservation
− 𝜏 𝑢 V − 𝜏 (𝑡) V𝑢𝑥𝑦 .
3 𝑡 𝑥𝑦 laws, we can obtain time-dependent and local conservation
(37) laws for (1). Here we take (𝑋4 , 𝑌4 , 𝑇4 ) as an illustrative
example; when V = 𝑘(𝑡)𝑦 + 𝑙(𝑡), the components of the
For the fourth symmetry, the two functions 𝜏(𝑡) and 𝑛(𝑡) conservation laws (𝑋4 , 𝑌4 , 𝑇4 ) become
are determined by the differential equation (19) and they have
many explicit solutions. For simplicity, we take 𝜏(𝑡) = 1; then 𝑋̄ 4 = − 𝐶3 𝑦2 𝑢𝑦 𝑘 (𝑡) tan 𝑡 − 𝐶3 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦 tan 𝑡
𝑛(𝑡) = 1 + tan2 𝑡 and 𝑒(𝑡) = (− tan 𝑡/2) + 𝐶3 . When 𝑓(𝑡) =
𝑔(𝑡) = 0, the corresponding Lie symmetry is − 6𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥 tan 𝑡 − 6𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥 tan 𝑡 + 𝑙󸀠 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡

𝑦3
𝑦2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 − 6𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑥𝑦 𝑢 tan 𝑡 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦
𝑉=− + 𝑦 tan 𝑡 + +0 , (38) 4
4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑢
𝑦2 󸀠 1
and the components of the conservation laws are − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 − 𝐶3 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 tan 𝑡 − 6𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑥
4 2

𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦3
𝑋4 = − V𝑢𝑡𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 V𝑥 − 6𝑢V𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝑢𝑥𝑥 V𝑥𝑥 − 6𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 𝑢 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 − 𝑘󸀠 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥
4 4 4 4

+ 6𝑢𝑢𝑡 V𝑥 − 6V𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑥 − 𝐶3 𝑢𝑡 V + V𝑥 𝑢𝑡𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑡 V𝑡 𝑦2 𝑦3

+ 𝑘󸀠 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡
4 4
tan 𝑡 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦2
+ 𝑢𝑡 V − 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥 V𝑡 − 𝑢𝑦𝑦 V − 𝑦𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡
2 4 4 4
𝑦2 3𝑦2 tan2 𝑡 𝑦3 𝑦
− V𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝑢𝑡 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥 V𝑥 𝑢 + 𝑦V𝑢𝑦 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 tan2 𝑡 + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 tan 𝑡 + 𝑙󸀠 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦 tan 𝑡
4 2 2 4 2
+ 𝑦𝑢𝑦 V𝑥𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑡 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 V𝑡 tan 𝑡 + 𝑦V𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 𝑦 𝑦2
− 6𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 tan2 𝑡 + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 tan2 𝑡
2 2
tan2 𝑡 2
− 6𝑦V𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥 tan 𝑡 − 𝐶3 𝑦V𝑢𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 𝑦 V𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑦2 tan2 𝑡
4 − 6𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑥 − 𝐶3 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦
4
− 𝑢𝑥𝑡 V𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦V𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 𝑦V𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡
+ 𝑘󸀠 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 6𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 𝑢 tan 𝑡,
− 6𝑦𝑢V𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 + 6𝑦𝑢𝑢𝑦 V𝑥 tan 𝑡,
𝑌4̄ = − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦 tan3 𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡
2 2
𝑦 𝑦
𝑌4 = − 𝑢 V − V 𝑢 tan2 𝑡 + 𝑦V𝑦 𝑢𝑦 tan 𝑡 𝑦
4 𝑥 𝑦 4 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 tan3 𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦 tan2 𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑡 + 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 tan2 𝑡
2
1
+ 𝑦V𝑦 𝑢𝑦 tan3 𝑡 + V𝑦 𝑢𝑡 + V𝑦 𝑢𝑡 tan2 𝑡 + V𝑦𝑢𝑥 𝑦2 𝑦3
2 + 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan2 𝑡 + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 tan2 𝑡
4 4
𝑦2 𝑦2
+ V𝑢𝑥𝑦 + V𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan2 𝑡 − V𝑢𝑦 tan 𝑡 − V𝑢𝑦 tan3 𝑡 𝑦2
4 4 + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑡 tan2 𝑡 − 𝑦𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 tan3 𝑡
1 4
− V𝑢𝑡𝑦 − V𝑢𝑡𝑦 tan2 𝑡 + V𝑦𝑢𝑥 tan2 𝑡
2 𝑦2 𝑦
− 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦 tan 𝑡 + 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥
− 𝑦V tan 𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦V tan3 𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑦 , 4 2
𝑦2 𝑦3
𝑦2 + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 tan2 𝑡 + 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan2 𝑡
𝑇4 = V𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦V𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 − V𝑢𝑥𝑡 . 4 4
4
(39) − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑦𝑦 tan 𝑡,
1
We should mention that in the above components of the 𝑇4̄ = (𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦 + 𝑙 (𝑡)) (𝑦2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 4𝑢𝑥𝑡 ) .
conservation laws for (1) and (28), 𝑢 is a solution of (1) and V 4
is a solution of the adjoint equation (28). Making use of the (41)
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis

These are local and explicit conservation laws of (1). Next 4. Symmetry Reductions and New Exact
we show that the above conservation laws (𝑋̄ 4 , 𝑌4̄ , 𝑇4̄ ) are Solutions of (1)
nontrivial:
In Section 2, we obtain the Lie symmetries of (1). In this sec-
𝐷𝑥 (𝑋̄ 4 ) + 𝐷𝑦 (𝑌4̄ ) + 𝐷𝑡 (𝑇4̄ )
tion, we will investigate the symmetry reductions and exact
solutions for the equation. Using the obtained symmetries (3),
= −𝐶3 𝑦2 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡𝑡 similarity variables and symmetry reductions can be found by
solving the corresponding characteristic equation:
− 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑡𝑡 − 12𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 2𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 tan3 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢
= = = . (44)
𝜉 𝜂 𝜏 𝜙
1 1
+ 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 tan2 𝑡 − 2𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦 tan 𝑡 + 𝑦𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 For the four different cases, we determine the following
2 2
symmetry reductions and exact solutions of (1).
− 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑡 − 6𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 − 6𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥
4.1. For the Symmetry in Case 1, Where 𝑒(𝑡) and 𝑛(𝑡) (𝑛(𝑡) ≠ 0)
1 Are Arbitrary Functions.
+ 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 tan 𝑡 − 𝐶3 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑡 tan2 𝑡 (i) When 𝑔(𝑡) = 0, 𝑓(𝑡) ≠ 0, we can obtain
2
𝑓𝑡 𝑥
− 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑡 − 6𝑦2 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 𝑢= + Ω (𝑦, 𝑡) , (45)
6𝑓

− 12𝑦2 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 12𝑦𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 and Ω(𝑦, 𝑡) is a solution of the following reduction equation:
𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑡
− 6𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 6𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑡 + + 𝑛Ω𝑦𝑦 = 0. (46)
6𝑓 6𝑓

− 6𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑡 − 𝐶3 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 From the above equation, we can obtain an algebraically
explicit analytical solution for (1):
1 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 𝑓𝑡𝑡 + 𝑒𝑓𝑡 2
+ 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑡 tan2 𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑦 tan3 𝑡 𝑢= − 𝑦 + 𝐹1 (𝑡) 𝑦 + 𝐹2 (𝑡) , (47)
2 6𝑓 12𝑛𝑓
1 where 𝐹1 (𝑡) and 𝐹2 (𝑡) are arbitrary functions of 𝑡.
+ 𝑦𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan2 𝑡 − 𝐶3 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 6𝑦𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑥𝑥 (ii) When 𝑓(𝑡) = 0, 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡, the corresponding symmetry
2
is
1 𝑦 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑛 𝜕
+ 𝑦2 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑦 tan2 𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 𝑉=− + 𝑡 + 0 + 𝑡2𝑦 . (48)
2 2𝑛 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 12𝑛 𝜕𝑢
1 By the characteristic equations of the symmetry, we have
− 12𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑥𝑡 − 6𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 𝑦𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑡 tan 𝑡
2 𝑢 = Ω(𝜃, 𝑡), 𝜃 = 𝑦2 /2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑡. Substituting it into (1), we get a
symmetry reduction of (1):
− 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑥𝑦𝑡 tan 𝑡
𝜃
Ω𝜃𝑡 + Ω𝜃𝜃 + 12𝑛𝑡(Ω𝜃 Ω)𝜃 + 8𝑛3 𝑡3 Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃
𝑡
− 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦𝑡 tan 𝑡 − 2𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦 tan3 𝑡
3 𝑛𝑡 𝑛2 𝑛
+( − + 𝑒 (𝑡)) Ω𝜃 + 𝑡3 − 𝑡𝑡2 (49)
1 2𝑡 𝑛 6𝑛 𝑡 12𝑛 𝑡
+ 𝑦𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥 tan2 𝑡 − 2𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦 tan 𝑡
2 𝑒 (𝑡) 𝑛𝑡
− = 0.
2
− 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦 𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑦 tan 𝑡 − 𝑙 (𝑡) 𝑦𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑦 tan 𝑡 12𝑛2 𝑡
If the coefficient functions 𝑒(𝑡) = 0, 𝑛(𝑡) = Const., the
− 𝑘 (𝑡) 𝑦2 𝑢𝑦𝑦𝑦 tan3 𝑡. obtained symmetry reduction can be simplified to
(42)
𝜃 3
Ω𝜃𝑡 + Ω𝜃𝜃 + Ω𝜃 + 12𝑛𝑡(Ω𝜃 Ω)𝜃 + 8𝑛3 𝑡3 Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 = 0. (50)
Obviously, if 𝑘(𝑡), 𝑙(𝑡) are not zero at the same time, 𝐷𝑥 (𝑋̄ 4 ) + 𝑡 2𝑡
𝐷𝑦 (𝑌4̄ ) + 𝐷𝑡 (𝑇4̄ ) ≠ 0. And we can easily check that Integrating (50) with respect to 𝜃 and taking the constant of
(𝐷𝑥 (𝑋4 ) + 𝐷𝑦 (𝑌4 ) integration to zero, we get the following equation:

󵄨 (43) 𝜃 1
+𝐷𝑡 (𝑇4 ))󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 =−𝑢𝑥𝑡 −6𝑢𝑥 2 −6𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 −𝑒(𝑡)𝑢𝑥 −𝑛(𝑡)𝑢𝑦𝑦 ≡ 0. Ω𝑡 + 12𝑛𝑡Ω𝜃 Ω + 8𝑛3 𝑡3 Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃 + Ω𝜃 + Ω = 0. (51)
𝑡 2𝑡
Abstract and Applied Analysis 9

Equation (51) is the (1 + 1)-dimensional generalized KdV And Ω(𝜃, 𝑡) satisfies the following reduction equation:
equation with variable coefficients. To the best of our knowl-
edge, exact solutions of (51) have not been studied up to now. Ω𝜃𝑡 + 6 (Ω2𝜃 + ΩΩ𝜃𝜃 ) + Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃
Solving (51) by the method in [25], we can get the following (56)
solutions for (1): + 𝑀02 𝐶1 (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝 Ω𝜃𝜃 = 0.

𝜃 𝑀3 The above equation can be integrated by 𝜃 and, when we take

𝑢 = Ω (𝜃, 𝑡) = +
24𝑛𝑡2 24𝑛𝑡𝑀1 the constant of integration to zero, we get a reduced reduction
equation:
8𝑛2 𝑀12 𝑐2 8𝑛2 𝑀12 𝑐4 2 (52)
− − 𝑃 (𝜑) ,
3𝑡 𝑡 Ω𝑡 + 6ΩΩ𝜃 + Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃 + 𝑀02 𝐶1 (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝 Ω𝜃 = 0. (57)

𝜑 = 𝑀1 𝜃𝑡−3/2 + 𝑀3 𝑡−1/2 + 𝑀2 , Equation (57) is variable coefficient KdV equation and

soliton-like solutions have been obtained in [27]. By means
where 𝑀1 , 𝑀2 , and 𝑀3 are arbitrary constants and the func- of the known solutions, many explicit solutions of (1) can be
tion 𝑃(𝜑) satisfies obtained. For example,

𝑃󸀠2 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐2 𝑃2 + 𝑐4 𝑃4 , (53) 𝑢1 = 𝑘1 + 2𝑐𝑘42 sech2 (√𝑐𝜑) ,

where 𝑐0 , 𝑐2 , and 𝑐4 are constants; solutions of (53) have been 𝜑 = 𝑘4 (𝑥 − 𝑀0 𝑦) − 6𝑘1 𝑘4 𝑡 − 4𝑐𝑘43 𝑡
given in [26]. By means of the solutions of (53), plenty of
𝑀02 𝐶1 𝑘4
solutions for (1) can be obtained; for example, − (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝+1 ,
𝑝+1
𝑦2 /2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑡 𝑀3 (58)
𝑢1 = + 𝑢2 = 𝑘1 − 2𝑐𝑘42 tanh2 (𝜑) ,
24𝑛𝑡2 24𝑛𝑡𝑀1
𝜑 = 𝑘4 (𝑥 − 𝑀0 𝑦) − 6𝑘1 𝑘4 𝑡 + 8𝑘43 𝑡
8𝑛2 𝑀12 (−𝑘2 − 1) 8𝑛2 𝑀12 𝑘2 sn2 (𝜑)
− − ,
3𝑡 𝑡 𝑀02 𝐶1 𝑘4
− (𝑡 − 𝑚)𝑝+1 ,
𝑝+1
(𝑐0 = 1, 𝑐2 = −1 − 𝑘2 , 𝑐4 = 𝑘2 ) ,
where 𝑘1 , 𝑘4 , and 𝑐 are constants.
𝑦2 /2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑡 𝑀3
𝑢2 = + (iv) When 𝑒(𝑡) ≠ 0 and 𝑛(𝑡) = 𝑁0 exp((∫(𝑒𝑡 − 2𝑒2 )/𝑒)𝑑𝑡),
24𝑛𝑡2 24𝑛𝑡𝑀1 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑁1 , 𝑔(𝑡) = 1. By the corresponding characteristic
equation of the symmetry, we have
8𝑛2 𝑀12 (−𝑘2 − 1) 8𝑛2 𝑀12 ns2 (𝜑)
− − ,
3𝑡 𝑡 𝑢 = Ω (𝜃, 𝑡) , 𝜃 = 𝑥 − 𝑁1 𝑦. (59)
(𝑐0 = 𝑘2 , 𝑐2 = −1 − 𝑘2 , 𝑐4 = 1) , Substituting it into (1), we get the following symmetry
2 reduction of (1):
2
𝑦 /2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑡 𝑀3 8𝑛 𝑀12 𝑐2
𝑢3 = + −
24𝑛𝑡2 24𝑛𝑡𝑀1 3𝑡 Ω𝜃𝑡 + 6 (Ω2𝜃 + ΩΩ𝜃𝜃 ) + Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 + 𝑒 (𝑡) Ω𝜃
8𝑛2 𝑀12 𝑐2 sech2 (𝜑) 𝑒𝑡 − 2𝑒2 (60)
+ , (𝑐0 = 0, 𝑐2 > 0, 𝑐4 < 0) , + 𝑁12 𝑁0 exp (∫ 𝑑𝑡) Ω𝜃𝜃 .
𝑡 𝑒
𝑦2 /2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑡 𝑀3 8𝑛2 𝑀12 𝑐2
𝑢4 = + − Integrating the above equation with respect to 𝜃 and taking
24𝑛𝑡2 24𝑛𝑡𝑀1 3𝑡 the constant of integration to zero, the obtained reduction
equation becomes
4𝑛2 𝑀12 𝑐2 tanh2 (𝜑) 𝑐22
+ , (𝑐0 = , 𝑐 < 0, 𝑐4 > 0) ,
𝑡 4𝑐4 2 Ω𝑡 + 6ΩΩ𝜃 + Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃 + 𝑒 (𝑡) Ω
(54)
𝑒𝑡 − 2𝑒2 (61)
+ 𝑁12 𝑁0 exp (∫ 𝑑𝑡) Ω𝜃 .
where 𝑘 (0 < 𝑘 < 1) denotes the modulus of the Jacobi 𝑒
elliptic function.
(iii) When 𝑒(𝑡) = 0, 𝑛(𝑡) = (𝑡−𝑚)𝑝 𝐶1 , 𝑝 ≠ 0, 𝐶1 ≠ 0, 𝑓(𝑡) = Equation (61) is a variable coefficient KdV equation [28, 29].
𝑀0 , and 𝑔(𝑡) = 1, we can get
4.2. For the Symmetry in Case 2, 𝑒(𝑡)=0, 𝑛(𝑡)=(𝑡−𝑚)𝑝 𝐶1 , 𝑝 ≠ 0,
𝑢 = Ω (𝜃, 𝑡) , 𝜃 = 𝑥 − 𝑀0 𝑦. (55) 𝐶1 ≠ 0. When 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) = 0, 𝑚 = 0, 𝑝 = 𝐶2 = 2/3, then
10 Abstract and Applied Analysis

𝑛(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑡2/3 , and 𝐶1 ≠ 0; the corresponding symmetry of (1) list the following soliton solutions (𝑢1 –𝑢4 ) and Jacobi elliptic
is function solutions (𝑢5 –𝑢17 ):

𝑥 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕 −𝑛𝜔2 4 2 −2/3
𝑉= +𝑦 +𝑡 − 𝑢 . (62) 𝑢1 = ( + 𝛼 )𝜏 − 2𝛼2 𝜏−2/3 tanh2 (𝜑)
3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 3 𝜕𝑢 6𝛼2 3

𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
By the characteristic equations of the symmetry, we can get + − + 𝑡 2,
the explicit solutions for (1) 18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏

−𝑛𝜔2 2 2 −2/3
𝑥3 𝑦 𝑢2 = ( − 𝛼 )𝜏 + 2𝛼2 𝜏−2/3 sech2 (𝜑)
𝑢 = Ω (𝜃, 𝛿) 𝑡−2/3 , 𝜃= , 𝛿= , (63) 6𝛼2 3
𝑡 𝑡
𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
where the function Ω(𝜃, 𝛿) satisfies the following reduction + − + 𝑡 2,
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏
equation:
−𝑛𝜔2 1 2 −2/3
𝑢3 = ( + 𝛼 )𝜏
− 3𝜃5/3 Ω𝜃𝜃 − 3𝜃2/3 𝛿Ω𝜃𝛿 − 5𝜃2/3 Ω𝜃 6𝛼2 3

+ 54𝜃4/3 (Ω2𝜃 + Ω𝜃𝜃 Ω) + 36𝜃1/3 Ω𝜃 Ω 4

𝛼2 −2/3 𝜀 tanh (𝜑) + 𝛽(1 + sech (𝜑))
4
(64) − 𝜏 2
2 tanh2 (𝜑) (1 + sech (𝜑))
+ 81𝜃8/3 Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 + 324𝜃5/3 Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃 + 180𝜃2/3 Ω𝜃𝜃
+ 𝐶1 Ω𝛿𝛿 = 0. 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
+ − + 𝑡 2,
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏
Equation (64) is difficult to solve and we will study its exact
2
solutions in a future paper. −𝑛𝜔2 2 2 −2/3 2 −2/3 sech (𝜑)
𝑢4 = ( − 𝛼 ) 𝜏 − 2𝛼 𝜏
6𝛼2 3 tanh2 (𝜑)
4.3. For the Symmetry in Case 3, 𝑒(𝑡)=0, 𝑛(𝑡)=Const., and
𝜏(𝑡) ≠ 0. When 𝑓(𝑡) = 0, 𝑔(𝑡) = 0, the corresponding 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
+ − + 𝑡 2,
symmetry is 18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏

𝜏 𝜏 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕 −𝑛𝜔2 2 2 2 2 2 −2/3
𝑉 = ( 𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 ) + 𝜏 𝑦 + 𝜏 (𝑡) 𝑢5 = ( + 𝛼 + 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏 − 2𝛼2 𝜏−2/3
3 6𝑛 𝜕𝑥 3 𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 6𝛼2 3 3
(65)
2𝜏 𝜏 𝜏 𝜕 𝜀 + 𝛽𝑚2 sn4 (𝜑) 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏𝑡2 𝑦2
+ (− 𝑡 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 ) . × + − + ,
3 18 36𝑛 𝜕𝑢 sn2 (𝜑) 18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏2

By the characteristic equation of the symmetry, we have −𝑛𝜔2 2 2 2 2 2 −2/3

𝑢6 = ( + 𝛼 + 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏 − 2𝛼2 𝜏−2/3
6𝛼2 3 3
1 1 2 1
𝑢= 𝑥𝜏 − 𝑦 𝜏𝑡𝑡 + 𝑦2 𝜏𝑡2 + Ω (𝜃, 𝛿) 𝜏−2/3 ,
18𝜏 𝑡 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏2 𝜀 dn4 (𝜑) + 𝛽𝑚2 cn4 (𝜑) 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏𝑡2 𝑦2
× + − + ,
1 2 −4/3 cn2 (𝜑) dn2 (𝜑) 18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏2
𝜃 = 𝑥𝜏−1/3 + 𝑦 𝜏𝑡 𝜏 , 𝛿 = 𝑦𝜏−2/3 .
6𝑛
(66) −𝑛𝜔2 4 2 2 2 2 −2/3
𝑢7 = ( − 𝛼 𝑚 + 𝛼 )𝜏 − 2𝛼2 𝜏−2/3
6𝛼2 3 3
Substituting it into (1), we get a symmetry reduction of (1):
𝜀 (1 − 𝑚2 ) − 𝛽𝑚2 cn4 (𝜑) 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
× + − + 𝑡 2,
6Ω2𝜃 + 6Ω𝜃𝜃 Ω + Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 + 𝑛Ω𝛿𝛿 = 0. (67) cn2 (𝜑) 18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏

−𝑛𝜔2 4 2 2 2 2 −2/3
Equation (67) is the special case of (2 + 1)-dimensional 𝑢8 = ( − 𝛼 + 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏 + 2𝛼2 𝜏−2/3
Boussinesq equation and exact solutions of (67) have been 6𝛼2 3 3
studied by Chen and Zhang in [30] (with 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑟 =
−3/𝑛, and 𝑠 = −1/𝑛). With the help of the known solutions 𝜀 (1 − 𝑚2 ) + 𝛽dn4 (𝜑) 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
in [30], many explicit solutions of (1) can be obtained. We × + − + 𝑡 2,
dn2 (𝜑) 18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏
Abstract and Applied Analysis 11

−𝑛𝜔2 4 2 2 2 2 −2/3 𝛼2
2
𝜀(1 − 𝑚2 ) + 𝛽(𝑚 cn (𝜑) ± dn (𝜑))
4
𝑢9 = ( − 𝛼 + 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏 + 𝜏−2/3
6𝛼2 3 3 2 2
(𝑚 cn (𝜑) ± dn (𝜑))
𝜀 (1 − 𝑚2 ) sn4 (𝜑) + 𝛽 cn4 (𝜑)
− 2𝛼 𝜏 2 −2/3 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
sn2 (𝜑) cn2 (𝜑) + − + 𝑡 2,
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏
𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2 −𝑛𝜔2 1 2 2 2 2 −2/3
+ − + 𝑡 2, 𝑢16 = ( − 𝛼 − 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏 6𝛼2 3 3

−𝑛𝜔2 4 2 2 2 2 −2/3 2
𝜀(1 − 𝑚2 ) sn4 (𝜑) + 𝛽(dn (𝜑) ± cn (𝜑))
4
𝑢10 = ( − 𝛼 𝑚 + 𝛼 )𝜏 𝛼2
6𝛼2 3 3 − 𝜏−2/3 2
2 sn2 (𝜑) (dn (𝜑) ± cn (𝜑))
𝜀 dn4 (𝜑) − 𝛽𝑚2 (1 − 𝑚2 ) sn4 (𝜑)
− 2𝛼2 𝜏−2/3 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
sn2 (𝜑) dn2 (𝜑) + − + 𝑡 2,
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏
𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2 −𝑛𝜔2 1 2 2 2 2 −2/3
+ − + 𝑡 2, 𝑢17 = ( − 𝛼 𝑚 + 𝛼 )𝜏
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏 6𝛼2 3 3
−𝑛𝜔2 1 2 2 2 2 −2/3 𝜀𝑚4 cn4 (𝜑) + 𝛽(√1 − 𝑚2 ± dn (𝜑))
4
𝑢11 = ( − 𝛼 + 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏 𝛼2
6𝛼2 3 3 − 𝜏−2/3 2
2 cn2 (𝜑) (√1 − 𝑚2 ± dn (𝜑))
4 4
𝛼2 −2/3 𝜀 sn (𝜑) + 𝛽(1 ± cn (𝜑))
− 𝜏 2 𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2
2 sn2 (𝜑) (1 ± cn (𝜑)) + − + 𝑡 2,
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏
𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2 (68)
+ − + 𝑡 2,
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏 where 𝜑 = 𝛼(𝑥𝜏−1/3 + (1/6𝑛)𝑦2 𝜏𝑡 𝜏−4/3 ) + 𝜔(𝑦𝜏−2/3 ), 𝛼 and 𝜔
−𝑛𝜔2 1 2 2 2 2 −2/3 are constants, 𝑘(0 < 𝑘 < 1) denotes the modulus of the Jacobi
𝑢12 = ( − 𝛼 + 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏 elliptic function, and 𝜀 and 𝛽 are arbitrary elements of {0, 1}.
6𝛼2 3 3
We should mention that the soliton solution 𝑢1 is the limit of
4 𝑢5 when 𝑚 → 1, 𝜀 = 0, 𝛽 = 1. The solutions 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , and 𝑢4
𝛼2 𝜀 cn4 (𝜑) + 𝛽(√1 − 𝑚2 sn (𝜑) ± dn (𝜑))
− 𝜏−2/3 are the limit of 𝑢7 , 𝑢11 , and 𝑢9 , respectively, when 𝑚 → 1,
2 2
cn2 (𝜑) (√1 − 𝑚2 sn (𝜑) ± dn (𝜑)) 𝛽 = 1.

𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2 4.4. For the Symmetry in Case 4, 𝑒(𝑡)=−𝑛𝑡 /4𝑛 + 𝐶3 /𝜏(𝑡), 𝑛(𝑡),
+ − + 𝑡 2, and 𝜏(𝑡) Satisfy (19). For simplicity, we take 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) = 0,
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏
𝜏(𝑡) = 1; then 𝑛(𝑡) = 1+tan2 𝑡 and 𝑒(𝑡) = − tan 𝑡/2+𝐶3 . Solving
−𝑛𝜔2 1 2 1 2 2 −2/3 the corresponding characteristic equation, we get
𝑢13 = ( − 𝛼 − 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏
6𝛼2 3 3
𝑦2
2 4 4 𝑢 = Ω (𝜃, 𝛿) , 𝜃=𝑥+ sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡, 𝛿 = 𝑦 cos 𝑡. (69)
𝛼 𝜀 dn (𝜑) + 𝛽(1 ± 𝑚 sn (𝜑)) 4
+ (1 − 𝑚2 ) 𝜏−2/3 2
2 dn2 (𝜑) (1 ± 𝑚 sn (𝜑)) Substituting it into (1), we get a symmetry reduction of (1):

𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2 𝜏 2 𝑦2 𝛿2
+ − + 𝑡 2, Ω + 6Ω𝜃𝜃 Ω + 6Ω2𝜃 + Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 + 𝐶3 Ω𝜃 + Ω𝛿𝛿 = 0. (70)
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏 4 𝜃𝜃
Obviously, Ω = −(𝐶3 /6)𝜃 + 𝑁1 𝛿 + 𝑁2 is a solution of
−𝑛𝜔2 1 2 1 2 2 −2/3
𝑢14 = ( − 𝛼 − 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏 (70). From that, we can get an algebraically explicit analytical
6𝛼2 3 3 solution for (1) as follows:
4 4
𝛼2 𝜀 cn (𝜑) + 𝛽(1 ± sn (𝜑)) 𝐶3 𝑦2
− (1 − 𝑚2 ) 𝜏−2/3 2
𝑢=− (𝑥 + sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡) + 𝑁1 𝑦 cos 𝑡 + 𝑁2 , (71)
2 cn2 (𝜑) (1 ± sn (𝜑)) 6 4

𝜏 2 𝑦2 where 𝑁1 and 𝑁2 are integral constants. And, if 𝐶3 = 0,

𝜏𝑡 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝑦2
+ − + 𝑡 2, (70) becomes the following (2 + 1)-dimensional variable
18𝜏 36𝑛𝜏 54𝑛𝜏 coefficient Boussinesq equation:
−𝑛𝜔2 1 2 1 2 2 −2/3
𝑢15 = ( − 𝛼 − 𝛼 𝑚 )𝜏 𝛿2
6𝛼2 3 3 Ω + 6Ω𝜃𝜃 Ω + 6Ω2𝜃 + Ω𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 + Ω𝛿𝛿 = 0. (72)
4 𝜃𝜃
12
Remark 3. To the best of our knowledge, the symmetry
reductions obtained in this paper have not been reported
in the existent literature, so they are completely new. The
exact solutions of (1) obtained here are all different from the
known solutions and they are also new. All the solutions and
conservation laws obtained in this paper for (1) have been
checked by Maple software.
5. Conclusions
In summary, by performing Lie symmetry analysis to (1),
four cases of geometric symmetries are obtained when the
coefficient functions satisfy four different constraint con-
ditions. According to the relationship between symmetry
and conservation laws given by Ibragimov, many explicit
and nontrivial conservation laws, which includes arbitrary
functions of 𝑡, are derived. These conservation laws may
be useful for the explanation of some practical physical
problems. Using the associated vector fields of the obtained
symmetry, (1) is reduced to (1 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear
partial differential equations including different types of
variable coefficient KdV equation (see (51), (57), and (61)),
special case of (2 + 1)-dimensional Boussinesq equation (see
(67) and (72)), and other reduction equations (see (64) and
(70)). Many new explicit solutions of (1) have been derived
by solving the reduction equations. These solutions, including
soliton solutions, Jacobi doubly periodic solutions, and alge-
braically explicit analytical solutions, can make one discuss
the behavior of solutions and also provide mathematical
foundation for the explanation of some interesting physical
phenomena.
Conflict of Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of
Shandong Province (ZR2013AQ005 and ZR2010AL019).
References
[1] G. W. Bluman and S. Kumei, Symmetries and Differential Equa-
tions, vol. 81 of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Springer, New
York, NY, USA, 1989.
[2] G. W. Bluman and S. C. Anco, Symmetry and Integration Meth-
ods for Differential Equations, vol. 154 of Applied Mathematical
Sciences, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2002.
[3] N. H. Ibragimov, Transformation Groups Applied to Mathemati-
cal Physics, Mathematics and its Applications (Soviet Series), D.
Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1985.
[4] P. J. Olver, Applications of Lie Groups to Differential Equations,
vol. 107 of Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, New York,
NY, USA, 1986.
[5] P. D. Lax, “Integrals of nonlinear equations of evolution and
solitary waves,” Communications on Pure and Applied Mathe-
matics, vol. 21, pp. 467–490, 1968.
Abstract and Applied Analysis
[6] T. B. Benjamin, “The stability of solitary waves,” Proceedings of
the Royal Society A, vol. 328, pp. 153–183, 1972.
[7] M. J. Ablowitz and P. A. Clarkson, Solitons, Nonlinear Evolution
Equations and Inverse Scattering, vol. 149 of London Mathemat-
ical Society Lecture Note Series, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 1991.
[8] R. Hirota, “Exact solution of the korteweg-de vries equation for
multiple Collisions of solitons,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 27,
no. 18, pp. 1192–1194, 1971.
[9] J. Weiss, M. Tabor, and G. Carnevale, “The Painlevé property for
partial differential equations,” Journal of Mathematical Physics,
vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 522–526, 1983.
[10] W. Hereman and W. Zhuang, “Symbolic software for soliton
theory,” Acta Applicandae Mathematicae, vol. 39, no. 1–3, pp.
361–378, 1995.
[11] C. Zhang, B. Tian, L.-L. Li, and T. Xu, “Analytic analysis on a
generalized (2 + 1)-dimensional variable-coefficient Korteweg-
de Vries equation using symbolic computation,” International
Journal of Modern Physics B, vol. 24, no. 27, pp. 5359–5370, 2010.
[12] E. Yomba, “Construction of new soliton-like solutions for the
(2 + 1) dimensional KdV equation with variable coefficients,”
Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 75–79, 2004.
[13] E. Yomba, “Abundant families of Jacobi elliptic function-like
solutions for a generalized variable coefficients 2D KdV equa-
tion via the extended mapping method,” Physics Letters A, vol.
349, no. 1–4, pp. 212–219, 2006.
[14] S. Shen, J. Zhang, C. Ye, and Z. Pan, “New exact solutions of the
(2 + 1)-dimensional KdV equation with variable coefficients,”
Physics Letters A, vol. 337, no. 1-2, pp. 101–106, 2005.
[15] H.-N. Xuan, D. Zhang, and C. Wang, “Families of non-
travelling wave solutions to a generalized variable coefficient
two-dimensional KdV equation using symbolic computation,”
Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 171–174, 2005.
[16] S. A. Elwakil, S. K. El-labany, M. A. Zahran, and R. Sabry, “New
exact solutions for a generalized variable coefficients 2D KdV
equation,” Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1083–
1086, 2004.
[17] M. H. M. Moussa and R. M. El-Shiekh, “Direct reduction and
exact solutions for generalized variable coefficients 2D KdV
equation under some integrability conditions,” Communica-
tions in Theoretical Physics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 551–554, 2011.
[18] Y. Zhang, W.-W. Wei, T.-F. Cheng, and Y. Song, “Binary Bell
polynomial application in generalized (2+1)-dimensional KdV
equation with variable coefficients,” Chinese Physics B, vol. 20,
no. 11, Article ID 110204, 2011.
[19] N. H. Ibragimov, “A new conservation theorem,” Journal of
Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 333, no. 1, pp. 311–
328, 2007.
[20] N. H. Ibragimov, “Integrating factors, adjoint equations and
Lagrangians,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applica-
tions, vol. 318, no. 2, pp. 742–757, 2006.
[21] N. H. Ibragimov, M. Torrisi, and R. Tracinà, “Self-adjointness
and conservation laws of a generalized Burgers equation,”
Journal of Physics A, vol. 44, no. 14, Article ID 145201, 2011.
[22] N. H. Ibragimov, “Quasi-self-adjoint differential equations,”
Archives of ALGA, vol. 4, pp. 55–60, 2007.
[23] N. H. Ibragimov, “Nonlinear self-adjointness and conservation
laws,” Journal of Physics A, vol. 44, no. 43, Article ID 432002,
2011.
[24] N. H. Ibragimov, “Nonlinear self-adjointness in constructing
conservation laws,” Archives of ALGA, vol. 7-8, pp. 1–90, 2011.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 13

[25] C.-L. Bai, C.-J. Bai, and H. Zhao, “A new generalized algebraic
method and its application in nonlinear evolution equations
with variable coefficients,” Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung A, vol.
60, no. 4, pp. 211–220, 2005.
[26] L.-H. Zhang, “Travelling wave solutions for the generalized
Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation with higher-order nonlinear
terms,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 208, no. 1,
pp. 144–155, 2009.
[27] X. Zhao, D. Tang, and L. Wang, “New soliton-like solutions for
KdV equation with variable coefficient,” Physics Letters A, vol.
346, no. 4, pp. 288–291, 2005.
[28] K.-J. Cai, C. Zhang, T. Xu, H. Zhang, and B. Tian, “Modified
Exp-function method and variable-coefficient Korteweg-de
Vries model from Bose-Einstein condensates,” International
Journal of Modern Physics B, vol. 24, no. 19, pp. 3759–3768, 2010.
[29] J. Li, B. Tian, X.-H. Meng, T. Xu, C.-Y. Zhang, and Y.-X.
Zhang, “Variable-cofficient miura transforamation and integra-
ble properties for a generalized variable-coefficeint korteweg-de
vries equatiojn from boseeinstein condenstates with symbolic
computiation,” International Journal of Modern Physics B, vol.
23, no. 4, pp. 571–584, 2009.
[30] C. Huai-Tang and Z. Hong-Qing, “New double periodic and
multiple soliton solutions of the generalized (2+1)-dimensional
Boussinesq equation,” Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, vol. 20, no.
4, pp. 765–769, 2004.
Advances in Advances in Journal of Journal of
Operations Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Decision Sciences
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Algebra
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Probability and Statistics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

The Scientific International Journal of

World Journal
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Differential Equations
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Submit your manuscripts at

http://www.hindawi.com

International Journal of Advances in

Combinatorics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematical Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Journal of Journal of Mathematical Problems Abstract and Discrete Dynamics in

Complex Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
in Engineering
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Nature and Society
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

International
Journal of Journal of
Mathematics and
Mathematical
Discrete Mathematics
Sciences

Journal of International Journal of Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Publishing Corporation Volume 2014

http://www.hindawi.com
Function Spaces
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com http://www.hindawi.com
Stochastic Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Optimization
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014