‭College‬‭of‬‭Biological‬‭and‬‭Chemical‬‭Engineering‬

‭Department‬‭Of‬‭Chemical‬‭Engineering‬

‭Legal‬‭Frameworks:‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Management‬
‭Group‬‭Members‬ ‭Id‬

‭ .‬‭Abenezer‬‭Kassahun‬
1 ‭ TS‬‭0060/14‬
E
‭2.‬‭Abel‬‭Solomon‬ ‭ETS‬‭0052/14‬
‭3.‬‭Natnael‬‭Aleme‬ ‭ETS‬‭1241/14‬
‭4.‬‭Etsegenet‬‭Tamiru‬ ‭ETS‬‭0561/14‬
‭5.‬‭Eyerusalem‬‭Leulseged‬ ‭ETS‬‭0577/14‬
‭6.‬‭Eleni‬‭Bogale‬ ‭ETS‬‭0514/14‬
‭7.‬‭Estifanos‬‭Solomon‬ ‭ETS‬‭0555/14‬
 ‭Table‬‭of‬‭Content‬

T‭ able‬‭of‬‭Content‬ 1‭ ‬
‭Introduction‬ ‭2‬
‭Brief‬ ‭Overview‬‭&‬‭History‬ ‭2‬
‭Legal‬‭Frameworks‬ ‭3‬
‭International/Global‬ ‭3‬
‭-‬‭WHO‬ ‭3‬
‭-‬‭World‬‭Bank‬ ‭4‬
‭IWSA‬‭(International‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Association‬‭)‬ ‭5‬
‭Basel‬‭Conventions‬ ‭5‬
‭Continental‬‭(Africa)‬ ‭5‬
‭Legal‬‭Frameworks‬‭in‬‭Ethiopia‬ ‭6‬
‭Summary‬ ‭8‬
‭References‬ ‭9‬

‭1‬
‭Introduction‬
‭ hat‬‭is‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭?‬
W
‭Solid‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭starts‬‭from‬‭generation‬‭to‬‭collection,‬‭transport,‬‭treatment‬‭and‬
‭disposal‬‭of‬‭waste.‬‭Challenges‬‭of‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭encompass‬‭for‬‭example‬
‭poor‬‭waste‬‭collection‬‭and‬‭improper‬‭disposal‬‭such‬‭as‬‭in‬‭uncontrolled‬‭dumpsites‬‭with‬‭no‬
‭measures‬‭to‬‭protect‬‭soil‬‭or‬‭groundwater.‬

‭Brief‬ ‭Overview‬‭&‬‭History‬
‭-‬ T ‭ here‬‭is‬‭evidence‬‭of‬‭publicly-organized‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭systems‬‭as‬
‭early‬‭as‬‭the‬‭Roman‬‭Empire.‬‭Historically,‬‭the‬‭focus‬‭was‬‭on‬‭collection‬‭and‬
‭disposal‬‭of‬‭waste‬‭to‬‭protect‬‭the‬‭health‬‭of‬‭city‬‭inhabitants‬‭and‬‭to‬‭improve‬‭the‬
‭aesthetic‬‭appearance‬‭of‬‭territories.‬‭In‬‭the‬‭19th‬‭century,‬‭as‬‭cities‬‭grew‬‭and‬
‭industrialized,‬‭more‬‭waste‬‭was‬‭produced‬‭and‬‭its‬‭composition‬‭changed‬
‭dramatically;‬‭for‬‭the‬‭first‬‭time,‬‭it‬‭included‬‭a‬‭large‬‭non-putrescible‬‭segment.‬
‭Environmental‬‭protection‬‭and‬‭conservation‬‭started‬‭to‬‭receive‬‭increasing‬
‭attention,‬‭and‬‭by‬‭the‬‭20th‬‭century‬‭waste‬‭was‬‭increasingly‬‭viewed‬‭also‬‭as‬‭a‬
‭resource‬‭to‬‭recover‬‭materials‬‭and‬‭energy.‬‭In‬‭the‬‭more‬‭economically‬‭developed‬
‭countries‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Organization‬‭for‬‭Economic‬‭Cooperation‬‭and‬‭Development‬
‭(OECD),‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭gradually‬‭evolved‬‭from‬‭a‬‭focus‬‭on‬‭disposal‬‭to‬‭a‬
‭focus‬‭on‬‭prevention,‬‭recycling,‬‭and‬‭recovery.‬
‭-‬ ‭Solid‬‭waste‬‭can‬‭be‬‭categorized‬‭according‬‭to‬‭where‬‭the‬‭waste‬‭is‬‭generated,‬‭for‬
‭example‬‭as‬‭municipal‬‭solid‬‭waste,‬‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬‭and‬‭e-waste.‬‭Over‬‭2‬‭billion‬
‭tons‬‭of‬‭municipal‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭are‬‭produced‬‭annually‬
‭-‬ ‭Waste‬‭is‬‭an‬‭unavoidable‬‭by-product‬‭of‬‭daily‬‭human‬‭activities.‬‭If‬‭current‬‭trends‬
‭continue,‬‭the‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭municipal‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭generated‬‭worldwide‬‭is‬
‭expected‬‭to‬‭increase‬‭from‬‭2‬‭billion‬‭tonnes‬‭in‬‭2016‬‭to‬‭3.4‬‭billion‬‭tonnes‬‭in‬
‭2050‬‭.‬‭Most‬‭of‬‭this‬‭increase‬‭will‬‭occur‬‭in‬‭low-income‬‭countries,‬‭where‬‭waste‬
‭generation‬‭is‬‭expected‬‭to‬‭triple.‬‭However,‬‭there‬‭is‬‭still‬‭a‬‭lack‬‭of‬‭a‬‭fair‬‭and‬‭just‬
‭waste‬‭management‬‭system‬‭globally.‬‭Proper‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭is‬‭a‬
‭fundamental‬‭human‬‭right,‬‭as‬‭indicated‬‭in‬‭Article‬‭25‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Universal‬‭Declaration‬
‭of‬‭Human‬‭Rights.‬‭It‬‭states‬‭that‬‭everyone‬‭has‬‭the‬‭right‬‭to‬‭a‬‭standard‬‭of‬‭living‬‭that‬
‭is‬‭sufficient‬‭for‬‭their‬‭health‬‭and‬‭well-being.‬‭Inadequate‬‭waste‬‭management‬

‭2‬
 ‭ oses‬‭a‬‭direct‬‭threat‬‭to‬‭the‬‭environment,‬‭biodiversity,‬‭and‬‭human‬‭health‬‭-‬‭both‬
p
‭locally‬‭and‬‭globally.‬‭This‬‭affects‬‭billions‬‭of‬‭people‬‭worldwide‬‭and‬‭violates‬‭their‬
‭basic‬‭human‬‭rights.‬

‭Legal‬‭Frameworks‬

‭ ased‬‭on‬‭the‬‭guidelines‬‭for‬‭this‬‭assignment,‬‭we‬‭have‬‭divided‬‭the‬‭scope‬‭of‬‭legal‬
B
‭framework‬‭in‬‭to‬‭3:‬
‭1.‬ ‭International/Global‬
‭2.‬ ‭Continental(Africa)‬
‭3.‬ ‭Country(Ethiopia)‬

‭International/Global‬
‭Based‬‭on‬‭our‬‭research‬‭we‬‭have‬‭found‬‭that‬‭the‬‭following‬‭6‬‭organizations/conventions‬
‭have‬‭a‬‭huge‬‭impact‬‭and‬‭as‬‭such‬‭we‬‭have‬‭used‬‭them‬ ‭for‬‭the‬‭purpose‬‭of‬‭this‬‭report‬‭on‬
‭an‬‭international‬‭level:‬

‭1.‬ ‭World‬‭Health‬‭Organization‬‭(WHO)‬‭-‬‭Guidelines‬‭on‬‭Healthcare‬‭Waste‬
‭Management.‬
‭2.‬ ‭World‬‭Bank‬‭-‬‭Resources‬‭and‬‭toolkits‬‭for‬‭sustainable‬‭solid‬‭waste‬
‭management.‬
‭3.‬ ‭International‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Association‬‭(ISWA)‬‭-‬‭Reports‬‭and‬‭guidelines‬
‭covering‬‭various‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭aspects.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Basel‬‭Convention‬‭-‬‭Focuses‬‭on‬‭controlling‬‭transboundary‬‭movements‬‭of‬
‭hazardous‬‭waste,‬‭influencing‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭principles.‬
‭-‬ ‭WHO‬
I‭ts‬‭focus‬‭is‬‭more‬‭on‬‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭and‬‭since‬‭health‬‭care‬‭produces‬‭a‬
‭large‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭waste‬‭the‬‭need‬‭for‬‭a‬‭guideline‬‭is‬‭unequivocal.‬
‭Some‬‭key‬‭facts‬‭include‬‭;‬‭every‬‭year‬‭an‬‭estimated‬‭16‬‭billion‬‭injections‬‭are‬‭administered‬
‭worldwide,‬‭but‬‭not‬‭all‬‭of‬‭the‬‭needles‬‭and‬‭syringes‬‭are‬‭properly‬‭disposed‬‭of‬‭afterwards.‬

‭ he‬‭WHO‬‭core‬‭principles‬‭for‬‭sustainable‬‭management‬‭of‬‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬
T
‭recommend‬‭that:‬

‭3‬
 •‭ ‬ ‭Governments‬‭allocate‬‭a‬‭budget‬‭to‬‭cover‬‭the‬‭costs‬‭of‬‭establishment‬‭and‬
‭maintenance‬‭of‬‭sound‬‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭systems,‬‭request‬‭donors,‬
‭partners‬‭and‬‭other‬‭sources‬‭of‬‭external‬‭financing‬‭to‬‭include‬‭an‬‭adequate‬
‭contribution‬‭towards‬‭the‬‭management‬‭of‬‭waste‬‭associated‬‭with‬‭their‬
‭interventions,‬‭implement‬‭and‬‭monitor‬‭sound‬‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬‭management‬
‭systems,‬‭support‬‭capacity‬‭building,‬‭and‬‭ensure‬‭worker‬‭and‬‭community‬‭health.‬
‭•‬ ‭Donors‬‭and‬‭partners‬‭include‬‭a‬‭provision‬‭in‬‭their‬‭health‬‭program‬
‭assistance‬‭to‬‭cover‬‭the‬‭costs‬‭of‬‭sound‬‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭systems.‬
‭•‬ ‭Non-governmental‬‭organizations‬‭(NGOs)‬‭include‬‭the‬‭promotion‬‭of‬‭sound‬
‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭in‬‭their‬‭advocacy,‬‭and‬‭undertake‬‭programs‬‭and‬
‭activities‬‭that‬‭contribute‬‭to‬‭sound‬‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬‭management.‬
‭•‬ ‭The‬‭private‬‭sector‬‭takes‬‭responsibility‬‭for‬‭the‬‭sound‬‭management‬‭of‬
‭health‬‭care‬‭waste‬‭associated‬‭with‬‭the‬‭products‬‭and‬‭services‬‭they‬‭provide,‬
‭including‬‭the‬‭design‬‭of‬‭products‬‭and‬‭packaging.‬

‭-‬ I‭t‬‭also‬‭gives‬‭general‬‭guidelines‬‭for‬‭local‬‭municipalities‬‭on‬‭solid‬‭waste‬
‭management‬‭that‬‭ranges‬‭from‬‭the‬‭3R’s(reduce,‬‭reuse,‬‭recycle),restrict‬‭and‬
‭discourage‬‭open‬‭dumping‬‭of‬‭waste,‬‭phase‬‭out‬‭single-use‬‭plastics‬‭progressively,‬
‭and‬‭etc.‬

‭-‬ ‭World‬‭Bank‬
‭ he‬‭strategy‬‭of‬‭the‬‭World‬‭Bank‬‭is‬ ‭financing‬‭and‬‭advising‬‭on‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭management‬
T
‭projects‬‭using‬‭a‬‭diverse‬‭suite‬‭of‬‭products‬‭and‬‭services‬‭,‬‭including‬‭traditional‬‭loans,‬
‭results-based‬‭financing,‬‭development‬‭policy‬‭financing,‬‭and‬‭technical‬‭advisory.‬‭World‬
‭Bank-financed‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭projects‬‭address‬‭the‬‭entire‬‭lifecycle‬‭of‬‭waste—from‬
‭generation‬‭to‬‭collection‬‭and‬‭transportation,‬‭and‬‭finally‬‭treatment‬‭and‬‭disposal.‬‭And‬‭has‬
‭seen‬‭relatively‬‭good‬‭success‬‭in‬‭various‬‭parts‬‭of‬‭the‬‭world.‬‭Instead‬‭of‬‭giving‬‭out‬‭specific‬
‭guidelines,‬‭the‬‭World‬‭Bank‬‭gives‬‭incentives‬‭for‬‭projects‬‭and‬‭advises‬‭on‬‭sound‬‭policy‬
‭measures‬‭and‬‭coordinated‬‭institutions‬‭for‬‭the‬‭municipal‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭sector.‬

‭4‬
 ‭IWSA‬‭(‬‭International‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Association‬‭)‬
I‭SWA’s‬‭objective‬‭is‬‭the‬‭worldwide‬‭exchange‬‭of‬‭information‬‭and‬‭experience‬‭on‬‭all‬
‭aspects‬‭of‬‭waste‬‭management.‬‭ISWA‬‭promotes‬‭the‬‭adoption‬‭of‬‭acceptable‬‭systems‬‭of‬
‭professional‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭and‬‭of‬‭public‬‭cleansing‬‭through‬‭technological‬
‭development‬‭and‬‭improvement‬‭of‬‭practices‬‭for‬‭the‬‭protection‬‭of‬‭human‬‭life‬‭and‬‭health‬
‭and‬‭of‬‭the‬‭environment‬‭as‬‭well‬‭as‬‭the‬‭conservation‬‭of‬‭materials‬‭and‬‭energy‬‭resources.‬
‭ISWA’s‬‭national‬‭members‬‭represent‬‭countries‬‭with‬‭48%‬‭of‬‭the‬‭world‬‭population‬‭and‬
‭87%‬‭in‬‭terms‬‭of‬‭global‬‭GNP.‬
‭IWSA‬‭has‬‭probably‬‭the‬‭most‬‭extensive‬‭and‬‭detailed‬‭guidelines‬‭for‬‭almost‬‭anything‬
‭related‬‭to‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭this‬‭includes‬‭landfill‬‭operational‬‭guidelines,‬‭guidelines‬‭for‬
‭Preparing‬‭Tenders‬‭for‬‭the‬‭Provision‬‭of‬‭Healthcare‬‭Waste‬‭Infrastructure,‬‭guidelines‬‭for‬
‭National‬‭Waste‬‭Management‬‭Strategies‬‭and‬‭tons‬‭more‬‭guidelines‬‭for‬‭specific‬
‭industries‬‭and‬‭use‬‭cases‬‭.‬

‭Basel‬‭Conventions‬
‭ hile‬‭there‬‭may‬‭not‬‭be‬‭explicit‬‭articles‬‭specifically‬‭mentioning‬‭"solid‬‭waste‬
W
‭management"‬‭within‬‭the‬‭convention,‬‭the‬‭Basel‬‭Convention‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Control‬‭of‬
‭Transboundary‬‭Movements‬‭of‬‭Hazardous‬‭Wastes‬‭and‬‭Their‬‭Disposal‬‭addresses‬‭the‬
‭issue‬‭indirectly‬‭through‬‭its‬‭broader‬‭objectives‬‭and‬‭definitions‬‭related‬‭to‬‭hazardous‬‭and‬
‭other‬‭wastes.‬‭And‬‭it‬‭is‬‭used‬‭by‬‭the‬‭above‬‭organizations‬‭as‬‭a‬‭foundational‬‭guideline‬‭for‬
‭waste‬‭management‬‭policies‬‭and‬‭guidelines‬‭set‬‭by‬‭them.‬‭It‬‭gave‬‭the‬‭scope‬‭of‬‭waste‬
‭management,‬‭basic‬‭definitions,‬‭general‬‭obligations‬‭and‬‭more.‬‭It‬‭is‬‭by‬‭far‬‭the‬‭most‬
‭widely‬‭adopted‬‭with‬‭191‬‭countries‬‭ratifying‬‭it‬‭of‬‭the‬‭193‬‭countries‬‭recognized‬‭by‬‭the‬
‭UN.‬‭With‬‭about‬‭33‬‭articles‬‭it‬‭is‬‭one‬‭of‬‭the‬‭first‬‭attempts‬‭that‬‭has‬‭seen‬‭significant‬
‭success‬‭in‬‭not‬‭only‬‭solid‬‭but‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭in‬‭general.‬

‭Continental‬‭(Africa)‬

‭ cross‬‭African‬‭countries,‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭poses‬‭a‬‭multifaceted‬‭challenge‬
A
‭encompassing‬‭social,‬‭economic,‬‭and‬‭environmental‬‭dimensions.‬‭To‬‭attain‬‭the‬
‭objectives‬‭outlined‬‭in‬‭the‬‭2030‬‭Agenda‬‭for‬‭sustainable‬‭development,‬‭it's‬‭imperative‬‭to‬
‭prioritize‬‭sustainable‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭practices,‬‭considering‬‭both‬‭environmental‬
‭preservation‬‭and‬‭public‬‭health.‬

‭5‬
 ‭-‬ T
‭ he‬‭African‬‭Union‬‭has‬‭set‬‭an‬‭ambitious‬‭target,‬‭aiming‬‭for‬‭African‬‭cities‬‭to‬
‭achieve‬‭a‬‭recycling‬‭rate‬‭of‬‭at‬‭least‬‭50%‬‭of‬‭their‬‭generated‬‭waste‬‭by‬‭the‬‭year‬
‭2023.‬‭Notably,‬‭a‬‭concerning‬‭statistic‬‭reveals‬‭that‬‭19‬‭out‬‭of‬‭the‬‭world's‬‭50‬‭largest‬
‭dumpsites‬‭are‬‭situated‬‭in‬‭Africa,‬‭predominantly‬‭in‬‭Sub-Saharan‬‭African‬‭regions.‬
‭Data‬‭suggests‬‭that‬‭about‬‭13%‬‭of‬‭the‬‭municipal‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭in‬‭Africa‬‭comprises‬
‭plastic,‬‭while‬‭a‬‭substantial‬‭57%‬‭constitutes‬‭organic‬‭waste.‬‭Presently,‬‭a‬
‭significant‬‭portion‬‭of‬‭this‬‭organic‬‭waste‬‭is‬‭being‬‭disposed‬‭of‬‭in‬‭landfills.‬
‭However,‬‭leveraging‬‭this‬‭organic‬‭waste‬‭could‬‭unlock‬‭substantial‬
‭socio-economic‬‭opportunities‬‭for‬‭African‬‭nations.‬

‭-‬ O
‭ ther‬‭than‬‭this‬‭The‬‭United‬‭Nations‬‭Environment‬‭Programme‬‭has‬‭a‬‭Vision‬‭for‬
‭Africa‬‭program‬‭which‬‭has‬‭some‬‭provisions‬‭in‬‭it‬‭for‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭policies.‬

‭Legal‬‭Frameworks‬‭in‬‭Ethiopia‬
I‭n‬‭Africa,‬‭including‬‭Ethiopia,‬‭waste‬‭collection‬‭rates‬‭are‬‭currently‬‭below‬‭40%,‬‭with‬‭only‬
‭about‬‭4%‬‭of‬‭the‬‭waste‬‭being‬‭recycled.‬‭Ethiopia,‬‭the‬‭second‬‭most‬‭populous‬‭country‬‭in‬
‭Africa‬‭after‬‭Nigeria,‬‭has‬‭a‬‭population‬‭of‬‭approximately‬‭115‬‭million.‬‭Because‬‭the‬‭amount‬
‭of‬‭waste‬‭produced‬‭is‬‭directly‬‭linked‬‭to‬‭the‬‭size‬‭of‬‭the‬‭population,‬‭Ethiopia‬‭generates‬‭a‬
‭significant‬‭volume‬‭of‬‭waste‬‭compared‬‭to‬‭other‬‭African‬‭nations.‬‭The‬‭rapid‬‭growth‬‭of‬
‭urbanization‬‭in‬‭addition‬‭to‬‭the‬‭population‬‭size‬‭has‬‭a‬‭substantial‬‭impact‬‭on‬‭the‬‭quantity‬
‭of‬‭waste‬‭generated.‬‭In‬‭Ethiopia,‬‭where‬‭the‬‭urban‬‭population‬‭has‬‭been‬‭steadily‬
‭increasing‬‭each‬‭year,‬‭waste‬‭generation‬‭rose‬‭from‬‭9,700‬‭tonnes‬‭per‬‭day‬‭in‬‭2015‬‭to‬
‭12,200‬‭tonnes‬‭per‬‭day‬‭in‬‭2020.‬‭Projections‬‭suggest‬‭that‬‭by‬‭2030,‬‭the‬‭daily‬‭national‬
‭waste‬‭generation‬‭could‬‭potentially‬‭double‬‭compared‬‭to‬‭the‬‭2015‬‭levels.‬

‭ he‬‭government‬‭has‬‭implemented‬‭policies‬‭and‬‭a‬‭legal‬‭framework‬‭for‬‭solid‬‭waste‬
T
‭management,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭the‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Management‬‭Proclamation‬‭No.‬‭513/2007.‬‭This‬
‭federal‬‭law‬‭governs‬‭the‬‭entire‬‭country‬‭concerning‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭practices.‬
‭This‬‭proclamation‬‭came‬‭into‬‭force‬‭on‬‭February‬‭12,‬‭2007‬‭G.C.‬‭It‬‭is‬‭divided‬‭into‬‭5‬‭parts‬
‭and‬‭has‬‭19‬‭articles.‬
‭-‬ ‭Part‬‭1:‬‭Is‬‭a‬‭general‬‭overview‬‭such‬‭as‬‭title(article‬‭1‬‭),‬‭definition(article‬‭2)‬‭,‬‭and‬
‭objective‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Proclamation(article3‬‭).‬‭Consists‬‭of‬‭the‬‭first‬‭3‬‭articles.‬

‭6‬
 ‭-‬ P
‭ art‬‭2:‬ ‭consists‬‭of‬‭General‬‭Obligations‬‭of‬‭Urban‬‭Administrations(article‬‭4)‬‭,‬
‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Management‬‭Planning(article‬‭5),‬‭and‬‭Inter-Regional‬‭Movement‬
‭of‬‭Solid‬‭Wastes(article‬‭6),‬

‭-‬ P
‭ art‬‭3:‬‭consists‬‭of‬‭Glass‬‭Containers‬‭and‬‭Tin‬‭Cans(article‬‭7)‬‭,‬‭Plastic‬
‭Bags(article‬‭8)‬‭,‬‭Used‬‭Tires(article‬‭9)‬‭,‬‭Food‬‭Related‬‭Solid‬‭Wastes(article‬‭10)‬‭,‬
‭Management‬‭of‬‭Household‬‭Solid‬‭Wastes(article‬‭11),‬‭Construction‬‭Debris‬
‭and‬‭Demolition‬‭Wastes(article‬‭12).‬

‭-‬ P
‭ art‬‭4:‬‭consists‬‭of‬‭Transportation‬‭of‬‭solid‬‭waste(article‬‭13),‬‭Construction‬‭of‬
‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Disposal‬‭Sites(article‬‭14),‬‭Auditing‬‭Existing‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬
‭Disposal‬‭Sites(article‬‭15),‬

‭-‬ P
‭ art‬‭5‬‭(MISCELLANEOUS‬‭PROVISIONS):‬‭consists‬‭of‬‭Civil‬‭Liability(article‬‭16),‬
‭Penalty(article‬‭17),‬‭Power‬‭to‬‭Issue‬‭Regulations‬‭and‬‭Directives(article‬‭18),‬
‭Effective‬‭Date(article‬‭19).‬

‭ he‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Management‬‭Proclamation‬‭works‬‭hand‬‭in‬‭hand‬‭with‬‭the‬
T
‭Environmental‬‭Pollution‬‭Control‬‭Proclamation‬‭No.‬‭300/2002‬‭which‬‭mandates‬‭that‬‭all‬
‭urban‬‭governments‬‭are‬‭obligated‬‭to‬‭devise‬‭and‬‭implement‬‭safe‬‭and‬‭effective‬
‭mechanisms‬‭to‬‭handle,‬‭transport,‬‭and‬‭store‬‭municipal‬‭waste.‬‭It‬‭also‬‭states‬‭that‬‭any‬
‭transporting‬‭or‬‭treatment‬‭of‬‭municipal‬‭waste‬‭can‬‭only‬‭be‬‭done‬‭with‬‭a‬‭permit‬‭from‬‭the‬
‭Ethiopian‬‭Environmental‬‭Protection‬‭Agency.‬
‭Ethiopia‬‭has‬‭ratified‬‭two‬‭important‬‭International‬‭Conventions‬‭in‬‭hopes‬‭of‬‭reducing‬‭the‬
‭amount‬‭and‬‭severity‬‭of‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭in‬‭the‬‭country.‬‭The‬‭first‬‭is‬‭the‬‭one‬‭we’ve‬‭seen‬‭in‬
‭detail‬‭in‬‭above‬‭“The‬‭Basel‬‭Convention”‬‭and‬‭the‬‭other‬‭is‬‭“The‬‭Rotterdam‬‭Convention”‬
‭which‬‭stipulates‬‭that‬‭hazardous‬‭waste‬‭importers‬‭must‬‭use‬‭full‬‭disclosure‬‭when‬‭dealing‬
‭with‬‭potential‬‭importers.‬

‭7‬
 ‭Summary‬
‭ ur‬‭report‬‭discusses‬‭the‬‭comprehensive‬‭landscape‬‭of‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭management,‬‭beginning‬‭with‬
O
‭an‬‭understanding‬‭of‬‭its‬‭essence,‬‭historical‬‭evolution,‬‭international‬‭frameworks,‬‭and‬‭specific‬
‭focus‬‭on‬‭the‬‭African‬‭context,‬‭notably‬‭Ethiopia.‬‭It‬‭emphasizes‬‭the‬‭challenges‬‭posed‬‭by‬‭the‬
‭management‬‭of‬‭solid‬‭waste,‬‭which‬‭spans‬‭from‬‭its‬‭generation‬‭through‬‭various‬‭stages‬‭like‬
‭collection,‬‭transport,‬‭treatment,‬‭and‬‭disposal.‬

‭ verview‬‭of‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Management:‬‭The‬‭process‬‭encompasses‬‭the‬‭complete‬‭cycle‬‭of‬‭waste,‬
O
‭from‬‭its‬‭inception‬‭to‬‭its‬‭proper‬‭disposal.‬‭Challenges‬‭in‬‭this‬‭sphere‬‭involve‬‭inadequate‬‭waste‬
‭collection‬‭methods‬‭and‬‭improper‬‭disposal,‬‭often‬‭leading‬‭to‬‭uncontrolled‬‭dumpsites‬‭that‬‭pose‬
‭threats‬‭to‬‭soil‬‭and‬‭groundwater.‬

‭ istorical‬‭Evolution:‬‭The‬‭historical‬‭journey‬‭of‬‭waste‬‭management,‬‭traced‬‭back‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Roman‬
H
‭Empire,‬‭highlights‬‭the‬‭evolution‬‭from‬‭an‬‭emphasis‬‭on‬‭collection‬‭and‬‭disposal‬‭for‬‭health‬‭and‬
‭aesthetics‬‭to‬‭a‬‭modern‬‭view‬‭that‬‭considers‬‭waste‬‭as‬‭a‬‭resource.‬‭As‬‭cities‬‭grew‬‭and‬
‭industrialized‬‭in‬‭the‬‭19th‬‭century,‬‭waste‬‭composition‬‭changed,‬‭and‬‭environmental‬‭conservation‬
‭gained‬‭prominence.‬

‭ lobal‬‭Scenario:‬‭The‬‭text‬‭points‬‭out‬‭that‬‭solid‬‭waste,‬‭unavoidable‬‭in‬‭human‬‭activities,‬‭is‬
G
‭predicted‬‭to‬‭increase‬‭from‬‭2‬‭to‬‭3.4‬‭billion‬‭tonnes‬‭by‬‭2050.‬‭However,‬‭there's‬‭a‬‭lack‬‭of‬‭fair‬‭and‬‭just‬
‭waste‬‭management‬‭globally,‬‭which‬‭directly‬‭impacts‬‭human‬‭rights‬‭and‬‭environmental‬
‭sustainability.‬

‭ egal‬‭Frameworks:‬‭The‬‭narrative‬‭delves‬‭into‬‭the‬‭legal‬‭aspect‬‭on‬‭an‬‭international‬‭scale‬‭(World‬
L
‭Health‬‭Organization,‬‭World‬‭Bank,‬‭ISWA,‬‭Basel‬‭Convention)‬‭and‬‭regional‬‭perspectives‬
‭(specifically‬‭focusing‬‭on‬‭Africa‬‭and‬‭Ethiopia).‬‭It‬‭outlines‬‭the‬‭roles,‬‭guidelines,‬‭and‬‭impacts‬‭of‬
‭these‬‭organizations‬‭in‬‭shaping‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭policies,‬‭emphasizing‬‭the‬‭need‬‭for‬
‭coordinated‬‭efforts‬‭at‬‭various‬‭levels.‬

‭ ocus‬‭on‬‭Ethiopia:‬‭Ethiopia's‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭scenario‬‭is‬‭explored‬‭in‬‭depth.‬‭It‬‭emphasizes‬
F
‭the‬‭country's‬‭growing‬‭waste‬‭generation‬‭due‬‭to‬‭urbanization‬‭and‬‭population‬‭growth.‬‭Ethiopia‬‭has‬
‭instituted‬‭legal‬‭frameworks‬‭like‬‭the‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Management‬‭Proclamation‬‭and‬‭ratified‬
‭international‬‭conventions‬‭like‬‭the‬‭Basel‬‭and‬‭Rotterdam‬‭Conventions,‬‭aiming‬‭to‬‭regulate‬‭and‬
‭manage‬‭waste‬‭effectively.‬

‭ ur‬‭report‬‭underscores‬‭the‬‭multifaceted‬‭challenges‬‭of‬‭waste‬‭management,‬‭highlighting‬‭the‬
O
‭critical‬‭need‬‭for‬‭sustainable‬‭practices,‬‭effective‬‭policies,‬‭and‬‭global‬‭cooperation‬‭to‬‭address‬‭the‬
‭escalating‬‭concerns‬‭posed‬‭by‬‭waste‬‭generation‬‭and‬‭disposal.‬‭It‬‭advocates‬‭for‬‭a‬‭comprehensive‬
‭approach‬‭involving‬‭legal‬‭frameworks,‬‭international‬‭collaborations,‬‭and‬‭local‬‭implementations‬‭to‬
‭tackle‬‭the‬‭global‬‭waste‬‭crisis.‬

‭8‬
 ‭References‬

‭ orld‬‭Meteorological‬‭Organization.‬‭(2011).‬‭Africa‬‭WMO‬‭Summary.‬‭Retrieved‬‭from‬
W
‭<https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25515/Africa_WMO_Summa‬
‭ry.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>‬

‭ nited‬‭Nations‬‭Environment‬‭Programme.‬‭(2011).‬‭Environmental‬‭Policy‬‭Review‬‭2011:‬
U
‭Chapter‬‭5.‬‭Retrieved‬‭from‬
‭file:///media/fuse/crostini_6441e2b45cb7e8bc07c42e57dd47d6ec90f61e42_termina_p‬
‭enguin/Downloads/Telegram‬
‭Desktop/Environmental-Policy-Review-2011_Chapter-5_color_small.pdf‬

‭ frican‬‭Association‬‭of‬‭Agricultural‬‭Economists.‬‭(n.d.).‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Management‬‭and‬
A
‭Recycling‬‭in‬‭Ethiopia.‬‭Retrieved‬‭from‬
‭<https://aaeafrica.org/ethiopia/solid-waste-management-and-recycling-in-ethiopia/>‬

‭ essema,‬‭F.‬‭(2010).‬‭Urban‬‭solid‬‭waste‬‭management‬‭in‬‭Addis‬‭Ababa:‬‭Challenges‬‭and‬
T
‭opportunities.‬‭In‬‭Proceedings‬‭of‬‭the‬‭International‬‭Conference‬‭on‬‭Sustainable‬
‭Development‬‭and‬‭Planning‬‭(pp.‬‭1-10).‬‭Retrieved‬‭from‬
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‭sema.pdf>‬

‭ overnment‬‭of‬‭Ethiopia.‬‭(2011).‬‭Proclamation‬‭No.‬‭513/2009:‬‭Solid‬‭Waste‬‭Management‬
G
‭Proclamation.‬‭Retrieved‬‭from‬
‭<https://chilot.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/proc-no-513-solid-waste-management-pr‬
‭oclamation.pdf>‬

‭ asel‬‭Convention‬‭Secretariat.‬‭(1989).‬‭Basel‬‭Convention‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Control‬‭of‬
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‭Transboundary‬‭Movements‬‭of‬‭Hazardous‬‭Wastes‬‭and‬‭Their‬‭Disposal.‬‭Retrieved‬‭from‬
‭<https://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText‬
‭-e.pdf>‬

‭9‬