Energy Conversion

ELP 181

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Saeed

 Chapter 3:

Nuclear Power Station

‫‪Nuclear Power Stations‬‬
‫‪ ‬ھﻰ ﻧوع ﻣن ﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺗوﻟﯾد اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﻣل ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﺑدأ وھو‬
‫ﺗوﻟﯾد اﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﺣرارة‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﻔﺎرق ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺑﺧﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ھو ﻓﻰ‬
‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﻓﻔﻰ ﺣﯾن ﯾﺗم اﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺑﺧﺎرﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﺣرق اﻟوﻗود ﻓﻰ اﻷﻓران وﺗﺳﺧﯾن اﻟﻣﯾﺎه ﻟدرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻠﯾﺎن‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺑﺧﺎر اﻟﻣﺗوﻟد ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ ﯾﻛون ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ إﻣرار اﻟﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠب اﻟﻣﻔﺎﻋل اﻟذرى ﻟﺗﺑرﯾده وﻓﻰ داﺧل اﻟﻣﻔﺎﻋل ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم وﻗود‬
‫ﻧووى )اﻟﯾوراﻧﯾوم اﻟﻣﺧﺻب( ﺣﯾث ﺗﺗم ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻻﻧﺷطﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ ﯾﻧﺷﺄ ﻋﻧﮭﺎ ﺣرارة ﺷدﯾدة ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺗﺑﺧﯾر ﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﺑرﯾد وھذا‬
‫اﻟﺑﺧﺎر اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﯾﻛون ذو ﺿﻐط ﻋﺎل ودرﺟﺔ ﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟداو ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ‬
‫إدارة اﻟﺗورﺑﯾن وﺗﺳﺗﻣر ﺑﺎﻗﻰ اﻟدورة ﻣﺛل اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺑﺧﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
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Nuclear Power Stations
‫ﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻋﻣل اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ‬
 In nuclear power station, heavy elements such as
235
Uranium (U ) is subjected to nuclear fission in a special
apparatus known as a reactor.
 The heat energy thus released is utilized in raising steam
at high temperature and pressure.
 The steam runs the steam turbine which converts steam
energy into mechanical energy.
 The turbine drives the alternator which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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Advantages ‫ﻣﻣﯾزات اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ‬
 The amount of fuel required is quite small.
 A nuclear power plant requires less space per MW
generated as compared to any other station type.
 This type of plant is very economical for producing bulk
electric power.‫ﺗﻛون اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋﻧد ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ أﺣﻣﺎل ﻛﺑﯾرة‬
 It ensures reliability of operation. ‫أﻋطﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﺟدا‬
 There are large deposits of nuclear fuels available all
over the world. Therefore, they can supply electrical
energy for thousands of years.
 Nuclear fuel in reactor lasts for more than 5 years.
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1 kg of Uranium 235
(U ) can
produce as much energy as can be
produced by the burning of 4,500
tons of high-grade coal.

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Disadvantages ‫ﻋﯾوب اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ‬
 The fuel used is expensive and is difficult to recover
‫ﻏﺎﻟﻰ وﺻﻌب اﺳﺗﺧراﺟﮫ‬
 The capital cost is very high ( Cost of Fuel)
 High maintenance ‫ ﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ‬charges and high salaries.
 The erection and commissioning requires greater
technical know-how.‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﮭﺎ‬
 The disposal of the by-products, which are radioactive, is
a big problem. ‫ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن اﻟﻧﻔﺎﯾﺎت اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ‬

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Components of Nuclear Power Station
The whole arrangement can be divided into the following
main stages:
(i) Nuclear reactor

(ii) Heat exchanger

(iii) Steam turbine

(iv) Generator

(v) Cooling system

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(i) Nuclear reactor
 It is an apparatus in which nuclear fuel (U235) is
subjected to nuclear fission.
 It controls the chain reaction that starts once the fission
is done.
 If the chain reaction is not controlled, the result will be
an explosion due to the fast increase in the energy
released.
 The reactor is a cylindrical thick pressure vessel and
‫وﻋﺎء اﺳطواﻧﻰ ذو ﺟدران ﺳﻣﯾﻛﺔ‬
houses fuel rods of Uranium and control rods.

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(i) Nuclear reactor
 The fuel rods constitute the fission material and release huge
amount of energy when bombarded with slow moving
neutrons.
 In actual practice, the lowering or raising of control rods is
accomplished automatically according to the requirement of
load.
 The heat produced in the reactor is removed by the coolant,
‫اﻟﻣﺑرد‬generally a sodium metal. The coolant carries the heat to
the heat exchanger.

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(ii) Heat exchanger

 The coolant gives up heat to the heat exchanger which is

utilized in raising the steam.

 After giving up heat, the coolant is again fed to the

reactor.

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(iii) Steam turbine

 The steam produced in the heat exchanger is led to the

steam turbine through a valve. ‫ﺻﻣﺎم‬

 After doing a useful work in the turbine, the steam is

exhausted to condenser. ‫ﯾﻘوم اﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﺑﺎدرة رﯾش اﻟﺗرﺑﯾﻧﺔ‬

 The condenser condenses the steam which is fed to the

heat exchanger through feed water pump.

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(iv) Generator
 The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

 The output from the alternator is delivered to the grid

through transformers.

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(v) Cooling system:
 A sufficient water is required for cooling purposes, therefore,
the plant site should be located where ample quantity ‫ﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫ وﻓﯾرة‬of water is available

 After giving heat energy to the turbine, the steam is exhausted

to the condenser which condenses the exhausted steam by
means of cold water circulation using a cooling tower.

 The water is then pumped to the reactor using electrical

pumps as in steam power stations.

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‫ھﺎم‬

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 Thank You
And
Any Question?

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